1. Chapter 9 APUSH Affects of the Revolution:
Absence of Loyalists weaken the upper class
(they were mostly wealthy)
Sense of equality (but not for women, blacks,
and Indians) – some states dropped the property
qualification for voting – some northern states abolished
slavery – women questioned their lack of political and
legal rights
3. Separation of church and state – Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom by Thomas Jefferson
4. Americans had to find new market for goods – lost British trade - looked to China

2. Each state drafted a new ____________
Each state drafted a new ____________. The first to add a bill of rights was ________- It was called the __________________________ and was written by _____________. This became the basis for the Bill of Rights to the U.S. ___________.
constitution
Virginia
Virginia Declaration of Rights
George Mason
Constitution
Freedom of ________- idea that church and state should be separate. The __________________ ________________ written by Thomas Jefferson declared that Virginia no longer had an official church and that the state could not collect taxes for churches.
religion
Virginia Statute for
Religious Freedom
“Our civil rights have no more dependence on our religious opinions, any more than our opinions in physics or geometry…”

3. The Confederation

4. This new government established a Central government. Second
The first government of the United States was created in November of 1777 by the
It was called the
This new government established a
Central government.
Second
Continental Congress.
Articles of Confederation.
weak
Why????
Didn’t want to give up independence to a strong central government – but did present the ideal of a united nation
F.Y.I….
ALL OF THIS HAPPENED BEFORE THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR ENDED!!!!!!!!!!!!!

5. Dispute between land-rich states and land-poor states before the Articles of Confederation could be ratified!
Argument was that land-rich states could sell land & more easily pay war debts
Maryland held out until New York and Virginia gave up their western lands

6. This new government consisted of a legislative branch known as the
There was no separate or branch.
Confederation Congress.
executive
judicial
Confederation (loosely-knit states) vs. Federation (tightly held together)
The Confederation Congress had the right to:
Declare war
Raise armies
Sign treaties

7. The Confederation Congress did NOT have the right to:
Tax
Regulate trade
Other problems with the Articles of Confederation:
1. Each state had only 1 vote in Congress regardless of population
2. Amendments to the AOC needed unanimous vote

8. The one major success of the Articles of Confederation was the ability to add states to the United States.
Land Ordinance of 1785 allowed for the sale of land in the Old Northwest. This money would be used to pay off the national debt.
This divided the territory into 6 square townships.

9. A new law passed in 1787: the Northwest Ordinance (I call it the Add-A-State Plan) and created a new territory north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River. This territory would eventually be divided into 3 to 5 new states.
Slavery was prohibited in these new states

10. Formula for becoming a new state:
Initially new territories get a governor, secretary and 3 judges, chosen by _________________.
When the population reaches _____ adult males, the citizens can elect a _____________________.
When a population reaches _________ the territory can apply for statehood “on an ________ footing with the original states.
_______________ would not be allowed in the Northwest Territory.
Congress
5,000
legislature
60,000
equal
Slavery

11. Problems with the Articles of Confederation:
Problems with trade:
The states set up customs posts on their borders and levied
________________ on goods from other states to raise revenue.
Each state began acting like an independent ________________.
taxes
country
Problems with diplomacy:
Congress could not enforce the Treaty of Paris agreement that
promised to pay debts to ________________ and return land to
land to ________. Britain retaliated by refusing to evacuate
__________________________.
British merchants
Loyalists
Western forts
Spain
__________________ refused to allow American farmers
to deposit their goods at the mouth of the ______________
River. This made it impossible for American farmers to get
their goods to market. Paid Indians to keep colonists from
Expanding west.
Mississippi

12. Problems with the economy:
In order to pay off war debts, several states began
to issue __________ money. This led to high _______________.
States also fought over state borders!
paper
inflation
Shay’s Rebellion:
In 1786, Massachusetts decided to raise _______ rather
than issue paper money. Farmers in the western part of the
state could not pay the taxes and their __________________.
These farmers, led by ________________, rebelled. They
attacked a state arsenal. Volunteer troops put an end to the
rebellion because under the AOC, the federal government
had no _____________ to raise an army.
taxes
mortgages
Daniel Shays
money

13. All of these issues convinced many
people of the need for a stronger
_______________________________.
Central Government!

14. A Convention of “Demigods” – The constitutional Convention
May 1787 – September 1787

15. Nationalists
________________ People that supported a stronger central government.
Included: _____________________,_____________,
_________________, _______________________,
and financier _____________________.
George Washington
John Adams
Ben Franklin
Alexander Hamilton
Robert Morris

16. 1786 – James Madison convinced Virginia’s assembly to call for a convention to discuss _____________________ problems. Only 5 states sent delegates.
trade and taxation
Mr. Betts

17. Constitutional Convention
Alexander Hamilton
One of the delegates _________________________, recommended that another convention be held in ____________________ in May of 1787 “for the sole purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation.”
Every state except _____________________ sent delegates to what came to be known as the __________________________________.
Philadelphia
Rhode Island
Constitutional Convention

18. 55 delegates, experienced in government
55 delegates, experienced in government. _________________________ was chosen to be the Chairman of the convention. _______________________ of Virginia kept records of the proceedings. His notes are our best record of what happened because the meetings were held in secret.
George Washington
James Madison

19. At first the plan was to revise the Articles of Confederation
At first the plan was to revise the Articles of Confederation. Edmund Randolph submitted a plan devised by _____________________ for a new government. This plan was called the _______________. It called for ___branches of government with a ___________ house legislature. Representation in both houses would be based on ______________________.
James Madison
Virginia Plan 3
bicameral
a state’s population

20. Virginia Plan
The ______________ appealed to large states like _____________, ______________, and ____________________. The small states opposed the Virginia Plan and William Patterson countered with the __________________. This plan accepted the three branches of government but called for a ________ house legislature with equal representation for each state.
Virginia
New York
Massachusetts
New Jersey Plan
single

21. The delegates found themselves divided between small and large states, southern and northern states. In order to successfully create a new government, the delegates would have to compromise.

22. The Connecticut Compromise (Great Compromise)
Two House Legislature
House of Representatives – delegates elected by the people of each state with representation based on _______________________________.
Senate – member chosen by the state legislatures with equal representation for each state. ( ___ per state.)
the size of the state’s population. 2

23. 3/5 Compromise
_____________ delegates wanted to count slaves as population for determining the number of representatives a state should get.
____________ delegates did not want to count slaves because they could not vote.
It was agreed that 3/5 of the slave population of each state would be counted for representation and for taxation.
Southern
Northern

24. Commerce Clause
Said that Congress could not tax exports, could not ban the slave trade until 1808 or impose high taxes on slaves.
The above compromises allowed the delegates to work out the details of the new Constitution which was approved by the Confederation Congress on September 28, It then had to be _________
or approved by ____ of the 13 states.
ratified 9

25. Federalism: a system of government that divides the power between the federal (or national) government and the state governments.
Separation of Powers: power is divided among the three branches of the federal government.

26. 3 Branches of Government:
Executive: President – indirectly elected by the electoral college
Legislative – Congress – Senators are indirectly chosen by state legislators (this changes w/the 17th amendment) and members of the House of Representatives are chosen by a direct vote of the people
Judicial – appointed for life by the President – must be approved by the Senate

27. Ratification of the Constitution: Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists
James Madison, John Jay and Alexander Hamilton write a series of essays encouraging the ratification of the Constitution called “The Federalist Papers” – the most famous was Madison’s Federalist No. 10 which refuted the idea that it was impossible to have a republican form of government over a large geographical area
Anti-Federalists wanted a Bill of Rights added to the Constitution before they would ratify; the Feds. promised that the first Congress would write them (they were written by James Madison and added to the Constitution in 1791)

28. Checks and Balances: each branch of government has the ability to limit the powers of the other branches.
Amendment Process: the delegates established a two step process to make changes to the Constitution:
1. Amendments can be proposed by a vote of 2/3 of the members of both houses of Congress
2. The proposed amendment must be ratified by ¾ of the state legislatures.

29. Order of Ratification of the Constitution:
Delaware - December 7, 1787
Pennsylvania - December 12, 1787
New Jersey - December 18, 1787
Georgia - January 2, 1788
Connecticut - January 9, 1788
Massachusetts - February 6, 1788
Maryland - April 28, 1788
South Carolina - May 23, 1788
New Hampshire - June 21, 1788
Virginia - June 25, 1788
New York - July 26, 1788
North Carolina - November 21, 1789
Rhode Island - May 29, 1790

30. The Legacy of the Constitution
The Constitution is a conservative document; it is
relatively short and not specific – Founding Fathers
were very smart here!
A Fascinating Fact:
Thomas Jefferson did not sign the Constitution. He was in France during the Convention, where he served as the U.S. minister. John Adams was serving as the U.S. minister to Great Britain during the Constitutional Convention and did not attend either.

31. Evolution of Federal Union
New England Confederation colonies
Dominion of New England colonies
Albany Congress colonies
Stamp Act Congress colonies
Committees of Correspondence colonies
First Continental Congress colonies
Second Continental Congress colonies
Articles of Confederation states
Federal Constitution states

32. The rise of egalitarian ideas:
Civic virtue – the idea that democracy depended on the unselfish commitment of each citizen to the public good
Republican motherhood – women had a new prestigious role as the special keepers of the nation’s morals
Quakers in Philadelphia established the first American anti-slavery society in 1775

33. Elizabeth “Mumbet” Freeman – in 1781 having overheard pre-Revolutionary talk about the “rights of man,” she sued her Massachusetts master for her freedom from slavery. She won her suit and lived the rest of her life as a paid domestic servant in the home of the lawyer who pleaded her case