1. Verb Tenses

2. Verb Tenses There are 12 verb tenses in English Simple Continuous
(In-Process)
Perfect
(Completed)
Perfect Continuous
Present
Simple Present
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Past
Simple Past
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Future
Simple Future
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous

3. Verbs Two aspects: Rows: when -> past, present, future
Columns: comparative time -> comparing time, in terms of its duration or completion, to some point in time
Simple: Comparative time does not matter to the thought you are trying to express
Continuous: The action is on-going at the referenced point in time (that is, the point in time to which you are relating or comparing the on-going action)
Ex: I was talking on the phone when the storm hit.
Perfect: The action was completed at the referenced point in time
Perfect Continuous: The action was on-going for some significant time; it may or may not be completed at the referenced point in time

4. Forming Verb Tenses
Verb tenses are formed using a combination of the following two ways:
Conjugation -> change the form of the verb
Walk/walked/walking; run/ran/running; sleep/slept/sleeping; play/played/playing
Use of Auxiliary (or Helping) Verbs -> add to the conjugated form additional specific “helping” verbs to form the tense
Ex: I had been walking around the park before the storm hit.
Most languages use both, but to different degrees

5. Background
English uses both means, but uses auxiliary verbs more than many other languages
Conjugation -> English has 5 verbs forms
Plus the following Auxiliary (or Helping verbs)
Two “primary” helping verbs:
Be -> to help make continuous tenses -> express the idea of an on-going activity at a specific point in time
Have -> to help make perfect tenses -> a completed action or event at a specific point in time
“Modal” helping verb will to help make the future tenses

6. s-form for 3rd person singular present form
Key:
verb (+ s) ->
s-form for 3rd person singular present form
Base form for singular and plural 1stand 2nd person, as well as 3rd person plural
verb-ing -> present participle/gerund form (-ing form)
past simple -> past tense form
past participle -> past participle form

7. Verb Forms The five different English forms are:
Base form (also called simple or stem form)
3rd person singular present form (also called s-form)
Present participle and Gerund form (also called –ing form)
Past tense form
Past participle form

8. Verb Forms Verbs are divided into two groups:
Regular Verbs: the five forms all follow predictable rules
To form the s-form, add a form of “s” (“s” or “es” or “ies”)
To form the present particle form, add a form of “ing”
To form the past tense form, add a form of “d” (“d” or “ed” or “ied”)
The past participle form is the same as the past tense form
Irregular Verbs: At least one of the five forms does not follow the predictable rules
Typically these are the past tense and/or the past participle forms
Ex: The past tense form of “draw” is “drew”
Ex: The past participle tense form of “draw” is “drawn”

9. Base Form Base form is the starting point for the other forms
Base form is used:
To express the simple present - except for the third-person singular
I draw very strange pictures. You draw very nice pictures.
To express the simple future, using the helping verb “will” or verbal phrase “going to”
I will draw a picture when I get home this evening
To form infinitives (“to” + base form)
Examples: to draw, to run, to walk, to think

10. 3rd Person Singular Present Form
For regular verbs, the s-form is formed by adding a variation of “s” to the base form
Run -> runs (added “s” only)
Study -> studies (changed “y” to “i” and added “es”)
Kiss – kisses (added “es”)
The 3rd person singular simple present form (or s-form) is used
To express the simple present, but only for the third-person singular
Barby draws wonderful cartoon characters, especially her “Dandy Lion”.

11. Present Participle Form
Also called the “ing-form”; it is formed by adding a variation of “ing” to the end of the base form (more later)
Present participle/Gerund form is used to
Most commonly to express the continuous tenses (past, present and future continuous)
I was drawing that picture when the phone rang.
I am drawing a picture.
I will be drawing another picture when you arrive this evening.
As a noun (in which case it is called a “gerund”)
That is a clever drawing.
As an adjective
It was an amazing film.

12. Past Tense Form
For regular verbs, the past tense is formed by adding a variation of “ed” to the base verb
Love -> loved (added “d”)
Kiss –> kissed (added “ed”)
Study -> studied (changed “y” to “i” and added “ed”)
Stop -> stopped (doubled the p and added “ed”)
Past tense form is used
To form the past tense
I studied as hard as I could.
I ran as fast as I could.

13. Past Participle Form
For regular verbs, the past participle form and the past form are the same
Past participle form is used
To form the perfect (i.e., completed) tenses (past/present/future perfect tenses
I had drawn several pictures before I entered the contest.
I have drawn several pictures since I entered the contest.
I will have drawn several hundred pictures by the time I reach seventy years old.
To form the passive voice (past, present, and future) in combination with the helping verb “to be”
That apartment was/is shared by three different people.
That apartment will be shared by three different people.
As an adjective
The amazed boy was overjoyed by what he saw.

14. Romans 5: 1-3 (p 1121)
Therefore, since we have been made right in God’s sight by faith, we have peace with God because of what Jesus Christ our Lord has done for us. Because of our faith, Christ has brought us into this place of highest privilege where we now stand and confidently and joyfully look forward to sharing God’s glory. We can rejoice too when we run into problems and trials, for we know they are good for us – they help us learn to endure.
Love is patient and kind time independent; no helping verbs
Love is not jealous time independent; no helping verbs
Love does not demand its own way. time independent; helping verbs (do – to create negative); later lesson
Love is not irritable time independent; no helping verbs
it keeps no record time independent; no helping verbs
it has been wronged. event completed in the past; helping verb “have”
It is never glad time independent; no helping verbs
but rejoices whenever the truth wins out time independent; no helping verbs
Love never gives up, time independent; no helping verbs
never loses faith, time independent; no helping verbs
is always hopeful, time independent; no helping verbs
endures through every circumstance. time independent; no helping verbs
Love will last forever, time independent; helping verb “will” to create future
There are three things time independent; no helping verbs
that will endure – faith, hope, and love – time independent; helping verb “will” to create future
the greatest of these is love. time independent; no helping verb

15. Romans 5: 1-3 (p 1121)
Therefore, since we have been made right in God’s sight by faith, we have peace with God because of what Jesus Christ our Lord has done for us. Because of our faith, Christ has brought us into this place of highest privilege where we now stand and confidently and joyfully look forward to sharing God’s glory. We can rejoice too when we run into problems and trials, for we know they are good for us – they help us (to) learn to endure.
we have been made -> helping verbs have and been; main verb (made) is past participle of “make” (irregular);
NOTE: passive voice (been made); tense is present perfect (a completed process at the current time).
we have peace -> simple present of the verb “have”; state a time independent fact
our Lord has done -> helping verb has; main verb (done) is past participle of “do” (irregular); tense is present perfect
(a completed process at the current time).
Christ has brought us -> helping verb has; main verb (brought) is past participle of “bring” (irregular); tense is present
perfect (a completed process at the current time).
we now stand (reside in “this place of highest privilege”) -> simple present of the verb “stand”; state a time
independent fact
and look forward to sharing -> simple present of the verb “look”; state a time independent fact
We can rejoice -> modal verb “can”; expresses ability to be happy despite trouble (discussed in later lessons)
we run -> simple present of the verb “run”; state a condition/state of being (meaning experiencing trouble)
we know -> simple present of the verb “know”; state a independent fact or belief (knowledge that it is good for us)
they help -> simple present of the verb “help”; state a time independent fact or belief
to learn -> infinite – created from base form of the verb, with “to” added in front (later lessons – I hope)
to endure -> infinite – created from base form of the verb, with “to” added in front (later lessons – I hope)