1. The Emergence of Modern Turkey
Foundation of the Turkish Republic, Opposition and Reforms, the 1920s

2. Foundation of the Turkish Republic
Elections in Summer 1923
Declaration of the Republic (Oct 29, 1923) & Discussions

3. Opposition to the New Regime and Its Suppression
November 1924: Progressive Republican Party –PRP (Terakkiperver Cumhuriyet Firkasi)
RPP vs. PRP
Ideological differences
RPP response to the
challenge?

4. Kurdish Opposition to the New Regime
1925: Sheikh Said Rebellion & Why?

5. Sheikh Said Rebellion How did the RPP respond to the rebellion?
Changes is High Treason Law
Martial Law
Suppression of the press
Law on the Maintenance of Order (Takrir-I Sukun Kanunu) (1925)
Independence Tribunals

6. RPP vs. The Others Izmir Conspiracy (1926)
How to consolidate the power in parallel to the suppression of oppositions?
Centralization attempts
Creation of a new homogeneous identity
Breaking the links with the past

7. Reforms
March 3, 1924
Abolition of the Caliphate
Abolition of Seyhul Islam
Ministry of Religious Affairs was terminated and A Directorate for Religious Affairs was instituted.
Unification of Education.
“Islamic government has not been abolished with the abolition of the sultanate….the caliphate need material [political] power because being a Caliph means to rule…There cannot be a caliphate without a government, independence, and freedom. Therefore, the Caliph ought to be the natural president of the GNA. All laws and government decrees should be subject to his approval.”

8. Further Reforms All religious Courts were closed, 1924.
Hat Reform, 1925
Closing of dervish convents and tombs, 1925
Swiss Civil Code, 1926
Abolition of the Lunar Calendar, 1926
The Speech,1927
First public Census, 1927

9. Alphabet changed ,1928

10. Further Reforms Elimination of Islam from the constitution,1928
Western measures and weights, 1931
Call for prayer was made Turkish, 1932
Ayasofya was made a museum, 1933
Law on Surnames, 1934
Women were given the right to elect and to be elected,1934
Sunday was made the weekly day of rest, 1935