1. Male and Female Systems
Human Reproduction
Male and Female Systems

2. Hormone Testosterone Estrogen Progesterone
OUTCOME QUESTION(S):
S1-1-09:
What parts make up the male and female sex systems and what is the function of each part?
Vocabulary & Concepts 
Hormone Testosterone Estrogen
Progesterone
You need to know all the male and female components that make up the “system”

3. Male reproductive system must both: Produce sperm
Pass sperm on to female – sexual intercourse
The male symbol represents the “shield and spear” of Mars – the roman god of war

4. Male sex organs: Bladder Seminal Vesicle Vas Deferens Prostate
Don’t try to memorize this picture – you will see different pictures – learn how everything connects and where it is
Bladder
Seminal Vesicle
Vas Deferens
Prostate
Cowper’s Gland
Penis
Epididymus
Urethra
Testes
Scrotum

5. Holds the testes externally (outside)
Component Function
Holds the testes externally (outside)
(providing a cooler environment for healthy sperm)
Scrotum
Site of sperm production - seminiferous tubules
(1000 sperm a heart beat)
Testes
Sperm storage place until ejaculation
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Transports sperm from epididymis to the urethra
Transports sperm and urine through the penis
(joins the vas deferens under the prostate gland)
Urethra
Prostate gland /
Seminal vesicle / Cowper’s gland
3 glands together make semen
(contains nutrients and sugars for the sperm’s “journey”)
Penis
Delivers sperms and excretes urine

6. Male gamete:
Sex organs (and sperm production) remain non-functioning until kick-started by hormones during puberty

7. Hormone: chemical “messenger” that allows one body part to influence the behavior of another.
Hormones are released by “glands” – this system in called the Endocrine system
Puberty and the Brain:
Pituitary gland in the brain releases 2 hormones simultaneously that instruct body to grow/mature:
stimulates testes to produce males sex hormone testosterone which starts production of sperm

8. Testosterone is responsible for all male “secondary sex characteristics”

9. Female reproductive system must be able to: Produce and release eggs
Nourish and hold zygote until fully developed
Give birth
The female symbol represents the “hand mirror” of Venus– the roman goddess of fertility

10. Female sex organs:
Oviduct
Ovary
Uterus
Cervix
Bladder
Urethra
Vagina

11. Ovaries Oviducts Uterus Cervix Vagina
Component Function
Holds follicle cells which develop into eggs
(releases one egg a menstrual cycle – ovulation)
Ovaries
Transports egg to uterus – cite of fertilization
(also called Fallopian tubes)
Oviducts
Cite of implantation of fertilized egg – zygote
(endometrium thickens/thins with menstrual cycle)
Uterus
Muscular opening of the uterus
(dilates to allow passage of menstrual blood/fetus)
Cervix
Vagina
Receives sperm from the male
Transports mature fetus and menstrual fluid
Remember: females don’t continue to make new eggs – at birth they have about 7 million, by puberty it is down to about 400,000

12. This “shell” releases hormones before and after
Female gamete:
“shell ” of egg - follicle - plays a large role in the menstrual cycle
This “shell” releases hormones before and after
egg is released

13. Puberty and the Brain: Pituitary gland releases 2 hormones separately:
1st - stimulates the development of follicles (eggs)
and begins the menstrual cycle
- follicles produce hormone estrogen
2nd - stimulates ovulation in middle of cycle
- ruptured follicle - produces second
hormone progesterone

14. Estrogen alone is responsible for all “secondary sex characteristics”
Estrogen and Progesterone both work to prepare the uterus for baby

15. CAN YOU ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS? S1-1-09:
What parts make up the male and female sex systems and what is the function of each part?
Vocabulary & Concepts 
Hormone Testosterone Estrogen
Progesterone
You need to know all the male and female components that make up the “system”

16. Ovulation Menstrual Cycle Fertilization Zygote Embryo Fetus
OUTCOME QUESTION(S):
S1-1-10:
How does a fertilized egg turn into a baby and what determines the gender?
Vocabulary & Concepts 
Ovulation Menstrual Cycle
Fertilization Zygote Embryo
Fetus

17. Menstruation or Pregnancy
Human Reproduction
Menstruation or Pregnancy

18. Follicle – cells surrounding the egg inside
(shell)
Ovulation:
Release of ovum from a follicle in the ovary as a response to a hormonal brain signal.
Menstrual Cycle:
Monthly cycle of changes that occur in the ovaries and uterus - including ovulation and menstruation.
*Ovulation occurs at a halfway point in the cycle*

19. Ovulation
Endometrium: the inside of the uterus – the part that prepares for the baby – also called endometrial lining
Menstruation

20. Menstrual Cycle consists for 4 repeating steps:
1. Brain prepares one
follicle to grow and
release hormones.
2. Brain triggers ovulation.
3. Estrogen and
progesterone maintain
endometrial lining.
4. No fertilization:
follicle dies, hormones
drop  endometrium is shed --> menstruation.
REPEAT

21. Fetal Development

22. Egg and sperm meet in the oviduct - Fertilization.
Nuclei join to produce a single diploid cell called a zygote
Zygote implants into the endometrium and releases new hormones to maintain the lining
Remember: the sex is determined by the male - X or Y sex chromosome in the sperm

23. This represents the 44 “regular” chromosomes and the 2 sex chromosomes
MEIOSIS– MALES x x x x y y y y
DIPLOID 2n
46 Chromosomes x y
HAPLOID 1n
Female sperm
Male sperm
This represents the 44 “regular” chromosomes and the 2 sex chromosomes

24. MEIOSIS– FEMALES x x x x x x x x x x Female egg
DIPLOID 2n
46 Chromosomes x x
HAPLOID 1n
Remember the female creates one “super” egg to ensure success – the others are destroyed
Female egg

25. x x x y x x y x
Female zygote
Male zygote

26. FETAL DEVELOPMENT

27. There are 2 stages of Fetal or “baby” development:

28. Once implanted – called an embryo
Embryo Stage (the first 8 weeks)
Zygote implants in endometrial lining and begins to
grow (divide) by mitosis.
Once implanted – called an embryo
Congrats! You are now officially pregnant
Cleavage: the process of mitotic divisions that change zygote into a multicellular embryo.

29. Once bone forms - called a fetus (until born)
2. Fetal Stage (after 8 weeks till birth)
Developing embryo forms bone cells around the ninth week of pregnancy.
Once bone forms - called a fetus (until born)

30. 2. Fetal Stage (after 8 weeks till birth)
Placenta - exchanges waste and nutrients through umbilical cord.
Amnion – protective sac filled with fluid.

31. PREGNANCY & BIRTH

32. Pregnancy can also be divided in 3 trimesters:
1st trimester – conception to 3rd month
development of all body systems and organs
embryo is particularly sensitive to alcohol/drugs
sex can be determined
1st trimester

33. 2nd trimester – 4th to 6th months
period of rapid and continuous growth
Only brain and lungs still developing
fetus movements can be felt
2nd trimester

34. 3rd trimester – 7th to 9th (birth) month
fetus kicks, stretches and moves freely
Eyes sense light, fingerprints have formed
At end – labour
3rd trimester

35. And then, before you know it...

36. BIRTH!
Sudden, dramatic changes in hormone levels are responsible for starting the birth process.
A sharp drop in the levels of progesterone and estrogen causes the muscles of the uterus to begin to contract.
At the same time, the mother’s pituitary gland secretes another hormone, oxytocin, which stimulates the uterus to contract and open the birth canal. This process is known as labour & ends with the birth of a new baby.
For many reasons, the baby can be delivered through a process called a Caesarian section (or C-SECTION), where doctors remove the baby through an incision in the mother’s abdomen and uterus.

38. CAN YOU ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS? S1-1-10:
How does a fertilized egg turn into a baby and what determines the gender?
Vocabulary & Concepts 
Ovulation Menstruation
Menstrual Cycle
Fertilization Zygote Embryo
Fetus