1. “System of Alliances” ACTIVITY
European countries all had
conscription before 1914.
Leader Army Reserves Positives (+) Negatives (-)
Emperor Franz Joseph
450,000
3 million
Many Germans; western part industrialized
Small navy; eastern part not industrial
King George V
250,000
975,000
Industrial; #1 navy; technology
Small army
Prime Minister Clemenceau
800,000
4 million
Trading nation
Agricultural
Kaiser Wilhelm II
900,000
4.5 mill
Industrial; #2 navy; efficient army
Few sea ports; limited sea access
King Victor Emmanuel III
300,000
1.2 mill
Many sea ports
Triple Alliance; unpopular; small military; agriculture
Czar Nicholas II
1.3 mill.
5.9 mill
#1 army
Poor roads & railways
Aust-Hung
Great
Britain
France
Germany
Italy
Russia

2. World War One (1914-18) “Rich man’s war and a poor man’s fight.”
Be sure to
use the
Cornel Notes
system !!
Ch. 8, Sec. 1

6. The Five Great Powers: 1914
German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck’s adage was always to be in a majority of three in any dispute among the five great European powers. He wanted to preserve Germany’s peaceful ties with Russia, but the Kaiser didn’t renew Germany’s friendship with Russia.

7. A. Nationalism and “System of Alliances.”
Ι. The Road to WWI.
A. Nationalism and “System of Alliances.”
1. Triple Alliance (1882) – Germany, Austria-Hungary, & Italy (Italy changes sides).
Otto von Bismarck
of Germany

8. 2. Triple Entente (1907) – England, France, & Russia.
means
agreement

10. 3. Balkan Wars – 1908 (Aust-Hung annexed Bosnia).

11. 4. Class conflict:
a) Lower classes wanted ↑ power.
b) Labor Unions: better pay & conditions.
c) Socialism.
5. Militarism – Aggressive prep for war.
a) Industrial Revolution – more destructive weapons.
b) ↑ of armies in early 1900’s.
c) Conscription (military draft), 1913.

12. Italian = 300,000 Russia = 1.3 million
The Draft was nothing new: samurai in Japan, warriors in Aztec Empire, and militiamen of ancient Greece & Rome.
Triple Alliance (Red): Triple Entente (Orange):
German = 900,000 men British = 250,000
Aust-Hung = 450,000 French = 800,000
Italian = 300,000 Russia = 1.3 million

13. Franz (Francis) Ferdinand
B. Outbreak of the Great War (1914).
1. Archduke Franz Ferdinand of
Aust-Hung was assassinated in Sarajevo, June 28, 1914.
Franz (Francis) Ferdinand
and his wife, Sophia.

14. Ferdinand of Aust-Hung
a) Black Hand (Gavrilo Princip) – Wanted Bosnia free of Aust-Hung rule.
2. Aust-Hung, supported by Germany (Kaiser William II), declared war on Bosnia, July 28, 1914.
Emperor Franz Joseph
Ferdinand of Aust-Hung
Kaiser William II
Gavrilo Princip

15. “All For You, Sofia” by Franz Ferdinand
Bang bang, Gavrilo Princip Bang bang, shoot me Gavrilo Bang bang, the first six are for you Bang bang, the seventh is for me Bang bang, Gavrilo Princip Bang bang, Europe's going to weep All for you, all for you, all for you, Sophia (x4) Bang bang, history's complete Bang bang, shoot me Gavrilo Bang bang, the first six are for you Bang bang, the seventh is for me Bang bang, Gavrilo Princip Bang bang, shoot me Gavrilo
All for you, all for you, all for you, Sophia (x4) The Black Hand holds the gun The devil takes his run Urban, take the Appel Quay It's June the twenty-eighth The seventh was for me Bang bang, Gavrilo Princip Bang bang, shoot me Gavrilo Bang bang, the first six are for you Bang bang, the seventh is for me Bang bang, Gavrilo Princip Bang bang, shoot me Gavrilo

16. France through Belgium First, and then invade Russia second.
Germany’s war plan
(Schlieffen Plan)
was for both France
and Russia –
invading
France through Belgium
First, and then invade
Russia second.
(SHLEE-fun)

17. 4. Germany declares war on Russia, Aug 1.
3. Russia (Czar Nicholas II) mobilized army against Aust-Hung & Germany,
July 28/29.
4. Germany declares war on Russia, Aug 1.
a) Ultimatum to pass through Belgium.
5. England declares war on Germany for invading Belgium.
(Schlieffen
Plan)
Kaiser William II reads
the declaration of war.
Czar Nicholas II of Russia

20. Triple Entente and
Triple Alliance before
WWI.
The Allies
and the
Central Powers
at beginning
of WWI.

21. ΙΙ. The War (1914-1918). Clockwise from top: Trenches on the Western
Front; a British Mark IV
tank crossing a trench;
Royal Navy battleship
HMS Irresistible sinking
after striking a mine at
the Battle of the
Dardanelles; a Vickers
machine gun crew with
gas masks, and a
Sopwith Camel biplane.

22. A. The Western Front – Schlieffen Plan; Germans through Belgium.
1. 1st Battle of the Marne (Sept, 1914) – German advances stopped at Marne, near Paris. a) Trench Warfare - Stalemate for years - dug trenches (ditches).
(SHLEE-fun)
French leaders loaded 2,000 taxis
w/ soldiers & sent then to front line.

23. ► The trenches would stretch almost 500 miles long by 1918.
Front Line = Green
French = Purple
British = Red
Belgian = Orange
German = Yellow
► The trenches would stretch almost 500 miles long by 1918.
► The trenches were about 100 feet apart from each other.

24. Australian trench, Ypres.

25. B. The Great Slaughter (1916-1917).
1. New weapons, technology, industrialization, & trench warfare made WWI more deadly.
2. Trench warfare – Trenches to escape machine-gun fire.
a) “No-man’s land” - Land between the 2 trenches.
No-man’s
Land.
► Christmas Eve truce of 1914 – both sides played soccer and exchanged gifts.

26. British soldier
French soldiers in the
Lorraine region of France.

27. Belgian periscope rifle.
French soldiers in Alsace
using trench periscope.

28. James Lovegrave interviewed in 1993:
Officers walking through a
flooded communication trench.
James Lovegrave interviewed in 1993:
“Life in the trenches was hell on earth.
Lice, rats, trench foot, trench mouth,
where the gums rot and you lose your
teeth. And of course dead bodies
everywhere.”

29. This land was called "No Man's Land."
The British and French troops, by digging and defending trenches, were able
to hold the German advance. The use of machine-guns and barbed wire made
it difficult for troops to cross the land between the two sets of trenches.
This land was called "No Man's Land."
“Life was hard in the
trenches. Soldiers were
often knee-deep in mud and
water. Many were drowned
when they slipped into flooded
shell holes. When the
temperature dropped they
suffered from frost-bite. The
soldiers also had to put up with
rats. One pair of rats can
produce 880 offspring in a
single year and so the trenches
were soon swarming with them.
They lived mainly off dead
bodies, but they were also
known to attack wounded or
even sleeping soldiers.”
► Allies and Germans both dug tunnels under ‘No-man’s Land’ (Arras, France = Hitler)

30. Trench Warfare - barbed-wire entanglements (5ft X 30-yards), concrete
machine-gun nests, other gun batteries, supported by heavy artillery farther back.

31. Canadian troops going “over the top.”

32. Women serving as ambulance drivers, World War One

33. C. The Eastern Front – (opposite of Western
C. The Eastern Front – (opposite of Western Front) mobility & Russian defeats.
Russian mass grave in Galicia.
German victories; Russia no longer a threat
to Germ; 2.5 million Russian casualties.
Aust-Hung didn’t fare so well (defeated by
Russians at Galicia and thrown out of Serbia).

34. D. Italy switches sides, joins Allies ($ and land).
1. Allied Powers (Allies) – Eng, Fra, Rus, & Ita.
2. Central Powers – Germ, Aust-Hung (later Ottoman Emp & Bulgaria).

35. "There never was a good war or a bad peace." -- Benjamin Franklin
World map showing the participants in World War I. Those fighting
on the Allies' side (at one point or another) are depicted in green,
the Central Powers in orange, and neutral countries in gray.

36. Removing the dead
and wounded from
the battle front.
Industrial Revolution - largely responsible for bringing change to how wars were fought: railroads were able to supply troops much more quickly and replace worn-out troops with ready reserves; factories turned out munitions on a scale never seen before and long bombardments became routine; shelling and bombings maimed, disfigured, and killed many WWI soldiers.

37. E. Battle of Verdun (Feb-Dec 1916) – Symbolic of new kind of war.
1. “They shall not pass,” Honor-bound.
2. German goal: bleed the French army white.
3. War of attrition – Wear down other side by constant attacks & heavy losses.
The Battle of Verdun was the longest
and one of the bloodiest engagements
of WWI. An estimated 328,000 German
dead and 348,000 French dead.
Verdun was a French fortress city on the French / German border.

38. 1. The Tank – British Psychological weapon.
F. New Weapons:  tank, poison gas, airplane, U-boats, battleships, & aircraft carrier (later), & artillery.
1. The Tank – British Psychological weapon.
Origins = “Little Willie” in
1915 with help from
Winston Churchill
(1st Lord of Admiralty).
Armored vehicle on a
Caterpillar tractor with
a max speed of 3-4 mph,
but couldn’t cross trenches.
Mark I,
in 1916.

39. Battle of the Somme
The Battle of the Somme (July to November 1916), was among the largest battles of WWI. With more than 1.5 million casualties, it is also one of the bloodiest military operations recorded.
The first day of battle, July 1, 1916, the British suffered 57,470 casualties, including 19,240 dead—the bloodiest day in history of British Army.
Adolf Hitler, a message runner, injured (awarded the Iron Cross by a German Jew).
New Zealand infantry
in the trenches.
► 5 months; 80,000 soldiers never found; British later adopted “creeping” tactics
instead of walking together across No-Man’s Land.

40. Tanks were first used in WWI at the Battle of the Somme,1916. They
were developed to cope with
conditions on the Western Front.
Early stats:
● 28 tons; average 3-4 MPH;
● 8-man crew (4-hour limit);
● 6-lbs & machine guns on side;
● broke-down a lot; loud; hot;
● carbon dioxide inside.
The original shipping crates of these vehicles
were labeled Tanks and the name stuck.
The Somme, 1916.

41. a) Battle of Cambrai (1917) – 1st tank battle in history.
British Mark III, 1917.
● First time used in large numbers –
474 Tanks (not tank on tank since
Germans had no tanks in 1917).
● Success for one day, broke 3-year
deadlock and crossed Hindenburg
Line (3 sets of ditches), then Germans
counter-attacked and got back 5-miles
of land originally lost.
● Tanks crushed barb wire; used
anchor to drag it away. Bundles of
hay tied on top of tank to dump into
trenches to cross wide trenches.
● Had to be used in large #’s, firm/hard
ground, and surprise if possible.
British tank stuck in trench,
Cambrai, 1917.

42. Poison Gas (Mustard Gas)
Dog wearing a gas mask.
British gas casualties,
Bethune, 1918.
Poison Gas
(Mustard Gas)
Germans in gas masks.

44. 2. Airplanes - 1915, in battle for first time.
a) Began attacking ground targets (comms).
French
blimp.
 Plane was only a decade old, considered dangerous w/ no real benefit.
At first, planes were used to spot enemy positions (recon).
 Machine guns were later mounted on planes.

45. b) The Red Barron - deadliest fighter pilot.
i years later, combat pilots still study tactics.
 Manfred von Richthofen had 80 kills; Get close (100 yards) to get a kill.
 Crash landed his first time flying; shot down twice (killed 2nd time).
 Not a great pilot, but a great marksman (grew up hunting).
 Plane painted red. Never had a girlfriend.
 Life expectancy – 2 weeks (new skills; unreliable planes).
 First Aircraft carrier, 1918 – (British) HMS Argus, carried 18 planes.

46. 3. U-Boats – WWI, patrolled singly to pick off Allied ships.
German WWI U-Boat.
 Br blockade to starve out the Germans; blocked North Sea; food shortages.
 Br merchant ships flew flags of all/neutral nations; Germ: “all Br waters a war zone.”
 Russians got a Germ U-boat code book and shared it with Br (Germ didn’t know).

47. British Howitzer in 1914.
British WWI Howitzer.

48. German howitzer (43 tons) called Big Bertha (named
Later in WWI, a mobile
German howitzer (43 tons)
called Big Bertha (named
after Gustav Krupp's wife)
could fire a 2,200 lb shell
over 9 miles.

49. G. Weapons improved: machine gun, barbed wire, & land mines.
Vickers Gun
Maxim Gun
 Machine Gun – originally designed to save lives (fewer men on the field),
 “Gatling Gun” – (1861) just after Civil War, multiple barrels, rapid fire (1 vs. 100).
 “Maxim Gun” – American,1883, recoil reload weapon, 1st truly automatic gun.
“Vickers Gun” – Br. var of Maxim Gun, 450 rnds p/ minute, 470 rnds for Oak tree.
Battle of the Somme – machine gun tactics (kill zones) w/ interlocking firing zones.

50. The Vickers Gun could fire over 600 rounds per minute and had
a range of 4,500 yards. Being
water-cooled, it could fire
continuously for long periods.
80% of all British ground casualties
were caused by the machine gun.
A painting of Lieutenant Thomas Wilkinson winning the Victorian Cross in 1916 by using a Vickers Gun to stop a German advance.

51. British Prime Minister,
Winston Churchill
“Tommy Gun” – 1920’s, U.S. Col. Thompson, 1st submachine gun, circular magazine, 100 rounds, ¼ weight of Maxim Gun, used by gangsters after WWI. First gangster hit failed (missed w/ every shot due to firing pushing barrel down – Spike O’Donnell quit bootlegging afterwards. Modified to become a “semi-automatic” to be more accurate for the cops.

52. The German stick grenade had a wooden handle
Grenades (hand-thrown bombs) first began being used in the 16th century. Originally they were hollow iron balls filled with gunpowder and ignited by a slow burning match. To be effective, soldiers had to be able to throw them over 100 feet and the tall, strong soldiers selected for this task became known as grenadiers. In the opening months of WWI the British Army used Grenade No 1 (Mills Bomb). This was a cast-iron canister on an 18 inch stick. Soldiers soon discovered that they were dangerous to use when in a front-line trench. There were several cases of soldiers being killed when the grenade hit the front of the trench.
The German stick grenade had a wooden handle
about ten inches long that carried a metal canister
at his head. The head unscrewed to allow the
detonator to be inserted. The screw cap at the end
covered a string which was pulled to ignite the fuse inside the head.

53. Gas shells exploding in No-Man's Land.
French soldiers.
French troops
using flamethrowers.

54. H. Widening the War – Due to. stalemate on Western front, both
H. Widening the War – Due to stalemate on Western front, both sides tried to gain new allies.
1. The Ottomans (1914) & Bulgaria (1915) w/ Germany.

55. 2. Lawrence of Arabia – British officer, T.E. Lawrence, urged Arab
princes to revolt against the
Ottomans in 1917.
T.E. Lawrence fought for the British in North Africa.
He led Arab nationalists in the fight to overthrow the Ottoman Turks.
Lawrence of Arabia

56. I. The Ottoman Empire. (The Eastern Front) Ottoman Empire called
the “sick man of Europe.”
(The Eastern Front)

57. Byzantium (667 BC) → Constantinople (Constantine the Great, 330 AD) → Istanbul (Turkish, 1930)

58. ‘Istanbul (Not Constantinople)’ remade by They Might Be Giants
Istanbul was Constantinople Now it's Istanbul, not Constantinople Been a long time gone, Constantinople Now it's Turkish delight on a moonlit night Every gal in Constantinople Lives in Istanbul, not Constantinople So if you've a date in Constantinople She'll be waiting in Istanbul Even old New York was once New Amsterdam Why they changed it I can't say People just liked it better that way So take me back to Constantinople No, you can't go back to Constantinople Been a long time gone, Constantinople Why did Constantinople get the works That's nobody's business but the Turks
Istanbul (Istanbul) Istanbul (Istanbul) Even old New York was once New Amsterdam Why they changed it I can't say People just liked it better that way Istanbul was Constantinople Now it's Istanbul, not Constantinople Been a long time gone, Constantinople Why did Constantinople get the works That's nobody's business but the Turks So take me back to Constantinople No, you can't go back to Constantinople Been a long time gone, Constantinople Why did Constantinople get the works That's nobody's business but the Turks Istanbul

59. 1. Gallipoli, 1915 - (Dardanelle strait,
1. Gallipoli, (Dardanelle strait, SW of Constantinople) disastrous Allied campaign. a) 250,000 dead on each side after 9 months.
The Eastern front was more mobile than the Western front.
Russia needed supplies and might surrender.
The Allies launched the Gallipoli campaign to defeat the Ottomans and help the Russians.
It failed.

61. Mel Gibson, in Gallipoli (1981).
'Anzac' from the sea: looking directly into the gully with Turkish shells falling. November 27, 1915.

63. b) Genocide – deliberate mass murder.
2. Armenian Holocaust ( ) – forced deportation of Armenians to Syria.
a) 1.5 million died.
b) Genocide – deliberate mass murder.
Return of the G-word --
A resolution calling on the
president to acknowledge
the Armenian genocide
might finally pass Congress.
L.A. Times. Feb 4, 2007
► There were no concentration camps, only the desert.

64. Ottoman Empire (Muslim Turks)
Modern Day Turkey

65. Losing WWI ended
the Ottoman Empire
(now Turkey).

66. Turkish Massacre of Armenians (1915-1918)
Considered 1st genocide of 20th century
1 ½ million Armenians living in Turkey eliminated through forced deportations & massacres
Muslims vs. Christians
Included death marches, relocation, rapes, forced conversion, etc.
75% of those on marches died

67. Should the U.S. go to war?
The debate over involvement began to intensify.
Women’s groups, political and labor radicals were some of the people who opposed involvement.
Who do you think favored intervention?

68. The U.S. was making a “killing.”
By 1917, the U.S. GNP was 20% higher than it was in 1913 (we were producing a LOT more!)
We would lend money to countries who would then use that money to buy stuff from us!
We did most of our trading with the Allies.

70. J. Entry of the U.S.
1. Involvement due to naval war between Eng & Germ.
2. The Lusitania – British passenger ship sunk by German U-boat on May 7, 1915.
a) 123 U.S. citizens dead.

71. Germany: “All British waters are a war zone.”
Lusitania was carrying wartime essentials: motorcycle parts, metals, cotton goods, food, 4,200 cases of rifle ammo, 1,250 cases of shrapnel (not explosive), & 18 boxes of percussion fuses.
U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt demanded revenge against Germany.

72. The Zimmerman Telegram – Mexico
to invade U.S.
Germany sent a
secret message
to Mexico.

73. “The world must be made safe for democracy.”
4. April 1917 – President Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of war!
“The world must be made safe for democracy.”
U.S. President
Woodrow Wilson

74. As the United States entered the
war, we were unprepared to fight
a major war. The draft was
instituted and millions of men
went to register for the war draft.
Men did their part in the war by responding
to the draft, while many women went to work
in factories to produce the materials of war.
These women are working with a steel press.

75. Communist Revolution End to capitalism and exploiting workers
Classless & stateless society
Working class, or proletariat, to replace the wealthy bourgeoisie
Wealth based on ‘worth’
Karl Marx
Marxist argument for communism, the main characteristic of human life in
class society is alienation; and communism is desirable because it entails
the full realization of human freedom.

76. K. The Russian Revolution (1917).
The fall of the czarist regime and Russian Revolution put the Communists in power.
K. The Russian Revolution (1917).
1. The czar’s failure in battle & worker unrest led to revolution.
Grigori Rasputin – shot 3 times, tied up,
and thrown into the Neva River.
Czar Nicholas & Alexandria (son had hemophilia).
 Russian soldiers trained using broomsticks due to lack of industry/weapons.
 Some soldiers sent to the front with no weapons; told to pick one up from dead.
 Between , 2 million soldiers killed; another 4-6 million wounded/captured.

77. 2. March Revolution – strikes by women in Petrograd (now
St. Petersburg).
a) “peace & bread.”
Women led the way
in Petrograd, 1917.
 WWI was still going on.
Duma created as provisional gov’t
Czar Nicholas II steps down.
 Ended the 300-year Romanov dynasty.

78. 3. The Bolsheviks – Marxist party.
4. V.I. Lenin – Leader of Bolsheviks.
a) Slogan: “Peace, Land, Bread.”
b) Leon Trotsky – revolutionary.
Café Odéon in
Zurich, Switzerland.
Workers
gathered in
Red Square,
1917.
 Lenin returned to Russia with German help after March Revolution.
 The Germans hoped Lenin would create more disorder.

79. U.S. In – Russia Out: 1917
Bolsheviks promised an end to the war; redistribution of land to the peasants; worker control of production; and all power to the Soviets.
Nov. 6, 1917, Bolshevik forces seized the Winter Palace (seat of provisional gov’t).
Bolsheviks soon renamed themselves the Communists.
V.I. Lenin

80. officers in Brest-Litovsk
5. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918) – Russia quits WWI & lost land to Germany.
Eastern Front, 1918
Russia's new
Bolshevik
(communist)
gov’t renounced
all claims on
Finland, Estonia,
Latvia, Lithuania,
Poland, Belarus,
& Ukraine.
Leon Trotsky being
Greeted by German
officers in Brest-Litovsk

81. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 1918.
The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, signed in 1918, ended the war between Russia and Germany.
Russia gave up lands in the Baltic area; Finland, Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia.
The treaty was never enforced because of Germany’s defeat. Those countries became independent.
With Russia out of war, Germany can concentrate on Western Front.

82. 1. Total War – complete mobilization of resources & people.
L. U.S. Home Front.
1. Total War – complete mobilization of resources & people.
2.  Gov’t Powers.
a) Drafted millions.
b) Planned Economies – systems directed by gov’t.
i. free market suspended.
ii. Price controls; rationing.
President Woodrow Wilson – “Men and women who remain
to till the soil and man the factories are no less a part of
the army than the men beneath the battle flags.”

83. M. Women – created new roles for women.
1. Gained new freedoms – jobs, apartments, independence.
2. Benefits short lived – men took back jobs; women had  wages.
The Suffragettes
helped women
get the right to
vote in 1920.
Right to Vote – 1918 in England,
1920 in U.S. (19th Amendment),
1920 in Germany & Austria.

84. for or against a position.
N. Gov’t Propaganda –
manipulate public
opinion; influence
for or against a position.
England (Defense of the Realm Act (DORA) allowed the gov’t to arrest protesters as traitors;
newspapers were censored and sometimes even suspended publication.
French prime minister Clemenceau suspended basic civil liberties until the end of the war.
He had the editor of an antiwar newspaper executed on a charge of helping the enemy
and also punished journalists who wrote negative war reports by having them drafted.
 Freedom of speech and press were limited by the gov’t for national security reasons.

85. Spanish Flu of Pandemic respiratory infection that was brought to Europe by the Doughboys as a form of Swine Flu. It mutated and spread through out the world during the later days of WWI, killing million worldwide.
Victims crowded into an emergency
hospital at Fort Riley, Kansas.

86. O. Central Powers defeated.
1. 2nd Battle of the Marne – Germans defeated; retreat back to Germ.
2. Kaiser Wilhelm II resigns.
The Second Battle of the Marne (1918) was the last
major German offensive on the Western Front. It failed
when an Allied counterattack led by French forces
overwhelmed the Germans, inflicting severe casualties.

87. President Woodrow Wilson’s ‘Fourteen Points’
League of Nations.
Open diplomacy.
Borders based on nationality.
Restore independent nations.
Freedom of the seas.

88. Armistice in Europe! 1918
With the U.S. entry to the war in 1917, the Central Powers were quickly defeated.
After 4 years of fighting, an armistice was signed in November, 1918 after Kaiser Wilhelm II was forced to step down.
A revolution in Austria-Hungary ended their war.
The Ottoman Turks and Bulgaria surrendered.

89. P. Treaty of Versailles (June 28, 1919) –
The Big 4: Fr, Eng, Ita, & U.S. negotiated the treaty.
1. Not present: Central Powers or Russia.
2. Article 231 – Germ responsible.
The main signatories were Britain (Prime
Minister David Lloyd George), the USA
(President Woodrow Wilson), France
(Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau),
and Italy (Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando).
These leaders were known as the 'Big Four‘
and decided the fate of Germany after the
First World War.

90. The ‘Treaty of Versailles’
President Wilson tried to establish a lasting peace in contrast to France and Britain, who wanted revenge against Germ.
Wilson became spokesperson for new world order of int’l cooperation (League of Nations).
U.S. President Wilson and Prime Minister Clemenceau of France did not get along at the peace talks.
The Hall of Mirrors
In Versailles.

91. 4. Germans humiliated by treaty.
3. Germany to pay war
reparations.
4. Germans humiliated by treaty.
The Palace of Versailles, where
the treaty was signed in 1919.
Due to the Treaty of Versailles, the country was already condemned to death,
according to this political cartoon that appeared in the German magazine Simpliccimus
on June 3, The principal judges and executioners were (from left to right) the U.S.
president Wilson, French president Clemenceau & British prime minister Lloyd George.

92. Summary of terms of the Treaty of Versailles:
Germany to take full responsibility for the war (Art 231).
Germany to pay for all the war damage (reparations) - set at $33 billion (over 30 yrs).
Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men.
Germany could have
no air force or subs,
and limited to six
large ships.
Germany to loose
territory on all sides,
& split in two by new
nation of Poland.
Germany to lose all
her colonies.

94. Yellow – Germany lost.
Green – demilitarized.
Pink – Aust-Hung lost & divided.
Orange – Russia lost.

95. Austria–Hungary in orange & white; Bosnia & Herzegovina in blue (1914).
Austria-Hungary divided into seven different countries (1918).

96.  Loosing WWI ended the Ottoman Empire, creating the Turkish republic in 1923.
 Mandate System = break-up Ottoman lands.
 Lebanon & Syria (France), and Iraq & Palestine (England).

97. Bitter ending… The Treaty of Versailles left a bitter legacy.
Germany was humiliated.
Russia felt betrayed because they were excluded.
Italy and Japan felt cheated because they did not get land promised to them.

98. First World War Service of Adolf Hitler
Feb 14 - Screened for Austrian Military Service; Found Unfit.
Aug 14 - Hitler petitions to serve in Bavarian forces despite Austrian Citizenship.
7 Oct 16 - Wounded in leg at the Somme.
28 Sep 1918 –
Incident involving
Henry Tandy, VC.
11 Nov At
news of armistice;
Hitler reacts bitterly.
One of the Haunting Photos of the
20th Century. Adolf Hitler (circled)
thrills to the announcement of war
in Munich, August 1914

99. Allied soldiers killed Belgium: 13,700 (5.14%)
British Empire: 908,000 (10.20%)
Australia: 60,000
Canada: 60,000
India: 25,000
Newfoundland: 1,254
New Zealand: 16,000
South Africa: 7,000
United Kingdom: 715,000
France: 1,375,000 (16.36%)
French colonies: 100,000
Greece: 5,000 (2.17%)
Italy: 650,000 (11.58%)
Japan: 300 (0.04%)
Montenegro: 3,000 (6.00%)
Portugal: 7,200 (7.22%)
Romania: 336,000 (44.76%)
Russia: 1,700,000 (14.17%)
Serbia: 45,000 (6.36%)
United States: 126,000 (2.89%)
Total Allied soldiers killed: approx 5.17 million
Central Powers soldiers killed
Austria-Hungary: 1,200,000 (15.38%)
Bulgaria: 87,500 (7.29%)
Germany: 1,800,000 (16.12%)
Ottoman Empire: 325,000 (11.40%)
Total Central Powers soldiers killed: approx 3.4 million
Total soldiers killed worldwide: approx 8.6 million

100. Civilians killed
Austria-Hungary: 300,000
Belgium: 30,000
Bulgaria: 275,000
France: 40,000
Germany: 760,000
Greece: 132,000
Norway: 1,900 sailors died, mostly by their vessels torpedoed by German submarines.
Romania: 275,000
Russia: 3,000,000
Serbia: 650,000
Ottoman Empire: 1,000,000
United Kingdom: 31,000
Spanish Flu: up to million
Civilians killed: approximately 56.5 million
Total people killed in World War I: up to 66 million

101. WWI Words and Phrases
Doughboy – The origin of the word doughboy actually began during the American Civil War. The buttons on Union uniforms were said to resemble biscuits, hence the term doughboy. For some reason, it did not come into common usage until WWI.
“No man’s Land” – The desolate territory between the hundreds of miles of opposing Allied and German trenches.
Robot – Karl Capek, a Czech playwright and pioneer in science fiction, wrote a play called “R.U.R.” which was a group of mechanized monsters revolting against their maker. The Czech term for work or drudgery was robota, so Capek shortened his characters to be robots.
Blimp – A slang term for a ‘small dirigible airship’ used by the British Army during World War I for observations.
Zeppelin - Large rigid airships used for observation and strategic bombing by both German Army and Navy.

102. Barrage - An excessive number or quantity.
Bunker - Fortification set mostly below ground level with overhead protection.
Camouflage - Disguise, pretense; although the expression is still also used in its original sense, describing the special coloring schemes applied to equipment and uniforms to make the object harder to see.
Chatting - Conversing in an informal manner to pass the time as soldiers removed lice (chat) from their bodies and clothes. This led to the popularizing of chatting, used since the 16th century.
Devil Dog - Nickname given to the US Marines by Germans who faced them at Belleau Wood.
“Digging-In” - To establish one’s position, as if digging a defensive trench.

103. “Dog Fight” - Air combat at close quarters based on the scrambling, twisting appearance of air warfare from the ground.
Ace – An outstanding pilot, as well as an excellent performer in any field (downed at least 5 planes).
“Blind Spot” – A point below the tail of an airplane where an approaching adversary was hidden from the sights of the observer’s guns.
Dud - A shell or bomb that fails to explode; later, a person or enterprise that proves to be a failure.
“Eleventh Hour” - Just in time, at the last moment. 
“Over the Top” - Going out of one’s trench towards the enemy; in civilian use it was extended to mean taking the final plunge and doing something dangerous or notable.
Stormtrooper - Specially trained German assault troops used in their 1918 Offensives. Nickname later adapted by Nazi Brown Shirts.
Trench Foot / Mouth - Common disabling problem among WWI soldiers.

104. a. Allied power
b. Neutral nation
c. Central power
For each country or region numbered on the map, identify its status during World War I. Match the choices to the appropriate numbers on the map.