1865 TO 1877 R E C O N S T R U C T I O N 1. The Aftermath 2. Problems:

1865 TO 1877 R E C O N S T R U C T I O N 1. The Aftermath 2. Problems:
The South Freedmen Leadership 3. President Andrew Johnson 4. Power Struggle: Johnson vs. Congress President’s plan: gentle to 1867 Radical Republicans---opposed Johnson Congress’s plan: harsh to 1876 South followed Johnson’s plan until??????

Johnson vetoed Civil Rights Act for Freedmen
What went wrong? Black Codes to 1866 Johnson vetoed Civil Rights Act for Freedmen Congress impeached Pres. Johnson Election of 1868: President Grant enforces Congress’s “harsh” plan Reconstruction Act of 1867 4. Revolutionary changes Civil War Amendments: 13th, 14th and 15th Effects of Emancipation on Freedmen Freedmen’s Bureau New South Abolished slavery gained citizenship right to vote

Plantation owners lost slave labor worth $3 billion.
R E C O N S T R U C T I O N Human toll of the Civil War: The North lost 364,000 soldiers. The South lost 260,000 soldiers. Between 1865 and 1877, the federal government carried out a program to repair the damage to the South and restore the southern states to the Union. This program was known as Reconstruction. Freedmen (freed slaves) were starting out their new lives in a poor region with slow economic activity. Plantation owners lost slave labor worth $3 billion. Poor white Southerners could not find work because of new job competition from Freedmen. The war had destroyed two thirds of the South’s shipping industry and about 9,000 miles of railroad.

South after war 1

LINCOLN'S 2ND INAUGURAL SPEECH
Lincoln’s speech “With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation’s wounds….to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and a lasting peace, among ourselves, and with all nations.”

Wartime Reconstruction

President Lincoln’s Plan
Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (December 8, 1863) Replace majority rule with “loyal rule” in the South. He didn’t consult Congress regarding Reconstruction. Pardon to all but the highest ranking military and civilian Confederate officers. When 10% of the voting population in the 1860 election had taken an oath of loyalty and established a government, it would be recognized.

President Lincoln’s Plan
1864  “Lincoln Governments” formed in LA, TN, AR “loyal assemblies” They were weak and dependent on the Northern army for their survival.

Wade-Davis Bill (1864) Required 50% of the number of 1860 voters to take an “iron clad” oath of allegiance (swearing they had never voluntarily aided the rebellion ). Required a state constitutional convention before the election of state officials. Enacted specific safeguards of freedmen’s liberties. Senator Benjamin Wade (R-OH) Congressman Henry W. Davis (R-MD)

Wade-Davis Bill (1864) “Iron-Clad” Oath.
“State Suicide” Theory [MA Senator Charles Sumner] “Conquered Provinces” Position [PA Congressman Thaddeus Stevens] Pocket Veto President Lincoln Wade-Davis Bill

13th Amendment Ratified in December, 1865.
Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Bureau’s Accomplishments
FREEDMEN'S BUREAU 1865, Congress created the Freedman’s Bureau to help former slaves get a new start in life. This was the first major relief agency in United States history. Bureau’s Accomplishments Built thousands of schools to educate Blacks. Former slaves rushed to get an education for themselves and their children. Education was difficult and dangerous to gain. Southerners hated the idea that Freedmen would go to school.

Freedmen’s Bureau (1865) Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands. Many former northern abolitionists risked their lives to help southern freedmen. Called “carpetbaggers” by white southern Democrats.

Plenty to eat and nothing to do.
Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes Plenty to eat and nothing to do.

Freedmen’s Bureau School

Freedmen’s Bureau 2

PRESIDENT ANDREW JOHNSON
Remained loyal to the Union during the Civil War. Lincoln chose him as his VP to help with the South’s Reconstruction. Supported Lincoln’s Plan Engaged in a power struggle with Congress over who would lead the country through Reconstruction. Would be impeached but not removed from office.

President Andrew Johnson
Jacksonian Democrat. Anti-Aristocrat. White Supremacist. Agreed with Lincoln that states had never legally left the Union. Damn the negroes! I am fighting these traitorous aristocrats, their masters!

Presidential Reconstruction

PRESIDENTIAL RECONSTRUCTION
Johnson’s plan to readmit the South was considered too gentle. Amnesty: Presidential pardon Rebels sign an oath of allegiance 10% of the population Even high ranking Confederate officials Write new state Constitutions approve the 13th Amendment reject secession and state’s rights submit to U.S. Government authority No mention of Education for freedmen Citizenship and voting rights

President Johnson’s Plan (10%+)
Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except Confederate civil and military officers and those with property over $20,000 (they could apply directly to Johnson) In new constitutions, they must accept minimum conditions repudiating slavery, secession and state debts. Named provisional governors in Confederate states and called them to oversee elections for constitutional conventions. 1. Disenfranchised certain leading Confederates. 2. Pardoned planter aristocrats brought them back to political power to control state organizations. EFFECTS? 3. Republicans were outraged that planter elite were back in power in the South!

Growing Northern Alarm!
Many Southern state constitutions fell short of minimum requirements. Johnson granted 13,500 special pardons. Revival of southern defiance. BLACK CODES

BLACK CODES As southern states were restored to the Union under President Johnson’s plan, they began to enact black codes, laws that restricted freedmen’s rights. The black codes established virtual slavery with provisions such as these: Curfews: Generally, black people could not gather after sunset. Vagrancy laws: Freedmen convicted of vagrancy– that is, not working– could be fined, whipped, or sold for a year’s labor. Labor contracts: Freedmen had to sign agreements in January for a year of work. Those who quit in the middle of a contract often lost all the wages they had earned. Land restrictions: Freed people could rent land or homes only in rural areas. This restriction forced them to live on plantations.

Slavery is Dead?

Black Codes Purpose: Guarantee stable labor supply now that blacks were emancipated. Restore pre-emancipation system of race relations. Forced many blacks to become sharecroppers [tenant farmers].

Restricted the freedom of movement.
BLACK CODES Similar to Slave Codes. Restricted the freedom of movement. Limited their rights as free people.

BLACK CODES Black codes 1

Mississippi Governor, 1866: “The Negro is free”
“Whether we like it or not; we must realize that fact now and forever. To be free, however, does not make him a citizen or entitle him to social or political equality with the white man.” Gov of Miss

St. Landry’s Parish, Louisiana, 1865
BLACK CODES St. Landry’s Parish, Louisiana, 1865 Section 1: Be it ordained by the police jury of parish of St. Landry, That no negro shall be allowed to pass within the limits of said parish without a special permit in writing from his employer. Whoever shall violate this provision shall pay a fine of $2.50, or in default thereof shall be forced to work four days on the public road or suffer corporeal punishment. Black codes 2

BLACK CODES St. Landry’s Parish, Louisiana, 1865 Section 2: Be it ordained: That every Negro who shall be found absent from the residence of his employer after 10 o’clock at night, without a written permit from him employer, shall pay a fine of $5.00, or in default thereof, shall be compelled to work 5 days on the public road or suffer corporeal punishment. Black codes 2

BLACK CODES St. Landry’s Parish, Louisiana, 1865 Section 3: Be it further ordained, That no Negro shall be be permitted to rent or keep a house within said parish. Any Negro violating this provision shall be immediately ejected and compelled to find an employer; and any who shall rent, or give the use of the any house to any Negro, in violation of this section, shall pay a fine of $5.00 for each offence. Black codes 3

BLACK CODES St. Landry’s Parish, Louisiana, 1865 Section 4: Be it further ordained, No Negroes shall be allowed to congregate in public meetings between the hours of sunset to sunrise and by special permission of the police chief may a public meeting of Negroes occur. However, church services are not included in this law. Pay a fine of $5.00, work 5 days on the road crew or receive corporeal punishment Black codes 3

BLACK CODES St. Landry’s Parish, Louisiana, 1865 Section 5: Be it ordained, No Negro who is not in the military service shall be allowed to carry firearms, or any kind of weapons, within said parish, without the special written permission of his employers. Subject to $5.00 fine, road work or corporeal punishment.

BLACK CODES St. Landry’s Parish, Louisiana, 1865 Section 6: Be it ordained, That it shall be the duty of every citizen to act as a police officer for the detection of offences and the apprehension of offenders, who shall be immediately handed over to the proper police officer or captain.

Radical (Congressional) Reconstruction

RADICAL REPUBLICANS Wanted to the see the South punished.
Thaddeus Stevens Charles Summner Wanted to the see the South punished. Advocated political, social and economic equality for the Freedmen. Would go after President Johnson through the impeachment process after he vetoes the Civil Rights Act of 1866.

Thaddeus Stevens, in Congress, 1866 Thaddeus Steven, in Congress, 1867
RADICAL REPUBLICANS Thaddeus Stevens, in Congress, 1866 “Strip a proud nobility of their bloated estates, send them forth to labor and you will thus humble the proud traitors.” Thaddeus Steven, in Congress, 1867 “I am for Negro suffrage in every rebel state. If it be just, it should not be denied: if it be necessary, it should be adopted: if it be a punishment of traitors, they deserve it.” Quotes of Radicals

CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION
Plans compared CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION Reconstruction Act of (Harsh) Amnesty : Presidential pardon oath of allegiance---50% high ranking Confederate officials loose voting rights if you don’t sign oath Write new state Constitutions Ratify: 13, 14 & 15 Amendments reject secession and state’s rights submit to U.S. Government authority Help for Freedmen Freedmen’s Bureau for education 40 acres and a mule Divide the South into 5 military districts

Radical Plan for Readmission
Civil authorities in the territories were subject to military supervision. Required new state constitutions, including black suffrage and ratification of the 13th and 14th Amendments. In March, 1867, Congress passed an act that authorized the military to enroll eligible black voters and begin the process of constitution making.

13th Amendment Abolished slavery (1865)
CIVIL WAR AMENDMENTS 13th Amendment Abolished slavery (1865) 14th Amendment Provided citizenship & equal protection under the law. (1868) 15th Amendment Provided the right to vote for all men which included white and black men. (1870) Giving the Black man the right to vote was truly revolutionary……..A victory for democracy!

13th AMENDMENT Slavery Abolished
“Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.” The Congress shall have power to enforce by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.

14th AMENDMENT Rights of Citizens
“All persons born in the U.S. are citizens of this country and the state they reside in. No state shall make or enforce any law which deprives any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction to the equal protection of the laws.” The Congress shall have power to enforce by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.

14th Amendment Ratified in July, 1868.
Provide a constitutional guarantee of the rights and security of freed people. Insure against neo-Confederate political power. Enshrine the national debt while repudiating that of the Confederacy. Southern states would be punished for denying the right to vote to black citizens!

Johnson’s “Swing around the Circle”
The 1866 Bi-Election A referendum on Radical Reconstruction. Johnson made an ill-conceived propaganda tour around the country to push his plan. Republicans won a 3-1 majority in both houses and gained control of every northern state. Johnson’s “Swing around the Circle”

Reconstruction Acts of 1867
Military Reconstruction Act Restart Reconstruction in the 10 Southern states that refused to ratify the 14th Amendment. Divide the 10 “unreconstructed states” into 5 military districts.

Military Reconstruction
Each number indicates the Military Districts

Reconstruction Acts of 1867
Command of the Army Act The President must issue all Reconstruction orders through the commander of the military. Tenure of Office Act The President could not remove any officials [esp. Cabinet members] without the Senate’s consent, if the position originally required Senate approval. Designed to protect radical members of Lincoln’s government. A question of the constitutionality of this law. Edwin Stanton

President Johnson vetoed the Civil Rights Act of 1866
Gave $$$$ to Freedmen’s Bureau for schools and granted citizenship to the Freedmen Congress believed Johnson was working against Reconstruction and overrode his veto. Pres. Johnson impeached Led to the 14th Amendment An inflexible President, 1866: Republican cartoon shows Johnson knocking Blacks of the Freedmen’s Bureau by his veto. Johnson’s Veto

IMPEACHMENT PROCESS Impeachment: Bringing charges against the President. Two steps involved…… 1st Step: U. S. House of Representatives hold hearings to decide if there are crimes committed. They then vote on the charges and if there is a majority, then, charges are brought against the President. 2nd Step: U.S. Senate becomes a courtroom. The President is tried for the charges brought against him. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court is the judge. Once trial is completed, Senators must vote to remove President with a 2/3’s vote. Impeachment process

Presidency would suffer as a result of this failed impeachment.
JOHNSON'S IMPEACHMENT Brought up on 11 charges of high crimes and misdemeanors. Tenure in Office Act: Law Congress passed. President can’t fire any of his cabinet members without consulting Congress. fired Edwin Stanton Missed being removed from office by 1 vote Presidency would suffer as a result of this failed impeachment. President would be more of a figure-head. Saved the separation of powers of 3 branches govt.

President Johnson’s Impeachment
Johnson removed Stanton in February, 1868. Johnson replaced generals in the field who were more sympathetic to Radical Reconstruction. The House impeached him on February before even drawing up the charges by a vote of 126 – 47!

The Senate Trial 11 week trial.
Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one short of required 2/3s vote).

The 14th and 15th Amendments
In 1867 and 1869 Congress passed the 14th and 15th Amendments, granting African American males citizenship, equality under the law and the right to vote. In 1867 and 1868, voters in southern states chose delegates to draft new state constitutions. One quarter of the delegates elected were black. The new state constitutions guaranteed civil rights, allowed poor people to hold political office, and set up a system of public schools and orphanages. In 1870, southern black men voted in legislative elections for the first time. More than 600 African Americans were elected to state legislatures, Louisiana gained a black governor, and Hiram Revels of Mississippi became the first African American elected to the Senate.

15th AMENDMENT Voting Rights
“The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude”. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Civil Rights: What Blacks want

The Taste of Freedom Freedom of movement: Enslaved people often walked away from plantations upon hearing that the Union army was near. Exodusters: moved to Kansas and Texas Freedom to own land: Proposals to give white-owned land to freed people got little support from the government. Unofficial land redistribution did take place, however. Freedom to worship: African Americans formed their own churches and started mutual aid societies, debating clubs, drama societies, and trade associations. Freedom to learn: Between 1865 and 1870, black educators founded 30 African American colleges.

First Black Senators and representatives in the 42st and 42nd Congress.
Senator Hiram Revels, on the left was elected in 1870 to replace the seat vacated by Jefferson Davis. Black Congressmen

FREEDMEN ON EMANCIPATION
“I felt like a bird out of a cage. Amen. Amen. Amen. I could hardly ask to feel any better than I did that day…….The week passed off in a blaze of glory “Men are taking their wives and children, families which had been for a long time broken up are united and oh! Such happiness. I am glad I am here.”

“The end of the war, it come just like that---like you snap your fingers….Soldiers, all of a sudden, was everywhere---coming in bunches, crossing and walking and riding. Everyone was a-singing. We was all walking on golden clouds. Hallelujah! Everybody went wild. We all felt like heroes, and nobody had made us that way but ourselves. We was free. Just like that, we was free.”

“Right off colored folks started on the move, recalled a freedman. “They seemed to want to get closer to freedom, so they’d know what it was---like it was a place or a city.”

NO MORE AUCTION BLOCK No more auction block for me…No more, No more…No more auction block for me…Many thousand gone.. No more auction block for me…No more, no more…No more auction block, whiplash for me…Many thousand gone…. An oh, the one thing…That we did wrong…No more, no more…Staying in the wilderness…A day too long…No more, no more… And oh, the one thing..That we did right..Oh yes, oh yes… Was the day….That we began to fight…Oh yes, oh yes….. My Lord…. And it’s no more auction block for me….No more, no more, no more…Auction block for me….Many, many thousand gone…...

Importance of Educ to freedmen
Letter by a Teacher teaching freedmen on the importance of education, 1869: “It is surprising to me to see the amount of suffering which many of the people endure for the sake of sending their children to school. Men get very low wages here---from $2.50 to $8.00 month usually, while a first rate hand may get $10.00, and a peck or two of meal per week for rations-----and a great many men cannot get work at all. The women take in sewing and washing, go out by day to sour, etc. There is one woman who supports three children and keeps them at school; she says, “ I don’t care how hard I has to work, if I can only send Sallie and the boys to school looking respectable.” Importance of Educ to freedmen

One former Confederate
Was amazed to see a government which was intent on killing us………now generously feeding our poor and distressed…….

The Balance of Power in Congress
State White Citizens Freedmen SC 291,000 411,000 MS 353,000 436,000 LA 357,000 350,000 GA 591,000 465,000 AL 596,000 437,000 VA 719,000 533,000 NC 631,000 331,000

Letter to the Editor of the National Era
Letter for teachers 1 Letter to the Editor of the National Era Creswell, Texas, November 29, 1867 W.V. Tunstall, School Board, Houston, Texas To the Editor: We need immediately 500 teachers for colored schools in Texas. The colored people in this state cannot supply the demand. There are but a few white Republicans who can engage in the profession of teaching and Rebels (Southern whites) will not teach them. Therefore, our only prospect is to get teachers among the educated colored people of the North or Christian white people who are willing to endure privations among the heartless whites of the “sunny South.” The late elections have opened the South, I trust, for the introduction of civilization. Send us teachers…….

George H. Clower, William Wilkes, Freedmen
Forsyth, Georgia, July 22, 1867 Dear Sir, I write to inform you of a most cowardly outrage that took place last Saturday night. Our teacher whom we have employed here was shot down by a crowd of Rebel Ruffians for no other cause than teaching school. General, this is the second teacher that has been assaulted. The rebels make their brags to kill every Yankee teacher that they find. We do not know what we may do if the military does not assist us. The Freedmen are much excited at such an outrage. George H. Clower, William Wilkes, Freedmen

Women rights supporters refused to support the 14th Amendment giving African American Men citizenship unless women were added to it. Abolitionists would not support women’s rights

Becomes industrialized Schools, over a thousand
New South Becomes industrialized Cities rebuilt Railroads Schools, over a thousand Hospitals, 45 in 14 states Diversify economy.

Funding Reconstruction
Rebuilding the South’s infrastructure, the public property and services that a society uses, was one giant business opportunity. Roads, bridges, canals, railroads, and telegraph lines had to be rebuilt. Funds were also needed to expand services to southern citizens. Following the North’s example, all southern states created public school systems by Congress, private investors, and heavy taxes paid for Reconstruction. Spending by Reconstruction legislatures added another $130 million to southern debt.

THE REPUBLICAN SOUTH During Radical Reconstruction, the Republican Party was a mixture of people who had little in common except a desire to prosper in the postwar South. This bloc of voters included freedmen and two other groups: carpetbaggers and scalawags. Northern Republicans who moved to the postwar South became known as carpetbaggers. Southerners gave them this insulting nickname, which referred to a type of cheap suitcase made from carpet scraps. Carpetbaggers were often depicted as greedy men seeking to grab power or make a fast buck.

W A S P H I T E R O T E S A N N G L O A X O N

THE REPUBLICAN SOUTH White southern Republicans were seen as traitors and called scalawags. This was originally a Scottish word meaning “scrawny cattle.” Refers to one who is a “scoundrel”, reprobate or unprincipled person. Some scalawags were former Whigs who had opposed secession. Some were small farmers who resented the planter class. Many scalawags, but not all, were poor.

ALL HATED BY THE KKK K K K SOUTH'S COUNTER REVOLUTION
Carpetbaggers Northerners/Republicans sent to help reconstruct the South…. Scalawags Southerners who helped Carpetbaggers Freedmen Blacks who tried to vote or were involved in the reconstruction of their states governments.

SOUTH'S COUNTER REVOLUTION
South’s Backlash

SOUTH'S COUNTER REVOLUTION
kkk

K K K Ku Klux Klan refers to a secret society or an inner circle
Organized in 1867, in Polaski, Tennessee by Nathan Bedford Forrest. Represented the ghosts of dead Confederate soldiers Disrupted Reconstruction as much as they could. Opposed Republicans, Carpetbaggers, Scalawags and Freedmen. KKK

Spreading Terror K K K The Federal Response The Ku Klux Klan
President Grant’s War On Terrorism. The Enforcement Act of 1870 banned the use of terror, force, or bribery to prevent people from voting. Other laws banned the KKK and used the military to protect voters and voting places. As federal troops withdrew from the South, black suffrage all but ended. The Ku Klux Klan The Klan sought to eliminate the Republican Party in the South by intimidating voters. They wanted to keep African Americans as submissive laborers. They planted burning crosses on the lawns of their victims and tortured, kidnapped, or murdered them. Prosperous African Americans, carpetbaggers, and scalawags became their victims.

Letter About Ku Klux Klan Terror*
State of Mississippi. Monroe County. March 30, 1871 My beloved Sister: I will endeavor to answer your joyfully received letter. I must tell you something about the Ku Klux, they are raging on the other side of the River. They have whipped several white men, whipped and killed several Negroes. They whipped Colonel Huggins, the Superintendent of the free schools nearly to death, and everybody rejoiced when they heard it, for everybody hated him. He squandered the public money, buying KKK Quote 3

pianofortes, organs, sofas, and furniture for the Negro School house in Aberdeen.
The people are taxed beyond endurance. The Ku Klux gave him seventy lashes, and then gave him ten days to leave the country. He left and went to Jackson. There was a Regiment of Militia came into Aberdeen Friday. They are sent here to put down the Ku Klux. Huggins has come back with the Militia, but I wouldn't give a straw for his life, for he will be killed. It is the opinion of most everybody there will be war. The Yankees coming here will make the Negroes more insolent. KKK Quote 3

Give my love to all the Connections and write soon. Yours, Jennie
With Country full of Yankees, things are going too far, for the free whites of the South are determined not to put up with it. A Negro can kill a white man, take it in Court, get a Negro jury, clear him and then turn him loose, things can't go on this way. We are in a most peculiar situation. Give my love to all the Connections and write soon. Yours, Jennie *Mrs. Webb was the wife of William J. Webb, who owned and operated the City Hotel on the site of the Plainview Hotel, on the Block North of the Monroe County Courthouse, Aberdeen, Mississippi. The Shaw Family patronized this Hotel. Colonel Huggins left Aberdeen in the night and went back North. KKK Quote 3

KKK Quote 1

KKK Quote 2

The Grant Administration ( )

The 1868 Republican Ticket

The 1868 Democratic Ticket

Waving the Bloody Shirt!
Republican “Southern Strategy”

1868 Presidential Election

Once Johnson is impeached, Congress passes Reconstruction Act of 1867.
The South would be reconstructed under the Radical Republicans plan. Republicans would elect Grant as their President and he would carry out the Radical Reconstruction. “The Strong Government”, Grant enforcing the Reconstruction Act of 1867 and “forcing” the South to change.

President Ulysses S. Grant

Grant Administration Scandals
Grant presided over an era of unprecedented growth and corruption. Credit Mobilier Scandal. Whiskey Ring. The “Indian Ring.”

The Tweed Ring in NYC William Marcy Tweed (notorious head of Tammany Hall’s political machine) [Thomas Nast  crusading cartoonist/reporter]

Who Stole the People’s Money?

And They Say He Wants a Third Term

The Election of 1872 Rumors of corruption during Grant’s first term discredit Republicans. Horace Greeley runs as a Democrat/Liberal Republican candidate. Greeley attacked as a fool and a crank. Greeley died on November 29, 1872!

Popular Vote for President: 1872

The Panic of 1873 It raises “the money question.”
debtors seek inflationary monetary policy by continuing circulation of greenbacks. creditors, intellectuals support hard money. 1875  Specie Redemption Act. 1876  Greenback Party formed & makes gains in congressional races  The “Crime of ’73’!

Black "Adjustment" in the South

SHARECROPPING Sharecroppers were Freedmen and poor Whites who stayed in the South and continued to farm. Freedmen signed a work contract with their former masters . Picked cotton or whatever crop the landowner had. Freedmen did not receive “40 acres and a mule”

Sharecropping is primarily used in farming
Landowner provided land, tools, animals, house and charge account at the local store to purchase necessities Freedmen provided the labor. Sharecropping is based on the “credit” system.

Advantages Disadvantages
SHARECROPPING Advantages Part of a business venture Raised their social status Received 1/3 to 1/2 of crop when harvested Raised their self esteem Disadvantages Blacks stay in South Some landowners refused to honor the contract Blacks poor and in debt Economic slavery Sharecroppers

Sharecropping

A VICIOUS CYCLE OF DEBT ECONOMIC SLAVERY
1. Poor whites and freedmen have no jobs, no homes, and no money to buy land. 6. Sharecropper cannot leave the farm as long as he is in debt to the landlord. 2. Landowners need laborers and have no money to pay laborers. ECONOMIC SLAVERY 3. Hire poor whites and freedmen as laborers Sign contracts to work landlord’s land in exchange for a part of the crop. 5. At harvest time, the sharecropper is paid. Pays off debts. If sharecropper owes more to the landlord or store than his share of the crop is worth; 4. Landlord keeps track of the money that sharecroppers owe him for housing, food or local store.

Tenancy & the Crop Lien System
Furnishing Merchant Tenant Farmer Landowner Loan tools and seed up to 60% interest to tenant farmer to plant spring crop. Farmer also secures food, clothing, and other necessities on credit from merchant until the harvest. Merchant holds “lien” {mortgage} on part of tenant’s future crops as repayment of debt. Plants crop, harvests in autumn. Turns over up to ½ of crop to land owner as payment of rent. Tenant gives remainder of crop to merchant in payment of debt. Rents land to tenant in exchange for ¼ to ½ of tenant farmer’s future crop.

Black & White Political Participation

Establishment of Historically Black Colleges in the South

Blacks in Southern Politics
Core voters were black veterans. Blacks were politically unprepared. Blacks could register and vote in states since 1867. The 15th Amendment guaranteed federal voting.

The “Invisible Empire of the South”

The Failure of Federal Enforcement
Enforcement Acts of 1870 & 1871 [also known as the KKK Act]. “The Lost Cause.” The rise of the “Bourbons.” Redeemers (prewar Democrats and Union Whigs).

The Civil Rights Act of 1875 Crime for any individual to deny full & equal use of public conveyances and public places. Prohibited discrimination in jury selection. Shortcoming  lacked a strong enforcement mechanism. No new civil rights act was attempted for 90 years!

The Abandonment of Reconstruction

Northern Support Wanes
“Grantism” & corruption. Panic of 1873 [6-year depression]. Concern over westward expansion and Indian wars. Key monetary issues: should the government retire $432m worth of “greenbacks” issued during the Civil War. should war bonds be paid back in specie or greenbacks.

1876 Presidential Tickets

“Regional Balance?”

1876 Election Tilden did not receive enough electoral votes.
Special Commission gives votes to Hayes. Hayes wins the election Democrats refuse to recognize Hayes as President * *Disputed Electoral votes 164 369 total electoral votes, need 185 to win.

The Political Crisis of 1877
“Corrupt Bargain” Part II?

CORRUPT BARGAIN vs Rutherford B. Hayes Samuel Tilden The election of 1876 and the Compromise of 1877 are referred to as the Corrupt Bargain. The Democrats and Republicans work out a deal to recognize Hayes as President In return, President Hayes must end Reconstruction and pull the Union troops out of the South. Once this happens, there is no protection for the Freedmen and the South will regain their states and go back to the way it was.

Agreement between Democrats and Republicans
Hayes pulls the troops out of the South. Southerners take over their state governments called “REDEEMERS” Successes Freedmen would be lost because Southerners would take over their state governments. Jim Crow laws kept Blacks from voting and becoming equal citizens. Cartoon of Hayes: end of Reconst

Hayes Prevails

Alas, the Woes of Childhood…
Sammy Tilden—Boo-Hoo! Ruthy Hayes’s got my Presidency, and he won’t give it to me!

A Political Crisis: The “Compromise” of 1877

social reality SEGREGATION After Reconstruction, 1865 to 1876, there were several ways that Southern states kept Blacks from voting and segregated, or separating people by the color of their skin in public facilities. Jim Crow laws, laws at the local and state level which segregated whites from blacks and kept African Americans as 2nd class citizens and from voting. poll taxes literacy tests grandfather clause

social reality JIM CROW The systematic practice of discriminating against and segregating Black people, especially as practiced in the American South from the end of Reconstruction to the mid- 20th century Derogatory name for a Black person, ultimately from the title of a 19th-century minstrel song. Goal: Take away political and constitutional rights guaranteed by Constitution: Voting and equality of all citizens under the law.

JC laws

schools, parks, transportation, restaurants, etc….
Jim Crow Laws: segregated Whites and Blacks in public facilities became the law after Reconstruction: Used at the local, state levels and eventually the national to separate the races in schools, parks, transportation, restaurants, etc…. kept Blacks, minorities and poor whites from voting and as 2nd class citizen status JC laws1

social reality Jim Crow Laws Poll Taxes: Before you could vote, you had to pay taxes to vote. Most poor Blacks could not pay the tax so they didn’t vote. Literacy Test: You had to prove you could read and write before you could vote…. Once again, most poor Blacks were not literate. Grandfather clause: If your grandfather voted in the 1864 election than you could vote…..Most Blacks did not vote in 1864, so you couldn’t vote….

social reality PLESSY VS. FERGUSON OF 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized segregation throughout the nation. “Separate but Equal” as long as public facilities were equal Problem: Black facilities would never be equal to White facilities Our nation would be segregated until the 1960’s.

The Struggle for African American Suffrage
1865 Civil War ends Reconstruction begins 1870s Reconstruction ends. 1950s-1960s Civil Rights movement begins. 1900s-1940s Jim Crow laws prevent African Americans from voting Plessy vs Ferguson effected social equality for Black Americans from 1896 to 1960’s

Lynchings of Whites/Blacks
South’s Backlash1 Lynchings of Whites/Blacks 0 to 20 20 to 60 60 to 100 100 to 200 200 or more

1865 TO 1877 R E C O N S T R U C T I O N 1. The Aftermath 2. Problems:

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1865 TO 1877 R E C O N S T R U C T I O N 1. The Aftermath 2. Problems:

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