1. 5 CHAPTER Policing: History and Structure
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc
by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
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2. Historical Development of the Police
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3. English Roots Much of early American policing was based on
the British model. English law enforcement
started around At that time:
All able-bodied men responded to cries for help
by joining together in a posse to search for the
suspect.
Posses were either led by the shire reeve (county
leader) or one of the few the comites stabuli
(mounted officers).
Guilt of suspect was usually assumed.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc
by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

4. English Roots In English towns and cities, law enforcement
initially relied on watchman, who performed
night watch.
They would watch for fires and thieves and
rouse up people when something was spotted.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc
by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

5. English Roots The Statute of Winchester codified modern
police practices. The statute established a:
Watch and ward system
Draft of men to serve as watchmen
Formal hue and cry system in which citizens
who did not respond to cries for help could be
punished
Mandate that all homes contain a weapon, for
use in responding to cries
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc
by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

6. English Roots The emergence of gin is said to have fueled the
creation of a formal law enforcement.
Gin was potent, inexpensive, and readily
available.
Binge drinking, rioting, and crime became a
problem.
The British government needed to come up with
a better system of policing, as people could no
longer be counted on to perform watch duties.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc
by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

7. Bow Street Runners
In 1750, Sir Henry Fielding became magistrate of London’s Bow Street region.
He attracted a number of dedicated
men to serve as officers, patrolling
streets and highways leading to
London.
They became known as the Bow
Street Runners.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc
by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

8. The New Police: London Metropolitan Police
In 1829, Sir Robert Peel established what is now considered the world's first modern police force.
1,000 officers called bobbies made up
this force of new police, which:
was uniformed
was structured along military lines
became a model for police forces
worldwide
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc
by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
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9. American Policing
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10. The Early American Experience
Early American law enforcement was based on England’s experience yet unique to the reality of colonialism and expansionism.
Police were decentralized and
dispersed from the start.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc
by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

11. The frontier was home to many outlaws.
Frontier lands lacked established police
forces, so many settlers took to
vigilantism.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc
by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

12. Larger cities had small-scale, organized police forces early on.
The Early Cities
Larger cities had small-scale, organized police forces early on.
Many were keeping a close eye on the
performance of the Metropolitan Police
of London.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc
by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

13. The 20th Century
The 20th Century saw great social change and law enforcement reform.
1902—International Association of Chiefs
of Police formed.
1910—The first policewoman hired (in Los
Angeles).
1915—Fraternal Order of Police (FOP) established.
1915—25 cities employed policewomen
Inventions like the telephone,
automobiles, and radios impacted police…
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc
by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
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14. Prohibition and Police Corruption
Prohibition—a “dark period” for law enforcement. During this era,
There was a lot of crime in support of the
sale of “bootlegged” liquor.
Organized crime grew.
Corruption flourished as some police
officers were accepting “payoffs” to look away.
The Wickersham Commission eventually
recognized that Prohibition was
unenforceable and contributed to
corruption.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc
by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

15. The Last Half of the 20th Century
The 1960s and 1970s were a time of great cultural change. During this time:
The U.S. Supreme Court enumerated many
individual rights for suspects.
Police operations were scrutinized.
The Law Enforcement Assistance Administration
(LEAA) was formed.
The National Advisory Commission on Criminal
Justice Standards and Goals issued strategies for
improving law enforcement.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc
by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
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16. Evidence-Based Policing
The LEAA dedicated a lot of money to preventing and reducing crime.
The LEAA spent $8 billion.
The LEAA was abolished in 1982, as crime rates
continued to grow.
The LEAA started a tradition of scientific police
management—applying social science techniques
to the study of police administrating in order to:
Increase effectiveness
Reduce citizen complaints
Enhance efficiency
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc
by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
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17. Exemplary Projects
The LEAA’s Exemplary Projects Program recognized outstanding innovative efforts to combat crime and to provide victims with assistances.
Exemplary Projects served as examples to other
police departments.
Examples:
Street Crimes Unit (NYC)
The Hidden Cameras Project (Seattle)
The Kansas City Experiment
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc
by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

18. The Kansas City Experiment
The Kansas City Experiment tested the use of preventive patrol on crime rates and citizens’ fear of crime. The experiment revealed that:
Crime rates were not impacted by preventive
patrol.
Preventive patrol does not impact fear of
crime.
Directed patrol is a better way to productively use
patrol officers.
Involves analyzing patrol techniques in
light of scientific analysis
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc
by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

19. Recent Studies Recent studies include:
Operation Ceasefire
A national evaluation of Weed-and-Seed
programs
Kansas City Gun Experiment
Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment
Studies like these show the value of scientific evaluation and accumulation of knowledge. They help establish the use of evidence-based policing.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc
by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

20. Selected Scientific Studies in Law Enforcement
Year
Study Name
Focus
2005
Effectiveness of Designated Driver Program
Designated driver campaigns to reduce highway accidents
2001
Boston’s Operation Ceasefire Evaluation
Citywide effort to reduce gun violence, especially gang-related homicides
1999
National Evaluation of Weed-and-Seed Programs
Weed-and-Seed programs in 8 states
1998
Community Policing in Action
Police and citizen cooperation and neighborhood security
1994
Kansas City Gun Experiment
Supplemental police patrol to reduce gun crime
1990
Minneapolis “Hot Spot” Policing
Intensive patrol of problem areas
1986
Crime Stoppers: A National Evaluation
Media crime-reduction programs
1984
Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment
Effective police action in domestic violence situations
1981
Newark Foot Patrol Experiment
Costs versus benefits of foot patrol
1977
Cincinnati Team Policing Experiment
Team versus traditional policing
1974
Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment
Effectiveness of police patrol
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc
by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

21. American Law Enforcement Today
American law enforcement is very complex.
There are thousands of different agencies
involved in law enforcement, with not a lot of
uniformity among them.
Three major legislative and judicial
jurisdictions exist:
Federal
State
Local
Supplementing these are thousands of private
security companies.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc
by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
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22. Federal Law Enforcement
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23. Federal Agencies Federal law enforcement agencies are
distributed among 14 U.S. government
departments and 28 nondepartmental entities.
Additionally, many other government officers
are involved in enforcement of laws through
inspection, regulation, and control activities.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc
by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
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24. American Policing: Federal Law Enforcement Agencies
Department of Agriculture
U.S. Forest Service
Department of Commerce
Bureau of Export Enforcement
National Marine Fisheries Administration
Department of Defense
Air Force Office of Special Investigations
Army Criminal Investigation Division
Defense Criminal Investigative Service
Naval Investigative Service
Department of Energy
National Nuclear Safety Administration
Office of Mission Operations
Office of Secure Transportation
Department of Health and Human Services
Food and Drug Administration, Office of
Criminal Investigations
Department of Homeland Security
Federal Law Enforcement Training Center
Federal Protective Service
Transportation Security Administration
U.S. Coast Guard
U.S. Customs and Boarder Protection
Department of Homeland Security (Con’t)
U.S. Immigration and Customs
Enforcement
U.S. Secret Service
Department of Justice
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco,
Firearms, and Explosives
Bureau of Prisons
Drug Enforcement Administration
Federal Bureau of Investigation
U.S. Marshals Service
Department of Labor
Office of Labor Racketeering
Department of the State
Diplomatic Security Service
Department of the Treasury
Internal Revenue Service – Criminal Investigation Division
Treasury Inspector General for Tax Enforcement
U.S. Postal Service
Postal Inspection Service
Department of the Interior
Bureau of Indian Affairs
Bureau of Land Management
Fish and Wildlife Service
Department of the Interior (Con’t)
National Park Service
U.S. Park Police
Department of Veterans Affairs
Office of Security and Law Enforcement
Other Agencies with Enforcement Personnel:
AMTRAK Police
Bureau of Engraving and
Printing Police
Department of Energy
Environmental Protection Agency –
Criminal Investigations Division
Food and Drug Administration
Tennessee Valley Authority
U.S. Capitol Police
U.S. Mint
U.S. Supreme Court Police
Washington, D.C. Metropolitan
Police Department
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc
by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
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25. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
The FBI may be the world’s most famous law enforcement agency.
It was developed in 1908 and called the Bureau of Investigation. It was designed originally to help the federal government investigate political and business corruption.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc
by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

26. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
The FBI is headquartered in Washington, D.C. and has 56 field offices and 400 satellite offices. The FBI also operates:
“Legal attaché” offices in other nations, to
help coordinate international law
enforcement efforts and information sharing
The National Computer Crime Squad (NCCS)
The Combined DNA Index System (CODIS)
A Criminal Justice Information Services Division
A full-scale crime laboratory
A National Academy Program
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc
by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
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27. The FBI and Counterterrorism
The focus of the FBI changed as a result of the September 11th terrorist attacks, centering now on counterterrorism efforts.
The FBI maintains:
A Counterterrorism Division
A national threat warning system
Flying Squads
The Joint Terrorism Task Force (JTTF)
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc
by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
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28. The Mission of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
“The mission of the FBI is to protect and defend the United States against terrorists and foreign intelligence threats, to uphold and enforce the criminal laws of the United States, and to provide leadership and criminal justice services to federal, state, municipal, and international agencies and partners.”
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc
by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

29. FBI Priorities Protecting the United States from terrorist attack
Protecting the United States against foreign intelligence operations and espionage
Protecting the United States against cyber-based attacks and high- technology crimes
Combating public corruption at all levels
Protecting civil rights
Combating transnational and national criminal organizations and enterprises
Combating major white-collar crime
Combating violent crimes that have wide impact
Supporting federal, state, local, and international partners
Upgrading technology to perform the FBI’s mission successfully
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc
by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
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30. State Agencies
Most state police agencies were created in the late nineteenth or early twentieth century.
The Texas Rangers were the first.
Today, there is a lot of diversity among the different state police agencies.
State police agencies employ fewer people than do local police departments.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc
by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

31. State and Local Law Enforcement
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32. Federal, State, and Local Law Enforcement Employment, 2000
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc
by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
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33. Models of State Police Agencies
Centralized
Combine criminal
investigations duties and
state highway patrol
Assist local departments
Operate identification
bureaus
Maintain a criminal records
repository
Patrol highways
Provide training for local
officers
Decentralized
Separates state highway
patrol from other duties
Other duties performed
by adjunct state-level
law enforcement
agencies
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc
by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

34. Local Agencies
Local agencies encompass a wide variety of agencies, including:
Municipal departments
Sheriffs departments
Specialized groups, like campus police and
transit police
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc
by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

35. Municipal Police Departments
Municipal police departments are city- or town-based.
Any municipality can create its own police
department; not every one does.
Jurisdiction is within the municipality.
Agencies range from very small to very large.
The majority have fewer than ten full-time
officers.
Many utilize part-time officers.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc
by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

36. Sheriffs Departments
Sheriffs departments are responsible for law enforcement throughout their counties.
Mostly patrol the unincorporated areas that lie
between municipalities
Jurisdiction is throughout the entire county
Operate county jails
Serve court papers
Maintain security in state courtrooms
Most departments have fewer than twenty-five
full-time officers
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc
by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

37. Private Protective Services
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38. Private Protective Services
A number of private protective services, known as private security, also are involved in enforcement activities.
These organizations:
Are privately funded, for-profit agencies.
Provide a variety of security-related services to
their clientele (which include governments).
Have rapidly grown in recent years.
Employ more people than public police.
Find support in ASIS International
programming.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc
by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

39. American Policing: Private Security Agencies
The Largest Private Security Agencies in the U.S.
Advance Security, inc. Allied Security, Inc.
American Protective Services Burns International Security
Globe Security Guardsmark, Inc.
Pinkerton’s Inc. Security Bureau, Inc.
Wackenhut Corp. Wells Fargo Guard Services
Private Security Services
Airport security ATM services
Bank guards Company guards
Computer/information security Executive protection
Hospital security Loss-prevention specialists
Nuclear facility security Railroad detectives
School security Store/mall security
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40. Integrating Public and Private Security
As the private security field grows, the relationship between public and private security is becoming more integrated with more of a cooperative crime-fighting potential.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc
by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458