1. SCOPE AND HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY
CHAPTER 1

2. Roles of Microbes Pathogens Food chain Digestive
Autotrophs
Decomposers
Digestive
Foods and fermentation
Antibiotics
Biotechnology
Bioremediation
Disease Research

3. Biological Research Uses Microbes
Size/ Structure
Small (nm – μm)
Single celled
Large populations
Millions per gram of biomass
Rapid Growth Rate
30 minute cell division for some prokaryotes
Research Benefits
Vaccines
Antibiotics

4. Microbial Abundance Drilling core samples (down to 5km) Two biospheres
Surface vs. “Deep Hot”
Environmental versatility
Anaerobic
Sulfur/Methane - based metabolism
Undersea Vents

5. Prokaryotic Microbes 2 Domains (Superkingdoms) Bacteria
Varied metabolism
Some pathogens
Science of Bacteriology
Archaea
Environmental extremophiles
Novel biochemistry and metabolism

6. Eukaryotic Microbes Algae (Protozoa/Plants) Photoautotrophs
Aquatic, single or multicellular
Cell wall: Cellulose
Science of Phycology
Fungi (Kingdom)
Decomposers (Chemoheterotrophs)
Cell wall: Chitin
Single or multicellular
Science of Mycology

7. Viruses (Acellular) Simple structure Capsid Nucleic acid
Some have an envelope
Obligate intracellular growth
Science of Virology
Smaller relatives
Viroids
Prions

8. Eukaryotic Parasites Protozoa (Kingdom) Chemoheterotrophs
Single celled, no cell wall
May be pathogenic
Science of Protozoology
Helminths (Worms in Animal Kingdom)
Microscopic life stages and eggs
Diagnosed microscopically
Science of Parasitology
Arthropods
Cause/transmit disease

9. Additional Fields of study
Immunology
Epidemiology
Etiology
Bioremediation

10. History Documented Plagues Leprosy Bubonic Plague Smallpox “Great pox”
Microscope Development
Robert Hooke
Anton van Leeuwenhoek

11. Early Microbiologists
Carolus Linnaeus
Taxonomy – Binomial nomenclature
Genus + species epithet
Most detailed level
Schleiden / Schwann
Cell theory based on Hooke’s work and additional information

12. Spontaneous Generation versus Biogenesis
Redi
Spallanzani
? Role of oxygen
Pasteur
Biogenesis wins!
Fermentation
Pasteurization
Rabies vaccine

13. Germ Theory Theory definition: Koch Semmelweiss Lister
“Microbes can invade other organisms and cause disease”
Koch
Anthrax
Culture techniques
Postulates
Semmelweiss
Lister

14. Immunology Edward Jenner First vaccine Virulence/Avirulence
Vaccine production today
Attenuation
Heat killing
Fractionation
Recombinant vaccines
Pasteur
Chicken cholera
Rabies
Metchnikoff
Identified phagocytes

15. Recent Advances Virology Chemotherapy Paracelsus (1500’s)
Metallic “cures”
Selective Toxicity?
Ehrlich (1800’s)
Dyes with microbial affinities
Systematic chemical testing
Fleming (1928)
Penicillin
Beijerinck
Infectious filtrate
Stanley
Crystallization of TMV
Hershey and Chase
Viral genetic material

16. Future Trends Recombinant Microbes Drugs Hormones Vaccines
Gene therapy
Bacteriophage therapy
Genomics