1. BIOFUELS

2. Biofuels
Biofuels are a wide range of fuels which are in some way derived from biomass. The term covers solid biomass, liquid fuels and various biogases. Biofuels are gaining increased public and scientific attention, driven by factors such as oil price spikes and the need for increased energy security.
Biofuels provided 1.8% of the world's transport fuel in Investment into biofuels production capacity exceeded $4 billion worldwide in 2007 and is growing.

3. The Contribution of Biomass to the European Energy System
Gross inland energy consumption 1747 Mtoe (2004)
Renewables 109 Mtoe (2004)
Renewable heat 50.6Mtoe (2004)
Renewable electricity 37.5 Mtoe (2004)
Liquid biofuels 3.3 Mtoe (2005)
100%
Others
Million tons of oil eqivalent is a unit to which all different energy units are converted. For example one ton of dry wood has an energy content of 0.2 toe. All energy sources are converted to the energy content of oil equivalents. This makes figues more understandable and its easier to compare them with each other.
On this slide you can see figures about the contribution of biomass to the European Energy System. The first column shows the contribution of biomass to the total cross inland consumption. As you can see, the contribution of biomass is with 4.1 % quiete significant.
The second column shows to impressive role of biomass in the renewable energy sector. Biomass is with 65.8 % by fare the most important renewable energy source.
The third column gives an idea how important biomass is in the renewable heating sector. Almost all renewable heating comes from biomass.
The share of biomass for electricity production is 15.6 %
For transport biofuels the share of biomass is 100 %
100%
95.7%
Biomass
65.8%
= 72.3 Mtoe
Mtoe = Million tons of oil equivalent
15.6%
4.1%

4. Future energy goals for biomass in Europe according the Biomass Action Plan (COM(2005)528)
Target for 2020  Additional 80 Mtoe (based on 2003)
149 Mtoe
19 Mtoe
+ 18 Mtoe
Liquid biofuels
+ 27 Mtoe
75 Mtoe
Biomass for heat
This graph shows the future energy goals of the European Union, laid down in the biomass action plan from the year The aim is to increase the share of all forms how biomass is used. The biggest per centage increase is should take place in for biofuels.
1 Mtoe
69 Mtoe
Biomass for electricity
48 Mtoe
+ 35 Mtoe
55 Mtoe
20 Mtoe
2003
2010

5. The supply of Biomass for Energy in 2004 and projections for 2020 (Mtoe)
2020*
Forest based biomass
61.5 (85%)
75.0
Agriculture based industry
3.5 (5%)
97.0
Waste
7.3 (10%)
23.0
Imports -
25.0
Total
72.3
220
!!!
Derzeit sind rund 2,5 Millionen ha in der EU 27 Energy crops. Dieser Wert soll bis 2020 auf 30 Millionen ha anwachsen mit einem Ertrag von Durchscnittlich 2.8 toe/ha
The assumption on which this figures are based are that the surface dedicated to energy crops will increas from 2.5 million ha in the EU 27 to 30 millionen ha with an average yield of 2.8 toe/ha
The share of the foest based biomass will increase, but there is not as much potential as on the agricultural sector. The share of the forest based biomass will increase between 20 and 30 %.
The share of biomass coming from the waste stream will increase, because of the restrictions for land filling. All the organic matter in the waste has to be separated from the waste, which will be landfilled. This organic waste can be used for energy purposes.
Imports will mainly consist in Biofuels and pellets
The potential of biomass for energy in Europe is much bigger than its present use, but this potential has to be developed by activities on local, regional, national and international level.
* AEBIOM Estimates

6. The Diversity of biomass for energy purposes
Biomass can be used in many different forms. This flowchart gives a simplified overview about the most important forms how biomass can be transormed energy. As you can see, every biomass feddstock can be used, and as final product you get energy for all kind of energy needs. This includes energy for transport purposes, for electricity, heat and for process energy. Oil crops and sugar rich crops can be converted to first generation biofuels.
For solid biomass there exists a range of different technologies how it can transformed to energy. The most common forms how solid biomass is used is the combustion to produce heat and electricity. The technologies of hydrolisis, pyrolisis and gasification are still not competitive, but will play a important role in the future.
Wet biomass, which cannot be burned, can be transformed very efficiently to biogas which can be used for the production of heat and electricity or in the future for also for transport purposes.

7. Biomass to Heat (1) - General Aspects
Biomass for heat production is the most efficient form of biomass use (conversion efficiency of over 90%)
Can be used in any scale – from small scale pellet stove with 2 kW capacity up to district heating networks with some MW of capacity.
Due to new technologies the use is very consumer friendly – full automatic pellet or wood chip heating systems are in their user-friendliness very similar to oil or gas heating systems.
Despite these advantages of biomass to heat it grows slower than bioelectricity and biofuels due to a lack of political support.

8. Biomass to heat (2) - Opportunities for the agricultural sector
Supplier of wood based biomass resources like wood chips and wood logs
- The annual incremental wood growth in the EU reaches 574 Mm³ per year. Only 315 Mm³ are currently used by the forest based industries. Therefore there is still a high unused potential for energy purposes.
Plantation of short rotation forests (willow, popular etc.) or perennial energy crops like Miscanthus etc.
Farmers as heat sellers (Energy Contracting)
- Farmers can act as operator of small district heating networks outgoing from their farm to deliver heat to neighbors.
- Farmers can act as heat suppliers to individual buildings, like schools or other public buildings. In this case they rent the costumers cellar and close a contract with the owner of the building

9. Biomass to heat (3) Small district heating plant
Harvest of short rotation forest
Energy crops
Collecting forest residues for energy use
Wood chip burner

10. Biomass to electricity (1) - General aspects
In Mtoe biomass were used to produce TWh electricity
The small scale use of solid biomass for electricity production will be a promising field in the future due to new technologies (small scale steam turbines, gas motors, Stirling engine etc.)
The agricultural sector will gain substantially on importance to deliver the necessary biomass resources (Short rotations forests, perennial energy crops. etc)
For the agricultural sector combined heat and power production (CHP) by converting biogas to bioelectricity and bioheat is at the moment the most important technology.

11. Biomass to electricity (2) - Biogas production
Overview about primary production of biogas in the EU 25 from
Landfill gas
Sewage sludge gas
Other bio-gas
Total
2004
2.81
0.92
0.54
4.27
2005
3.17
0.93
0.85
4.96
2006
3.12 
 0.95
1.28
5.35
Other biogas: mainly biogas plants on farms using manure or energy plants like corn, cereals or grass as raw material.
The primary energy production in biogas plants is growing with impressive rates and has due to the high efficiency and environmental benefits a promising future.
In the last few years many farmers built biogas plants in countries with high feed in tariffs for electricity from biogas. In countries like Germany or Italy the development was very dynamic. AEBIOM calculates that in 2006 ca ha arable land were used to produce energy crops for biogas plants.

12. Biomass to electricity (3) - Biogas production: Methane yield rate
This graph is demonstrating the different yield in the biogas production depending on the feedstock used. As can be seen the yield of manure is very low, but energy crops produce a lot of biogas. The yield depends primarily on the amount of organic dry matter, and on the amount of fat, proteins and carbohydrates in the feedstock.
ODS = Organic Dry Substance

13. Biofuels for transportation (1)
European Union: Ethanol and Biodiesel production 2000 – 2006 (kt)
Bioethanol
Biodiesel
0thers (mainly vegetable oil and biogas)
Total
2000
156
756
912
2001
234
814
1048
2002
388
1 134
1 522
2003
425
1 504
1 929
2004
491
1 933
2 424
2005
727
3 184
190
4 101
2006
1 246
4 890
649
6 788
The biofuels production in the EU was rising sharply from 2003 to The reason for this take off is the Directive 2003/30 EC for the promotion of liquid biofuels that proposes a target of 5.75% for all countries by 2010.

14. FOSSIL RESOURCES OF FUELS
Rapid increase of dependency of European economy on the fossil resources because of sustained growth of population and industry
Shortage of these reserves
Increase of oil prices -during 2006 approached to US$ 80 per barrel-
Negative impact of fossil fuels on the environment, particularly greenhouse gas emissions
NECESSITY to find renewable fuel alternatives

15. BIOFUELS are becoming the focus of growing interest for transportation
Bio-fuels for road transport: bio-ethanol and bio-diesel
The European Union set ambitious targets in 2020 (DIRECTIVE 2009/28/CE).
At least a 20% reduction in EU greenhouse gas emissions below 1990 levels
A 20% substitution of EU energy consumption with energy from renewable resources
A 20% reduction in primary EU energy use

16. Bioethanol
Bioethanol is an alcohol made by fermenting the sugar components of plant materials and it is made mostly from sugar and starch crops. With advanced technology being developed, cellulosic biomass, such as trees and grasses, are also used as feedstocks for ethanol production. Ethanol can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form, but it is usually used as a gasoline additive to increase octane and improve vehicle emissions. Bioethanol is widely used in the USA and in Brazil.

17. Global Bioethanol Production
Country/Region
Ethanol Production
(million liters)
Share of Total Ethanol Production (%)
Brazil
16,500
45.2
United States
16,230
44.5
China
2,000
5.5
European Union
950
2.6
India
300
0.8
Canada
250
0.7
Colombia
150
0.4
Thailand 60
0.2
Australia
World Total
36,500
100.0
The BIG Two
source: F.O. Licht, 2005

18. Biodiesel
Biodiesel is made from vegetable oils, animal fats or recycled greases. Biodiesel can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form, but it is usually used as a diesel additive to reduce levels of particulates, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons from diesel-powered vehicles. Biodiesel is produced from oils or fats using transesterification and is the most common biofuel in Europe.

19. Global Biodiesel Production
Country or Region
Biodiesel Production (million liters)
Share of Total (%)
Germany
1,921
54.5
France
511
14.5
Italy, Austria, Denmark, United Kingdom, Czech Republic, Poland, Spain, Sweden
0.1 – 6.4
Europe Total
3,121
88.6
United States
290
8.2
Other
114
3.2
World Total
3,524
100.0
The BIG Two
source: F.O. Licht, 2005

20. Biofuels for transportation (2) - Opportunities the agricultural sector
Due to the European climate commitments and renewable energy targets for the EU, future market opportunities are given.
Farmers can act as feedstock producers or invest in cooperation with other farmers in small scale biofuel plants.
The use of pure vegetable oil in tractors and machines is a promising way to reduce costs and increase energy independence.
In the middle term biogas for transport will play a more important role to fulfill the biofuels target of the European Union

21. Overview: Energy output per hectare on the basis of average yields 2002-2004 (toe per ha)
Crop/plant
Type of energy carrier
Average yield – 2004, EU 25, toe/ha
Miscanthus
combustible
4.8
Willows, SRC
4.4
Silo maize
biogas
3.9
Sugar beet
ethanol
2.9
2nd generation fuel
1.8
Maize
1.5
Conv. Forest *
1.2
Wheat
1.1
Rape
biodiesel
1.0
This table gives an overview about the efficiency of different ways of utilization of one ha land. This figures show that short rotation forests and perennial energy crops for combustion yield in the highest output per ha. But it has to be mentioned, that in the figures for ethanol and biodiesel the byproducts, which can be used for animal feed are not included in this figures.
The energy output per unit land varies widely depending upon the plant cultivated, the yield attained and the technology used to transform the solar energy stored in the plant to final energy
*Conventional forest assumed yield: 7 m³/ha and year

22. THE 3 GENERATIONS OF BIOFUELS
FIRST GENERATION
SECOND GENERATION
THE 3 GENERATIONS OF BIOFUELS
THIRD GENERATION

23. FIRST GENERATION
'First-generation biofuels' are biofuels made from sugar, starch, vegetable oil, or animal fats using conventional technology.The basic feedstocks for the production of first generation biofuels are often seeds or grains such as wheat, which yields starch that is fermented into bioethanol, or sunflower seeds, which are pressed to yield vegetable oil that can be used in biodiesel. These feedstocks could instead enter the animal or human food chain, and as the global population has risen their use in producing biofuels has been criticised for diverting food away from the human food chain, leading to food shortages and price rises.

24. FIRST GENERATION BIOFUEL CONTROVERSIES
There is controversy and political speculation surrounding first-generation biofuels due to the agricultural, economic, and social implications associated with the potential expansion of biofuel production.
Research has been done in China that indicates that the demand for bio-fuel feedstock such as maize, sugarcane, and cassava will significantly increase due to the expansion of biofuel production; the increased demand for feedstock will lead prices for such grain to significantly increase . A similar study done examining a potential increase in ethanol production capacity in the United States also predicts an upward trend in agricultural prices as a direct affect of expanding domestic biofuel production .

25. SECOND GENERATION
Supporters of biofuels claim that a more viable solution is to increase political and industrial support for, and rapidity of, second-generation biofuel implementation from non-food crops. These include waste biomass, the stalks of wheat, corn, wood, and special-energy-or-biomass crops (e.g. Miscanthus). Second generation (2G) biofuels use biomass to liquid technology,[including cellulosic biofuels. Many second generation biofuels are under development such as biohydrogen, biomethanol, DMF, Bio-DME, Fischer-Tropsch diesel, biohydrogen diesel, mixed alcohols and wood diesel.
Cellulosic ethanol production uses non-food crops or inedible waste products and does not divert food away from the animal or human food chain. Lignocellulose is the "woody" structural material of plants. This feedstock is abundant and diverse, and in some cases (like citrus peels or sawdust) it is in itself a significant disposal problem.

26. THIRD GENERATION
Algae fuel, also called oilgae or third generation biofuel, is a biofuel from algae. Algae are low-input, high-yield feedstocks to produce biofuels. Based on laboratory experiments, it is claimed that algae can produces up to 30 times more energy per acre than land crops such as soybeans,but these yields have yet to be produced commercially. With the higher prices of fossil fuels (petroleum), there is much interest in algaculture (farming algae). One advantage of many biofuels over most other fuel types is that they are biodegradable, and so relatively harmless to the environment if spilled. Algae fuel still has its difficulties though, for instance to produce algae fuels it must be mixed uniformly, which, if done by agitation, could affect biomass growth.
The United States Department of Energy estimates that if algae fuel replaced all the petroleum fuel in the United States, it would require 15,000 square miles (38,849 square kilometers), which is roughly the size of Maryland, or less than one seventh the amount of land devoted to corn in 2000.
Second and third generation biofuels are also called advanced biofuels.

27. Ethanol from living algae
Green fuels
However, if biocatalytic cracking and traditional fractional distillation used to process properly prepared algal biomass i.e. biocrude, then as a result we receive the following distillates: jet fuel, gasoline, diesel, etc.. Hence, we may call them third generation or green fuels.
Ethanol from living algae
Most biofuel production comes from harvesting organic matter and then converting it to fuel but an alternative approach relies on the fact that some algae naturally produce ethanol and this can be collected without killing the algae. The ethanol evaporates and then can be condensed and collected. The company Algenol is trying to commercialize this process

28. Scenario Production of Biofuels

29. Technologies for biofuel production
Biomass resources
Supply systems
Conversion
End products
Oil bearing plants
Agricultural crops and residues
Woody biomass
Industrial and municipal waste
Harvesting,
collection,
handling,
and storage
Chemical (transesterification)
Transportation fuels
(biodiesel, bioethanol)
Physical chemical (extraction)
Solid fuels (wood pellets, charcoal)
Biochemical (fermentation)
Heat Electricity
Thermochemical (gasification)
High added-value chemicals (pharmaceuticals, polymers)
byproducts

30. Conversion Technologies
Overview of Biofuel Production Technologies First Generation of Biofuels
Biofuel type
Specific name
Feedstock
Conversion Technologies
Pure vegetable oil
Pure plant oil (PPO),
Straight vegetable oil (SVO)
Oil crops (e.g. rapeseed, oil palm, soy, canola, jatropha, castor, …)
Cold pressing extraction
Biodiesel
Biodiesel from energy crops: methyl and ethyl esters of fatty acids
Biodiesel from waste
Waste cooking/frying oil
Cold and warm pressing extraction, purification, and transesterification
Hydrogenation
Bioethanol
Conventional bio-ethanol
Sugar beet, sugar cane, grain
Hydrolysis and fermentation
Biogas
Upgraded biogas
Biomass (wet)
Anaerobic digestion
Bio-ETBE
Chemical Synthesis

31. Comparison of technologies Technology aspects
Current stage of
Techn .
Expected plant
Overall efficiency c
Distri -
Use d
development
Effort a
capacity b
[%]
bution d [ MW ] bf
Many different concepts for biofuel options of the 2nd generation; associated with appropriate benefits and bottlenecks along the pathway. a
regarding system complexity (+
less promising…
.++++
very promising ) b
related to biomass feedstock c
according state of development (
many different concepts )
only theoretical values d
suitability for current distribution and use (+
less promising…
.++++
very promising )
Source: IEE Leipzig, 2007

32. Overall biorefinery concept
- a new chemical industry sector
- equivalent to the petrochemistry concept

33. Biomass to high added value chemicals, an emerging chemistry
Extraction of chemicals
Biodiesel production
Sugar fermentation
Thermochemical conversion
Ethanol
Lactic acid
Proteins
Vitamins
Fragrances
Pharmaceuticals
Glycerol
Bio-SNG
Chemicals
Chemicals
Chemicals