1. Anti-Federalists By Gary, Jen, and Veronica Anti-Federalists

2. Requirements for the Ratification Process Delegates knew that congress would oppose the draft because it reduced state powers 13 states had to approve the constitution Plan was to go directly to the voters to approve the constitution

3. Where and How did the Americans debate the constitution? Within the Philadelphia Convention Took place newspapers and pamphlets The anti-federalists opened discussion by stating their objections to the constitution They drew on political philosophy in ancient and recent history to make their arguments

4. Key elements of Anti-Federalists Opposition Anti-Federalists believed in ideas of republicanism Representatives should be elected by the people A large diverse state should not sustain a republic The republic will require a standing army and will tax the people to sustain the army

5. How did their philosophy shape their objections to the constitution The constitution gives congress power to make laws that they believe are “necessary and proper” President of the U.S., has power to grant pardons for crimes, including treason. National courts have too much power that they are can destroy judicial branches of state governments

6. continued. Anti-federalists believed checks and balances system could be turned against people’s liberties Constitution states that treaties are the supreme law of the land The powers of the executive and legislative branches are more mixed then separated They also believed that the constitution didn’t really represent the national government.

7. Bill of Rights The lack of bill of rights was the Anti- Federalists was their strongest and most powerful weapon The best way to defeat the constitution was the Bill of Rights It does not adequately protect rights –Only the house of representatives is chosen by the people

8. continued The national governments powers are general and vague There is no mention of freedom, religion, speech, press, or assembly The bill of rights is necessary to remind the people of our political system.

9. Critical Thinking Read the excerpts in your book on page,94 and 95. Summarize the concerns What views of Republican Government are expressed? How do they relate to opposing the Constitution?