1. Development

2. What is Development?
Development is the accumulation of human capital and its effective investment in the progress of an economy.
Development entails improvement in the quality as well as quantity of life.

3. What is Sustainable Development?
Development that meets the need of the present without compromising the ability of the future generation to meet their own needs.
(Brundtland, 1987)

4. What is Sustainable Development?
- it is the harmonious integration of
a sound and viable economy ;
responsible governance;
social cohesion; and
ecological integrity
to ensure that development is a life-sustaining process.
Sustainable Development = Economic Development
+ Environment Protection
+ Social Reform
+ People’s Empowerment

5. Sustainable Development
“Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs"
Brundtland Commission “Our common future” 1987

6. Economic dimension
An economically sustainable system must be able to produce goods and services on a continuing basis, to maintain manageable size of government and external debt and to avoid sectoral imbalances (maintain diversity)

7. Environmental dimension
A stable resource base, do not overwhelm the waste assimilative ability of the environment nor the regenerative services of the environment, deplete non-renewables only to the extent we invest in renewable substitutes.

8. Social Dimension
Achieve distributional equity, adequate provision of social services including health and education, gender equity and political accountability and participation

9. The principle
Protect the environment and at the same time fulfill economic and social objectives

10. Elements / Dimensions of
Sustainable Development
Political
Economic
Institutional
Technological
Socio-cultural
Ecological

11. Parameters of Sustainable Development
Economic
Maintaining a sustainable population
Maintaining productivity and profitability of environment and natural resources
Ecological
Adopting environmental management weapons in policy and decision making
Protecting the environment and conserving natural resources
Technological
Promoting proper management of wastes and residuals
Adopting environment-friendly technologies

12. Parameters of Sustainable Development
Political
Empowering the people
Maintaining peace and order
Socio-cultural
Promoting resource access and upholding property rights
Promoting environmental awareness, inculcating env ethics and supporting env management action
Institutional
Improving institutional capacity/ capability to manage sustainable development

13. Key Actors in Sustainable Development
Government is the key actor in POLITY, which
is concerned with democratic governance and
security of human rights.
Civil Society is the key actor in CULTURE,
which is concerned with the development of
the social and spiritual capacities of human
beings.
Business is the key actor in ECONOMY,
which is mainly concerned with producing
goods and services to people.

14. Sustainable Development
Business is the key actor in ECONOMY, which is mainly concerned with producing goods and services for people
Government is the key actor in POLITY, which is concerned with democratic governance and security of human rights.
Sustainable Development
Civil Society is the key actor in CULTURE, which is concerned with the development of the social and spiritual capacities of human beings.

15. “Good Governance” Hvorfor det??? The World Bank:
“Governance”: “the means in which power is exercised in the management of a country’s economic and social resources for development” (p. 379)
“Good governance”: “synonymous with sound management in four areas”:
1. Public sector management
2. Accountability
3. The legal framework for development
4. Information and transparency
Note:
The World Bank criteria are highly procedural – no specific mention of substantive developmental goals (“free markets”, “liberalization”, etc.), nor of “competitive democracy”
Yet:
Demands for “good governance” have, in practice, almost exclusively been connected to the liberalization/de-regulation of national developing economies (“conditionality”) and competitive party politics
Hvorfor det???

16. The three core drivers of un-sustainability
Consumption
Use of resources beyond the reasonable limits set by nature
Production
Gross inefficiencies in production.
Distribution
Inequitable distribution e.g. distribution of global income between rich and poor

17. A triad of models of democratic form, good governance, and developmental goals”
The model of development:
Guiding principles, programmes, policy instruments
The model of democratic decision-making:
To determine and legitimate the goals
The model of good governance (public management): To effectively realize the goals

18. A new challenge? HIV/AIDS as a development issue

19. 1. changes to population structure
dramatic change around years after people become sexually active
typically half become infected before they turn 25, acquiring AIDS and dying before 35
 get population chimney rather than a pyramid
population structure of effected countries will be radically altered
·        dramatic change around yrs after people become sexually active when those who contracted HIV when active, begin to die off
·        typically half become infected before they turn 25, acquiring AIDS and dying before 35
·        populations of women in 20s and men in 30s shrink radically
·        only those who have not become infected survive into old age
·         get population chimney not pyramid (OHT)
in Botswana in 20yrs time, more adults in 60s and 70s than in 40s and 50s

20. New life expectancies—e.g. Zimbabwe, chance of dying before 50:
Man who was 15 in 1983 had a 15% chance
Man who was 15 in 1997 had a 50% chance
(Rates for women are lower but growing faster)
often not much support available from government
relying on traditional support networks
Small number of young adults—that has traditionally provided care for children and the elderly—will have to support large numbers of young and old as fewer and fewer are in the young adult age group
 many will get AIDS themselves  have to be supported by their children or elderly parents rather than supplying the support themselves
 relying on traditional support networks (often not much support available from govt)
 limit to how far they can be stretched
 great strain on children (who may have to look after themselves) and elderly
New life expectancies--(Zimbabwe)
Man who was 15 in 1983 would have 15% chance of dying before 50
Man who was 15 in %
Woman from 11%  40%
Premature death of half adult population—typically at ages where they have already started to have their own families and become economically productive has radical effects on almost all elements of social and economic life

22. 2. social & economic effects
(a) education
5 million children have been infected with the HIV virus
15 million children under age 18 have lost one or both parents to AIDS. More than 12 million are in sub-Saharan Africa
The chances of orphans going to school is halved—so far AIDS has left behind 13.2 million orphans
needed to stay at home and look after sick parents or go and make money
erosion of number of teachers
education important for development

23. new drugs are very expensive
(b) health sector
new drugs are very expensive
85% of South Africans who needed antiretroviral drugs were not getting them in 2005; same for 90% or more of people in Ethiopia, Ghana, Lesotho, Mozambique, Nigeria, Tanzania and Zimbabwe
BUT, at least 33% receiving it in Botswana and Uganda; 10-20% in Côte d’Ivoire, Kenya, Malawi and Zambia
·        mid 1990s 66% health spending in Rwanda was on people with HIV; >25% in Zimbabwe
·        mortality amongst those with other diseases also increases as there is less money, are admitted into hospital later…
·        will be made worse with new drugs—very expensive (S Africa managed to get deal on retrovirus drugs—M’Beke still in denial so may not be easy to get hold of—and what of new drugs?)
·        Q of whether new drugs will be developed—lots of R&D when fast growing numbers in West but not the same pressure groups or potential income when the problem is concentrated in the Third World
·        and increasing deaths amongst doctors and nurses—in Zambia, deaths in health care workers increased 13x

24. mid 1990s 66% health spending in Rwanda was on people with HIV; >25% in Zimbabwe
This has implications for society as a whole:
mortality amongst those with other diseases also increases
increasing deaths amongst doctors and nurses—in Zambia, deaths in health care workers increased 13x

25. important to large number of people (subsistence)
(c) agriculture
important to large number of people (subsistence)
may not be able to sell crops at market or may not produce enough for household survival
by exacerbating poverty it makes populations more vulnerable to the spread of HIV.
 vicious circle
·        even when relatively small part of GNP, still important to large number of people (subsistence)
·        when head of family gets sick, not as much work in farm from him/her and those caring for him/her
·        may have to sell machinery for medicine
·        may not be able to sell crops at market (lose money) or not enough for household survival
·         more work for others; children out of school…
·        viscous circle especially when illness at key time (sowing, reaping…) when decline in income can be very steep
·        could be food crisis in Zimbabwe within next 20 years as group of people in productive age shrinks and areas under cultivation also decrease

26. (d) business
Stigma and discrimination can threaten the fundamental rights of employees living with HIV.
losing workers, and work through sick days— sugar estate owners in Kenya reckoned that 75% of all illness due to HIV/AIDS
evidence from other parts of the world that businesses which provide support are seeing an effective decrease in HIV rates
e.g. South African gold mines; Volkswagen in Brazil—after 3 years, cases down by 90% and HIV/AIDS costs down by 40%
·        many companies ignoring problem
·        but losing workers, and work through sick days—sugar estate in Kenya reckoned that 75% of all illness due to HIV/AIDS
·        some responding and providing support and getting effective decrease in HIV rates (e.g. Volkswagen in Brazil—AIDS care programme, clinical support, condoms—after 3 years, cases down by 90% and HIV/AIDS costs down by 40%)
·         it’s in company’s interests to act
So, whole new set of issues to be faced
NOT problems due to too high a population
BUT because of AIDS get population pyramids that are like exaggerations of the Western geriatrified ones
DIFFERENCE is that in sub-Saharan Africa these changes will have occurred incredibly quickly
 very difficult to respond

27. (e) AIDS and Security
During armed conflict, people often face displacement and human rights abuses, including sexual violence, and left in conditions of poverty and powerlessness that might force some individuals to sell sex to survive.
Infrastructure may be destroyed, and prevention and curative health services disrupted. Such conditions put populations at increased risk of HIV infection
Women and children are especially vulnerable.
Civil and international conflicts help spread HIV as populations are destabilized, and armies move across new territories.

28. African success stories? Uganda
Since 1992/93 the rate of HIV infection has been dropping.
political will and community involvement
education campaign.
“One Aids campaigner told me that Uganda had been fighting while three-quarters of Africa had been asleep”. BBC 2005

29. Pathways to Economic Impact
MORTALITY
MORBIDITY
Smaller
population
Change in
age structure
INDIVIDUAL
FIRM/SECTOR
GOVERNMENT
MACRO-ECONOMY
HOUSEHOLD
LABOUR
MARKET
AIDS
HIV
Productivity
Increased morbidity and mortality is resulting in both a smaller and younger economically active population. Both morbidity and mortality have economic repercussions for all levels of society, from the individual through to the government level. For example, individual level economic repercussions may include the diversion of household resources to health care during times of illness (and funeral costs at death). Labour market economic repercussions include costs associated with, for example, increased absenteeism and staff attrition. In short, all levels of society interact with one another and as a result, all will be affected. The resulting macro-economic impact is not the cumulative impact of each of these levels but rather the collective effect of the interactions between the various levels.