1. ADVERB CLAUSES

2. Time : When :Doris will leave for the airport when the bus arrives. Until :Tom waits in the airport until his flight is announced. While :Doris reads the paper while she is waiting for the bus. Before :She took the training course before she got on the plane. After :The plane landed after the passengers had fastened their seat belts. As :Bob was looking out of the tower as the fire broke out. As soon as :Mary greeted the passengers as soon as they came aboard. Since :Tom has done good deeds since he took his oath. Whenever :Dick gives his seat to a lady whenever he rides on a bus. Once :Tim can explain to others once he understands anything himself. By the time :The sun had set by the time the boys had put up their tents.

3. Place : Where :Please put those books back where they belong to. Wherever :You can park your car wherever you find a space

4. . Manner : As :You must do everything as I told you. As if :It looks as if it were going to rain. As though :He gets angry with me as though I made a mistake.

5. Reason : Because :I moved to the front row because I couldn’t hear the speaker. Since :Since he wants to buy a new hat, he borrows some money. As :As he had to study, Bob left for home early. Seeing that :Seeing that your friend is coming, you don’t need to call him.

6. Purpose: So that:You should study harder so that you can pass the coming exam. In order that:Most of people study English now in order that they can get better job. In case:You should take more warm clothes in case the weather may change. Lest:I should have the passport with me lest the custom officers may ask for it.

7. Contrast: Although:Although I try several times, I still can't figure out the problem. Though:The students still go to school though the weather is rainy.

8. Result : So..... that :He speaks so fast that we can’t understand anything. Such..... that :He is such a busy man that he hasn’t been able to arrange any date so far.

9. Comparison : As..... as :This lesson is as confusing as all the other ones (are). Er..... than :You look much happier today than you were yesterday. More.... than :She is more charming than my friend (is).

10. Condition: If:If I were you, I would not go to the party. Unless:Unless you go to class often, you can't pass all your tests.

11. SUMMARY CHART OF MODALS & SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS MODALSUSESEXAMPLES may  polite request  formal permission  possibility - less than 50 % certainty  May I borrow your pen?  You may leave the room.  Where’s John? He may be at the library. might  possibility - less than 50 % certainty  Where’s John? He might be at the library. should  advisability  expectation (future, not present)  I should study harder.  She should be here in ten minutes ought to  advisability  expectation (future, not present)  I ought to study harder.  She ought to be here in ten minutes

12. SUMMARY CHART OF MODALS & SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS had better  advisability (with threat of bad result)  you had better be on time, or we'll leave without you. must  necessity  prohibition (negative)  possibility (logical conclusion)  I must stop smoking.  You must not see such a film.  Nancy isn’t in class. She must be sick. have to  necessity  lack of necessity (negative)  I have to study this lesson.  I don’t have to go to class today. will  polite request  future prediction  Will you please pass me the sugar?  The weather will be hotter in the next 10 years. be going to  definite plan / intention  I’m going to take the midterm examination in July.

13. SUMMARY CHART OF MODALS & SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS can  ability / inability (present)  possibility  informal request  informal permission  impossibility (negative only)  I can speak 2 languages. / I can't swim.  He can come this evening.  Can I borrow your pen?  You can use my car tomorrow.  That can’t be true ! could  past ability / inability  polite request  suggestion  possibility  impossibility  I could run fast when I was young. I couldn't smoke.  Could you help me?  Where’s John? He could be at home now.  That couldn’t be true !

14. SUMMARY CHART OF MODALS & SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS be able to  Ability  I am able to help you. I will be able to help you. would  polite request  preference  past habit  Would you please close the window for me?  I would rather stay at home than go out.  When I was a child, I would visit my grandparents every weekend. used to  past habit  I used to smoke a lot when I was a teenager. shall  polite suggestion  future (with I or We)  Shall I open the door?  We shall finish the lesson in a minute