2. Thursday……… HOMEWORK:
Read Ch 27.2 (pp ) WWII:Hitler’s Aggressions Take notes & be prepared for a quiz.
Use the red and green headings to organize your notes!!
Define bold and highlighted words.
REMEMBER! – Homework notes = 5 pts each on daily open
note quiz. NO homework notes = 10 pts each on daily quiz. YOUR choice!

3. Section 1: Threats to World Peace
CHAPTER 21
World War II
Section 1: Threats to World Peace
Objectives:
Analyze why Japan and Italy were able to carry out aggressive territorial policies in the 1930s.
Explain why the League of Nations was ineffective in stopping international aggression.
Describe how the Spanish Civil War led to a fascist dictatorship.

4. Document Snapshot: Threats to World Peace SECTION 1
“The Nanking Massacre, 1937”

5. Bell Ringer 21.1: Threats to World Peace SECTION 1
Who were the opposing sides of the Spanish Civil War?
Nationalists
Loyalists
Spain: _______________________ _____________________________
Spain: _____________________ ___________________________
Germany: __________________ __________________________
Soviet Union: _________________ _____________________________
Italy: _______________________ ____________________________
International Brigades: _______ ___________________________

6. List characteristics of a bully
Word Bank
Threats to World Peace
List characteristics of a bully
Ways to deal with bullying

7. SECTION 1
Threats to World Peace
After WWI, the role of the League of Nations as an international peacekeeper was challenged.
First meeting of the League assembly in 1920

8. Failure of the League of Nations
Pre. Harding knew US would never be a member of the League
Secretary of State Hughes still wanted to do something to guarantee world peace
Result:
Began efforts to create safeguards against future wars
But efforts that would not hamper American interests

9. Threats to World Peace Visual Sources
'My offensive equipment being practically nil, it remains for me to fascinate him with the power of my eye.'"
Punch July 28th, 1920

10. Threats to World Peace Kellogg-Briand Pact 1929 SECTION 1
Created by U.S. Secretary of State, Frank B. Kellogg & French foreign minister Aristide Briand.
Agreement that made war “illegal”
Signed by 60 nations

11. Kellogg – Briand Pact of 1928
French Foreign minister asked US to join an alliance against Germany
US instead, proposed a treaty that
1. Outlawed war as an instrument of national policies
2. Required nations to resolve their disputes by pacifist means
14 nations signed the agreement, 48 later joined
No instruments of enforcement, rather relied on the “moral force” of countries.

12. Threats to World Peace SECTION 1
Japanese military begins gaining power in late 1920s.
Political chaos followed the assassination of the liberal minister Osachi Hamaguchi.
Within two years, a group of
Military leaders took control.

13. Threats to World Peace SECTION 1
On the evening of September 18, 1931, an explosion occurred on the railroad north of Mukden. The railroad was owned and operated by the Japanese government and its tracks were patrolled by Japanese soldiers. Military leaders immediately blamed Chinese nationalists for the incident and began an occupation of the area.

14. Initial Invasion
Japan’s population was growing rapidly at this time and the size of the nation caused it to become increasingly crowded and Manchuria offered 200,000 square km. In addition Manchuria was rich in minerals, forestry and rich agricultural land.
After the Mukden Incident the Japanese had the excuse it needed to occupy Manchuria
China looked to the League of Nations for help but the League proved once again incompetent when it simply asked the Japanese Army to withdraw.

15. Although Japanese government in Tokyo agreed to the League’s request, the army did not and launched a full scale invasion of Manchuria and by the end of 1931 it had occupied the whole province.
The league tried to stop the army but they only had control over the aggressor’s government and the Japanese government had lost any influence over the army
In response to the League’s attempted punishments Japan simply resigned from the League of Nations

16. Threats to World Peace SECTION 1

17. SECTION 1
Threats to World Peace
By 1939 the Japanese controlled about one fourth of China, including ALL seaports.

18. Italy’s Conquest of Ethiopia
SECTION 1
Threats to World Peace
Italy’s Conquest of Ethiopia

19. Italy’s Conquest of Ethiopia
SECTION 1
Threats to World Peace
Italy’s Conquest of Ethiopia
Mussolini believed that Italy HAD to expand to ease economic
Pressures. Ethiopia – one of the few
Independent countries in Africa –
became his target.
When a border dispute broke out
In 1934, Ethiopia called on the League of Nations to help.

20. Threats to World Peace SECTION 1
The League could not offer military protection to Ethiopia …. Because it had NO armed forces.
A year later Italian forces invaded and defeated the poorly equipped Ethiopian army. The League declared Italy an aggressor and placed economic sanctions on Italy.
The weak boycott on trade had little effect – in the spring of 1936 Mussolini announced Ethiopia was part of the Italian Empire.

21. Nobility and large landowners
SECTION 1
Threats to World Peace
Civil War in Spain
Nobility and large landowners
The Catholic Church
WAR!
workers
military
peasants

22. Word Bank
Threats to World Peace
Did you know that Ernest Hemingway was a reporter for American newspapers covering the war in Spain. In 1940 he writes For Whom the Bell Tolls which is rumored to have been influenced by the war in Spain.

23. Fascist political party Used terrorism to preserve the power of …
SECTION 1
Threats to World Peace
The Falange
landowners
Fascist political party
Used terrorism to preserve the power of …
army
Church

24. Francisco Franco Threats to World Peace SECTION 1
Set up a fascist dictatorship
Had unlimited power
Ended all free elections & most civil rights
Old ruling groups – army, landowners, Church - all held the positions of power

25. Word Bank
Threats to World Peace

26. Threats to World Peace SECTION 1 Nationalists Loyalists
Spain: army leaders, church leaders, landowners, nobles
Spain: workers, peasants, socialists, communists
Germany: fully equipped military units
Soviet Union: airplanes, technicians, military advisors
Italy: fully equipped military units, 50,000 troops
International Brigades: about 70,000 volunteer fighters