1. Year 9 - The Maths Knowledge – Summer 2
Working with Data
Probability
Mean
Add all the numbers and divide by the frequency
Mode
Most common
Median
Order the number set and find the middle number
Range
The difference between the highest and the lowest number
Probability: the expected relative frequency of a particular outcome
Outcome: the result of an experiment
𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦= 𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑓𝑢𝑙 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
Sample space: a table showing all the possible outcomes of an event e.g. rolling two 6 sided dice
All probabilities add up to 1
Theoretical probability: the expected outcomes from a probability experiment
Experimental probability: the actual results from a probability experiment
Set notation
P(A): Probability of A
P(B): Probability of B
P(A’): Probability of not A
P(B’): Probability of not B
P(A∩B): Probability of A and B
P(A ∪B): Probability of A or B
“Mean is average, mean is average
Mode is most, mode is most
Median’s in the middle, median’s in the middle
Range: high low, range: high low”
Mean from grouped frequency tables
Scatter graphs
𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐹×𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐹
Stem and Leaf
Key: 2 1 = 21
Types of data
Qualitative: data that describes something in word
Quantitative: data that can be counted or measured
Discrete: data that can only take certain values e.g. number of siblings
Continuous: data that can take any value e.g. height
Scatter graph: a graph showing the relationship between two sets of data
A line of best fit: a straight line drawn with a ruler that goes through the data with roughly the same number of points on each side of the line
Interpolation: an estimation within the data
Extrapolation: an estimation beyond the set of data

2. Year 9 – The Knowledge – Science – Summer 2
Angle Properties
Year 9 – The Knowledge – Science – Summer 2
2. Types of Disease
1.Pathogens
Definition: microorganisms that cause communicable ( infectious) diseases.
Type of Disease
Name of Disease
Occurs in
Symptoms
Treatment/Vaccination
How it is spread
Additional Information
Viral
Measles
Humans
Fever, red skin rash
Children are vaccinated
Inhalation of droplets from sneezes and coughs
Can be fatal
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Flu-like illness
Antiretroviral drugs
Sexual contact, exchange of body fluids such as blood
Virus attacks immune cells e.g. white blood cells
Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)
Plants (including tomatoes)
“mosaic” pattern of discolouration on leaves
Affects growth of plant due to lack of photosynthesis
Bacterial
Salmonella
Humans, poultry
Fever, abdominal cramps, vomiting, diarrhoea
Poultry are vaccinated
Bacteria in ingested food or on food prepared in unhygienic conditions
Symptoms arise from effect of bacteria but also the toxins they release
Gonorrhoea
Thick yellow/green discharge from vagina or penis, pain when urinating
Taking antibiotics (used to be treated by penicillin (type of antibiotic) but many resistant strains exist now)
Sexual contact
Can be prevented by using barrier contraceptive methods e.g. condom
Fungal
Rose black spot
Plants
Purple or black spots on leaves, often turn yellow and drop early
Fungicides and/or removing and destroying affected leaves
By water or wind
Affects growth of plant as photosynthesis is reduced
Protist
Malaria
Recurrent episodes of fever
Preventing vectors and mosquitos from breeding by using mosquito nets to avoid being bitten
By mosquitoes
Can be fatal,
Types:
Bacteria – may produce poisons (toxins) that damage tissues and make us feel ill
Virus – can only survive inside our cells. They use our cells to reproduce causing cell damage.
Protists – eukaryotic single celled organisms.
Fungi
Can reproduce rapidly inside body
3. Barriers to Diseases
1.Non-specific defence system: work against ALL pathogens by trying to prevent them entering body.
Skin – covers whole body, difficult for pathogens to penetrate skin’s dry, dead outer cells, has glands producing oils that help kill pathogens.
Nose – hairs trap particles that can contain pathogens;
Trachea and bronchi – mucus traps particles with can contain pathogens, cilia create wave motion which sweeps mucus along
Stomach – contains hydrochloric acid which kills bacteria in food/drink
2. Immune System: when pathogens enter body, immune system tries to destroy it. White blood cells help defend against pathogens by:
Phagocytosis – pathogen is surrounded, engulfed and destroyed
Antibody production –attach to antigens (chemicals on pathogen) which causes pathogens to clump together before being ingested and digested by phagocytes.
Antitoxin production – chemicals that neutralise poisonous effects of toxins.
4. Immunity
6. Primitive Drugs
7. Modern Day Medicine and Drug Development
If the same pathogen re-enters the body the white blood cells respond quickly to produce the correct antibodies. This prevents infection.
Vaccinations can prevent illness by:
Introducing small quantities of dead/inactive form of pathogen to body
This stimulates white blood cells to produce antibodies
If pathogen re-enters body, white blood cells will rapidly respond to produce correct antibodies, preventing an infection
Spreading of pathogens is reduced when the majority of the population are vaccinated/immunised.
Traditionally, drugs were extracted from natural sources (plants, microorganisms).
Drugs are synthesised by chemists in the pharmaceutical industry. The start point for a new drug can be a chemical extracted from a natural source.
Before bringing a drug to market, it must be tested for:
Toxicity (how much damage it can cause)
Efficacy (how good it is)
Dose (how much is needed)
Three stages of testing drugs:
Preclinical testing: (many drugs fail this test because they are toxic or ineffective)
using computer models
testing on human cells, tissues in laboratories
Animal testing: if drugs pass the pre-clinical, they are tested on live animals
Clinical Trials: if drugs pass the animal testing they are tested on humans. Volunteers are either given the drug being tested OR a fake drug known to have no effect body (placebo). Initially very small doses are given. Once deemed safe, the dose is increased in order to find optimum dosage. There are two phases:
Healthy volunteers: drugs are tested on healthy people to ensure the drug is safe (non-toxic)
People with illness: drugs then then tested for efficacy
Original natural source
Used for
Modern-day drug
Willow bark
Pains and fevers
Aspirin
Foxgloves
Heart problems (failure, rhythm)
Digitalis
Penicillium Mould
Antibiotic
Penicillin
5. Treating Disease
Medicines can either relieve the symptoms or treat the disease.
Treating disease: Antibiotics (e.g. penicillin)
Cure bacterial disease by killing infective bacteria
Cannot kill viral pathogens
Specific bacteria need to be treated by specific antibiotics
Reliving Symptoms: Painkillers Do not kill pathogens but treat symptoms by reducing pain
Problems:
It is difficult to develop drugs that kill viruses without also damaging the body’s tissues.
New antibiotics are needed as resistant strains of bacteria are emerging
Type of clinical trial
Who knows if volunteers are on placebo or drug?
Pros
Cons
Volunteers
/patients
Researchers
Blind No
Yes
Simple to set up
Results can be unreliable due to observer bias
False
Results more reliable as removes bias
Complex to set up

3. 8. Monoclonal Antibodies (mAB)
Angle Properties
Year 9 – The Knowledge – Science (Triple) – Summer 2
11. The Eye
8. Monoclonal Antibodies (mAB)
A sense organ containing receptors sensitive to light and colour, enabling us to see.
Definition: identical copies of antibodies that have been made in the laboratory.
Producing Monoclonal antibodies from single clone of cells
The mABs produced are specific to one binding site on one antigen (chemicals on pathogens, made of protein)  can target a specific chemical or cells in the body.
Problem: Once a lymphocyte starts producing antibodies, it can no longer divide.
Solution:
Vaccinate a mouse to stimulate antibody production of lymphocytes
The lymphocytes are fused with a tumour cell, the combined cell is called a hybridoma cell
Hybridoma cells can divide AND they now make the antibody
Single hybridoma cells are cloned resulting in many cells all producing the same antibody
Antibody is removed from the cell, collected and purified
Uses of Monoclonal Antibodies
Diagnosis: pregnancy tests (mAB detect small levels of hormone HCG present in urine of pregnant women)
Laboratories: to measure levels or hormones and other chemicals in blood or to detect pathogens.
Research: to locate/identify specific molecules in cells or tissues by binding to them with a fluorescent dye
Treating cancer: mAB can bind to radioactive substance, toxic drug or a chemical which stops cancerous cells from growing and dividing. Since mABs target specific cells, other body cells are not harmed.
Part of Eye
Description
Function
Cornea
Tough, transparent covering over the front part of the eye. Convex in shape.
Refracts light as it enters the eye
Iris
Coloured part of the eye, contains muscles that relax or contract to adjust the size of the pupil.
Controls how much light enters the pupil.
Pupil
Hole in the middle of the iris.
Allows light to pass through as it enters the eye.
Ciliary muscles
Muscles connected to the lens by suspensory ligaments.
Adjust the shape of the lens to increase or decrease the refraction of light.
Suspensory ligaments
Connect the ciliary muscles to the lens and hold the lens in place.
Slacken or stretch as the ciliary muscles contract or relax, to adjust the thickness and curvature of the lens.
Retina
The lining of the back of eye containing two types of light receptor cells: Rod – sensitive to dim light and black and white. Cones – sensitive to colour.
Contains the light receptors, which trigger electrical impulses to be sent to the brain when light is detected.
Problems with Monoclonal Antibodies
Common side effects: chills, fevers, rashes, nausea, wheeziness, headaches, changes in blood pressure.
Main reason for side effects is that the antibodies are produced from mice cells and so can be treated as foreign by our bodies.
9. Plant Diseases
Accommodation
The process of changing the shape of the lens to focus on near or distant objects.
As well as viral, bacterial and fungal diseases (see 2. Types of Disease) plants can be infected by insects (aphids suck sap from young plants restricting and distorting their growth).
Detecting Plant Disease
If a plant has a disease is will display one of more of the following:
Stunted growth
Spots on leaves
Areas of decay/rot
Growths/tumours
Malformed stems or leaves
Discolouration
Presence of pests (e.g. aphids)
Plant Deficiency Conditions
If a plant is deficient in certain ions, it can develop deficiency conditions:
Object
Ciliary muscles
Suspensory ligaments
Lens
Refraction of light rays
Near
contract
Loose
Thick
strong
Distant
relax
Pulled tight
thin
weak
Ion
Required for
Deficiency condition
Nitrate
Protein synthesis
Stunted growth
Magnesium
Making chlorophyll
Chlorosis (leaves turn yellow)
Defects of the Eye
There are two types of defect resulting from the rays of light not focusing on the retina
Identifying Type of Disease
To identify the type of disease one can:
Use gardening manuals or websites
Identify the pathogen by taking infected plant to laboratory
Use testing kits containing monoclonal antibodies
Plant Defence Responses
Physical response: cellulose cell walls, tough waxy cuticle on leaves, layers of dead cells around stems (bark on trees) which fall off
Chemical response: antibacterial chemicals, poisons to deter herbivores
Mechanical adaptation: thorns and hairs deter animals, leaves which droop or curl
Scientific name
Known as
Focal point of light
Symptom
Treatment
Myopia
Short sightedness
In front of retina
Blurred vision for distant objects
Concave lens
(diverging lens)
-Use spectacle lenses
-Hard and soft contact lenses
-laser surgery to change shape of cornea
-laser surgery to replace lens in eye
Hyperopia
Long sightedness
After retina
Blurred vision for near objects
Convex lens
(converging lens)
10. The Brain
Part of brain
Function
Cerebral cortex
Controls memory, personality and conscious thought
Cerebellum
Controls balance and coordination of movement
Medulla
Controls heart rate and breathing
Cerebral cortex
Myopia: light from distant objects refracted too much
Cerebellum
Treat Myopia:
Use concave lens to first diverge the light rays before reaching eye
11. The Eye
Medulla
It is difficult to investigate the brain and treat brain disorders because:
Hard to access the brain inside the skull
Internal structure is very complex
It is very delicate
Neuroscientists have been able to map regions of the brain to particular functions by:
Studying patients with brain damage to learn which parts of brain are responsible for different jobs
Electrically stimulating different part of the brain and seeing response of patient
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) shows details of brain structure and function. Patients are asked to perform tasks and by looking at scan, scientists can see which parts of brain are active during task completion.
Hyperopia: light from near objects refracted too little
Treat Hyperopia:
Use convex lens to start converging the light rays before reaching eye

5. Dance Pop Composition C Am F G C Am Dm G C F Am G C Em F G D G Em A
Year 9 - The Music Knowledge – Summer 2
AoS 5 – Conventions of Popular Music
Dance Pop Composition
Structure
How you will lay out your composition.
Bridge
A contrasting section in a song
Riff
A short catchy, repeating tune used in pop music usually played on an instrument e.g. piano or guitar
Sustained notes
When an instrument plays really long notes – e.g. often on the strings in the background or by the backing voices to ‘ooh’
Counter-Melody
A melody played on an instrument that is not the main melody. Ex. If the voice is singing the melody and a guitar is playing a separate melody underneath
Chord Sequence
A series of 3 or 4 chords used in a repeating pattern throughout a song. Often you will have a different chord sequence in the verse and chorus
Bass Line
The lowest part in a pop song – usually played on a bass guitar or by a synthesizer. It plays the bottom note of the chords in the chord sequence
Major Tonality
Sad, melancholy chords used in a song
Minor Tonality
Bright, happy sounding chords in a song . You could make the ‘bridge’ section in a minor tonality so that it is more contrasting
Break Down
When all the instrument stop and then come in again gradually (one-by-one(
Syncopated Rhythm
An off-beat rhythm
Harmony
An extra part on-top or below the main part on a different note that fits with the main tune. Could be heard in the chorus
Chord Sequences:
C Am F G
C Am Dm G
C F Am G
C Em F G
D G Em A
D G Bm A
F Dm Gm C
G D Em C
A D A E
D G D A
Notes in Chords: C Am F G Dm Em Bm E Gm
CEG
ACE
FAC
GBD
DFA
EGB
BDF#
EG#B
GBbD
Structure (Layout):
Rhythm (Beat):
Intro
Verse 1
Chorus 1
Verse 2
Chorus 2
Bridge
Chorus 3
Outro 1 2 3 4
Hi-Hat XX
Snare Drum X
Kick Drum

6. Transverse = Full twist jumps Frontal = Cartwheels
Year 9 – The PE Knowledge - Summer 2
Planes of movement:
A plane of movement is an imaginary flat surface which runs through the body.
Planes are used to describe the direction of a movement e.g. forwards and backwards.
Transverse = Full twist jumps
Frontal = Cartwheels
Sagittal = Somersaults
Axes of rotation:
An axis of rotation is an imaginary line which runs through the body.
Sagittal axis: runs through body from front to back = Cartwheels
Transverse axis: runs through the body from left to right = forward rolls
Longitudinal axis: Runs through the body from top to bottom = full twist jump
Lever arm: The bone or body part being moved about a point. It’s shown as a straight line on a lever system.
Effort: The force applied by the muscles to the lever arm. Shown by an arrow pointing in the direction of the force.
Fulcrum: The joint where the lever arm pivots. It’s shown as a triangle.
Load: The resistance against the pull of the muscles on the lever arm e.g. your body weight and/or something being lifted. A square is used to represent the load.
1st class lever: The load and effort are at opposite ends of the lever. The fulcrum is in the middle. E.g. in the neck, headering a football.
2nd class lever: The fulcrum and effort are at opposite ends of the lever. The load is in the middle. E.g. standing on tiptoes, free throw in basketball.
3rd class lever: The fulcrum and load are at opposite ends of the lever. The effort is in the middle. E.g. in the elbow, doing a dumbbell curl in the gym.
Mechanical advantage: A lever in the body with a mechanical advantage can move a large load with a small effort from the muscles.
TEMPLATE

7. Year 9 - The Art Knowledge - Spring 2
The Formal Elements
Line
A mark made by a moving point on a surface.
 Tone
The different qualities of darkness and light.
Shape
The outline of an object.
Colour
Different Hues formed by light refracting on surfaces.
Pattern
A repeated decorative design.
Texture
The feeling of a surface e.g. rough/smooth.
Form
The three dimensional quality of an object.
Critical Analysis
A way of analysing artwork that includes six key areas.
Context
Why and when the artwork was made.
Content
The symbols, materials and images used in the work.
Process
How the work was made.
Mood
How the work makes you feel.
How the formal elements have been used in the work.
Evaluation
Your opinion/ judgement of the work.
A printmaking process meaning ‘one print’. A material is placed on paper. The paper is then drawn onto and this transfers the material to a different surface.
Mono printing
 The process of making images by cutting and sticking materials.
Collage
A process where a dark material is scratched away to reveal a lighter surface.
Sgraffito
An artwork made using one colour only.
Monochrome
A process of shading where lines are used with different spacings to show tone.
Hatching
A process of shading where crossed lines are used with different spacings to show tone.
Cross Hatching
The ideas, customs, and social behaviour of a particular people or society.
Culture
The material used to create an artwork.
Medium
The process used to create an artwork.
Technique
A research page containing visual and written research.
Mood board
A drawing where the point of the drawing tool never leaves the page.
Continuous line drawing.
A process of shading where a rubber is used to draw into a darker material e.g. charcoal.
Subtractive shading
TEMPLATE

8. Point de grammaire Les Choristes Les pays francophones
Year 9 - MFL Knowledge – Summer 2
On fait la fête !
Les pays francophones
l'ananas [m]
pineapple
le pamplemousse
grapefruit
la prune
plum
la noix
nut
l'ail [m]
garlic
le veau
veal
se deguiser
To dress up/fancy dress
bien cuit
well cooked
épicé
; piquant
spicy
amer(-mère)
sour
la course
race
le tournoi
tournament
le lieu
place
marquer un but
to score a goal
marquer un essai
to score a try
avoir lieu
to take place
le jour férié
public holiday
la messe
mass
la Pentecôte
Whitsuntide
la fête
festival; celebration;
; party
fêter
to celebrate
le cadeau
present
les feux d'artifice [m]
fireworks
religieux(-euse)
religious
la mosquée
Mosque
musulman
Muslim
juif(-ive)
Jewish
l'église [f]
church
le Jour de l'An
New Year's Day
la fête des rois
Twelfth Night
; Epiphany
la Saint Valentin
St. Valentine's Day
Pâques [m]
Easter
le poisson d'avril
April Fool
la fête du travail
May Day
la fête des mères
Mother's Day
la Toussaint
All Saints' Day
la veille de Noël
Christmas Eve
la Saint-Sylvestre
New Year's Eve
le défilé
procession
la chorale
choir
féliciter
to congratulate
un pays
a country en
in/to (fem. countries) au
in/to (masc. countries) à
in/to (cities/towns)
aux
in/to (plural countries)
Point de grammaire
Comment dit-on ?
I went to Paris to celebrate Christmas
______________________
TEMPLATE
We went to a music festival in Canada ______________________
Les Choristes
I dressed up for the party ______________________
We visited my friend for New Year’s Eve
____________________
For Mother’s Day we went to London
______________________

9. Drama Knowledge Organiser – Yr 9 – Summer 2
Creating and staging a devised performance
Drama Knowledge Organiser – Yr 9 – Summer 2
Explorative strategies
Archetype - A character in fiction who represents a particular type of person or symbolises a particular human experience - like the 'victim'. Archetypes should be recognisable to all readers.
body language - The non-verbal way in which a person communicates their physical and mental state through using facial expressions, gesture and posture.
fourth wall - An imaginary fourth wall between the audience and the actors to help establish the illusion of reality.
Levels - Levels can be created through position of the body, set or staging. They show action in a different place/time and can reflect relationships.
Soliloquy - A speech performed by a character, often depicting that person thinking or talking aloud to his or herself.
Storyboard - To plan a story visually through a panel of rough sketches showing what happens. Used in film, animation, theatre and multi-media applications.
Abstract - The opposite of a realistic representation is an abstract representation where a character or concept may be symbolised in a poetic rather than literal way.
Blackout - No light on the stage. Used for specific dramatic effects or to change scenes.
Chronological - The logical order of events from beginning to middle to end.
Costume - The clothes worn by an actor should reflect the time, place, society, culture and style of the production and the status, age and personality of the character.
cue sheets - Used to note when specific sound/lighting/special effects should be exacted on stage.
Director - The person who supervises the drama and instructs actors.
Ensemble - Performers work together in rehearsal/performance to create a moment of action on stage, eg Greek Chorus; slapstick sequence or Physical theatre.
Genre - A category or type of something. Fiction and non-fiction are two examples of different genres.
Motif - An obvious key theme or concept that recurs in a work to create emphasis. Used in literature, art, theatre and dance.
Naturalistic - A form of theatre designed to create the illusion of reality for an audience. Originated in the late 19th century.
Practitioner - Someone who practises or has written theatrical theory and whose theatre may have a definable theatrical form.
Stimulus - An inspiration for creative work. You can find a stimulus in an experience, image, emotion, object, text or a combination of stimuli.
Stylised - An attempt to enhance a scene using unnatural methods.
Developing Character
Characterisation - To portray a role using voice and physical skills.
Gesticulate - To gesture with hands and arms to signify a specific meaning.
Idiosyncrasy - A unique characteristic.
physical neutrality - The performer body in neutral without tension or character.
Posture - The way you hold your upper body in position.
Drama Elements
Flashback - A scene enacting something that happened in the past; the enactment of a character's memory of a past event.
Improvisation
Devised - A piece of original work created through rehearsal. Often explored as ensemble rather than director led.
Proximity - The distance between characters, objects, set. Proximity may show aspects of character and relationships on stage.
Scenario - A specific circumstance involving a particular place, time and character/s.
Interpreting and staging
Authenticity - Appearing to be real, convincing and believable.
in the round - The audience is placed all around the outside of the actor's playing space. The stage area may be circular or square with entrances/exits through the audience.
Revolve - A large.circular piece of staging which can rotate. Useful to reveal different locations or to show journeying or passage of time.
Spatial - Relating to space or how things are spread out.
Static - A lack of movement. It means inactivity or stillness.
Traverse - The audience is placed on either side of the actors' playing space facing each other. This staging form is also called corridor.
Responding to a stimulus
Tableau - A tableau is a single freeze frame, a still image. The plural of tableau is tableaux.
Structure
dramatic irony - When the audience or reader knows something important which the main character does not.
Flashback - A scene enacting something that happened in the past; the enactment of a character's memory of a past event.

10. Advantages of CSP’s location Disadvantages of CSP’s location
Year 9 - The Geography Knowledge – Summer 2 – DEVELOPMENT – THE UK (part 1)
Economic Sectors
19% of the UK’s population lives in rural areas. Recently the % of people living in rural areas is changing.
South Cambridgeshire – population is rising to an expected 182,000 by Due to counter-urbanization (urban to rural migration), made possible by improved transport links = people are able to commute.
Social impacts: congestion due to more cars, demand for housing increases, house prices increase, modern developments can cause breakdown of rural culture.
Economic impacts: local businesses succeed due to increase in customers, farm land is sold for housing developments changing the local economy and petrol prices rise due to high demand.
Outer Hebrides – population is declining. Their population is 27,400 and has declined by 50% since Due to outward migration – people leave to look for better paid jobs and entertainment.
Social impacts: schools close – enough children, younger people move away leaving elderly population.
Economic impacts: lack of customers = shops close down, fishing industries decline due to lack of work force, there is not enough infrastructure to support tourism industry.
Primary
Extraction of raw materials (agriculture, mining, fishing)
Secondary
Manufacturing of raw materials (food processing, clothes, oil refinery)
Tertiary
Selling of services and skills (education, health service, transportation)
Quaternary
Information and research services (ICT, computing, research, consultancy)
Industrialisation in the late 18th century, resulted in a rise in factory manufacturing. People moved from agriculture to factories to work.
De-industrialisation in the late 1900s = decline in the manufacturing industries. This led to the creation of a Post Industrial Economy where most people work in the tertiary and quaternary sectors.
IMPROVEMENTS TO RAIL IN THE UK
Crossrail: railway from east to west London. It will cost £14.8 billion, however will reduce congestion on trains (fewer people) and make it easier for people to commute to London from further away. 200 million passengers are expected to use it.
High Speed 2 from London to the midlands and north. It will reduce journey time, improve the UK economy, help businesses in the midlands and north and reduce congestion on the roads. Arguments against: it costs £42 billion, airlines might have less customers and it cause visual and noise pollution.
IMPROVEMENTS TO ROADS IN THE UK
The ‘Road Investment Strategy’ states the UK will create 100 new roads and add 100 miles of new lanes to motorways to reduce congestion.
Smart motorways (M4):
Varying speed limits and extra lanes
To reduce congestion on the A303 in SE England, they have added a lane to create a dual carriageway
IMPROVEMENTS TO AIRPORTS IN THE UK
Expansion to Heathrow – plans to build a 3rd runway.
Boost economy by over £200 billion, improve UK’s global links, provide jobs.
It is very expensive (£18.6 billion), villages would be relocated and it causes noise, visual and air pollution.
IMPROVEMENTS TO PORTS IN THE UK
London Gateway Port opened in It can accommodate the largest ships (up to 400m long and carrying 18,000 containers!)
It will employ 2000 people and a further 6000 will be employed in the logistics park next door where companies will store/distribute products.
Causes of the de-industrialisation of the UK
Globalisation – more goods are manufactured abroad due to cheaper materials and wages, improved communications and transportation and less strict environmental laws.
Development of trade links (World Trade Organisation, EU) make it easier to trade between countries.
Development of IT and technology – the internet means people can store information online that can be accessed anywhere in the world. It also attracts business from abroad. This has encouraged goods to be manufactured and businesses links with the wider world.
TEMPLATE
TERTIARY SECTOR (services & finance)
The UK service sector has grown rapidly since 1970s.
1948: 46% of the UK’s GDP
Today: 79% of the UK’s GDP
The UK is the world’s leading centre for financial services (finance, insurance). The financial sector accounts for 10% of the UK’s GDP and employs 2 million people.
QUANTERNARY SECTOR (research & IT)
The UK’s research sector employs 60,000 highly qualified people and accounts for £3 billion of the UK’s GDP. IT employs over 60,000 people in companies such as IBM and Microsoft.
The research sector employs highly qualified graduates. As a result Science Parks (a site on which high-tech industries carry out scientific research) are located near universities, such as Cambridge Science Park (CSP), which opened in Below are the advantages and disadvantages of Cambridge as a location for the CSP.
The North-South divide is the cultural and economic differences between the north and south of England.
North: lower standard of living, shorter life expectancy, less jobs, lower wages, lower house prices
South: higher standard of living, longer life expectancy, more jobs, higher wages, higher house prices
Reasons for the divide:
De-industrialisation = many factories and coal fields closed down in the north = unemployment.
A post industrial economy = more jobs in the tertiary industry are found in the south (e.g. London)
Fewer jobs and lower wages in the north = lower demand for housing = house prices fell.
More jobs and better pay in the south = higher demand for housing = house prices rise.
How are they reducing the divide?
Better transportation to connect north with south and wider world (HS2, new ports, smart motorways)
Investment from government and EU to improve businesses (e.g. Nissan opened car manufacturing plant near Newcastle in 1984 and Mitsubishi open car manufacturing plant near Edinburgh in 1975).
Local Enterprise Partnerships (LEPs) are created to help local businesses succedd = boost local economy. This will create new jobs, improve infrastructure and develop area)
Advantages of CSP’s location
Disadvantages of CSP’s location
Good transport (M11 to London & Stansted Airport)
Highly skilled graduates from Cambridge University.
Close to the city – shops, entertainment options
Close to rural open spaces – green areas/woodland
Edge of the city so more space and cheaper rent.
City can be overcrowded/congested
House prices are expensive in cities
Rail routes need improvement to become faster.

11. Year 9 - The Geography Knowledge – Summer 2 – DEVELOPMENT – THE UK (part 2)
THE UK IS LINKED WITH THE WIDER WORLD IN A NUMBER OF WAYS:
The Commonwealth
The British Empire once covered 1/3rd of the world. During the late 20th century, most countries within the Empire gained independence, such as Nigeria. This led to the creation of the COMMONWEALTH. There are 53 countries within the Commonwealth including India, Canada and Australia.
The heads of each country meet every two years to discuss items of common interest.
The UK maintains its links with the Commonwealth through trade, culture and migration. Many people of British descent now live in Australia and Canada.
There are also sporting connections within the Commonwealth Games held every 4 years.
All of the countries within the commonwealth share common values, such as democracy, human rights and trade.
The European Union (EU) and Trade
In 1973 the UK joined the European Union. The EU allows the free movement of people, goods and services between the member countries. It is an important trading group with a total of 28 countries, such as France, Italy, Spain, Germany and Belgium.
How does the EU affect the UK?
Financial support for farmers. In 2015, £18 million was used to support dairy farmers in the UK.
Since the early 20th century, 10 Eastern European countries have joined the EU. Since, many people from these countries have migrated to the UK looking for better paid work.
The UK support poorer members by paying more money into the EU.
Most of the UK’s trading partners are within the EU. This is not surprising because:
The UK is part of the EU, which encourages trade between EU countries.
European countries are geographically closer to the UK and therefore it is easy to transport goods
European countries are wealthy, which means they can afford more expensive goods.
The top 5 countries the UK exports to are: USA, Germany, Netherlands, France and Switzerland.
The top 5 countries the UK imports from are: USA, Germany, Netherlands, France and China.
Transport and Communication
Transport:
The flight routes from airports (e.g. Heathrow) reflect the parts of the world the UK is linked to. Examples of countries that UK airport fly to are: Canada, USA, South Africa, Singapore and India.
The Channel Tunnel is a railway line that connects the UK and mainland Europe.
Communication:
The biggest growth in global links has been caused by the internet. It has had a huge impact on businesses and our economy. By 2014, almost 3 billion people had access to the internet (40% of the global population)
In 2013, on average 183 billion s were sent and received each day. This is 2.1 million every second.
The UK is one of the world’s most connected countries.
In % of people in the UK used the internet, compared to just 27% in 2000.
THE UK IS LINKED WITH THE WIDER WORLD IN A NUMBER OF WAYS:
The Commonwealth
The British Empire once covered 1/3rd of the world. During the late 20th century, most countries within the Empire gained independence, such as Nigeria. This led to the creation of the COMMONWEALTH. There are 53 countries within the Commonwealth including India, Canada and Australia.
The heads of each country meet every two years to discuss items of common interest.
The UK maintains its links with the Commonwealth through trade, culture and migration. Many people of British descent now live in Australia and Canada.
There are also sporting connections within the Commonwealth Games held every 4 years.
All of the countries within the commonwealth share common values, such as democracy, human rights and trade.
The European Union (EU) and Trade
In 1973 the UK joined the European Union. The EU allows the free movement of people, goods and services between the member countries. It is an important trading group with a total of 28 countries, such as France, Italy, Spain, Germany and Belgium.
How does the EU affect the UK?
Financial support for farmers. In 2015, £18 million was used to support dairy farmers in the UK.
Since the early 20th century, 10 Eastern European countries have joined the EU. Since, many people from these countries have migrated to the UK looking for better paid work.
The UK support poorer members by paying more money into the EU.
Most of the UK’s trading partners are within the EU. This is not surprising because:
The UK is part of the EU, which encourages trade between EU countries.
European countries are geographically closer to the UK and therefore it is easy to transport goods
European countries are wealthy, which means they can afford more expensive goods.
The top 5 countries the UK exports to are: USA, Germany, Netherlands, France and Switzerland.
The top 5 countries the UK imports from are: USA, Germany, Netherlands, France and China.
Transport and Communication
Transport:
The flight routes from airports (e.g. Heathrow) reflect the parts of the world the UK is linked to. Examples of countries that UK airport fly to are: Canada, USA, South Africa, Singapore and India.
The Channel Tunnel is a railway line that connects the UK and mainland Europe.
Communication:
The biggest growth in global links has been caused by the internet. It has had a huge impact on businesses and our economy. By 2014, almost 3 billion people had access to the internet (40% of the global population)
In 2013, on average 183 billion s were sent and received each day. This is 2.1 million every second.
The UK is one of the world’s most connected countries.
In % of people in the UK used the internet, compared to just 27% in 2000.
THE COMMONWEALTH
TRADE
THE EUROPEAN UNION (EU)
TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION
THE COMMONWEALTH
TRADE
THE EUROPEAN UNION (EU)
TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION
TEMPLATE

12. Year 9 - The Computer Science Knowledge – Summer 2
Network
Computer devices connected to other computer devices
LAN
Local area network.
Covers a small geographical area or single site
All hardware is owned by organization
Wired or wireless
WAN
Wide area network
Connects LANs that are in different locations
Very expensive and usually managed by someone else
The internet is a WAN!
Bandwidth
Bandwidth is the amount of data that can be transferred in any given time. Better bandwidth = faster connection.
Mbps
Megabytes per second. Common for measuring the speed of an internet connection
Wired
Computer devices have a network cable plugged in the rear to connect to the network.
Wireless
Or WiFi give the computer access to the internet or net work by sending radio waves to connect with other devices. A WAP is needed for devices to transmit and receive wireless signals
NIC
Network interface controller. Piece of hardware that allows a computer to connect to a network with or without a cable.
Switch
Hardware that connects devices on a LAN using network ports. Devices must be assigned a MAC address.
Routers
Hardware responsible for transmitting data between networks. At least 2 network are always connected.
Cables
Ethernet cables are most commonly used in networking. ‘Twisted pair’ cables have four copper wires which are twisted together.
Coaxial cables are one copper wires inside an insulated plastic layer and metallic mesh to avoid interference.
Fibre optic cables transmit data as light. They are high performance and therefore expensive. No interference.
WiFi
Is the standard used for wireless network connectivity. WiFi uses two different frequency bands 2.4ghz and 5ghz.
Interference
When two or more sets of radio waves clash causing the quality of a connection to drop.
Topology
The layout and type of a network. Bus, ring, star etc.
Protocols
Network protocols are the rules people who connect must abide by. These are concerned with file sharing and communication
MAC address
Every device on a computer network needs a unique identifier so it can be found. Once assigned it cannot be changed.
IP Address
IP Addresses are used when sending data using TCP/IP. These can be assigned even before the device connects to a network.
Static IP
Internet Protocol addresses that are permanent. Used for websites and printers to avoid network discrepancies.
Dynamic IP
An Internet protocol address that can change meaning a device may have a different IP address each time it logs onto the network
TCP/IP
Tranmission control protocol/Internet protocol dictates how data is sent between networks.
FTP
File Transfer protocol. Standard network protocol used for file transfer in a network
HTTP & HTTPS
Hypertext transfer protocol used by web browsers to access websites and communicate with web content. HTTPS is a more secure version which encrypts all information sent and received.
TEMPLATE

13. 29. Add places, events and routes onto the map below.