1. IMMIGRATION I can analyze the opportunities and challenges of immigration during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

2. Base Vocab & Questions
Migration: The movement of a large group of people
Immigrate: To come to a new country
Emigrate: To leave a country
Why do people immigrate to new countries?
What are the different perspectives on immigration?
What are the pros of immigration? Cons?

3. New Immigrants ( )
New Immigrants= Southern and Eastern Europeans during 1870s until WWI.
Came from Ireland, Germany, Italy, Greece, Poland, Hungary and Russia.
Often unskilled, poor, Catholic or Jewish, and planning to save some money to take back home.
Old Immigrants- Came before the Irish and German immigrants.
After 1900, New Immigrants made up 70% of all immigrants.
American natives felt threatened by the new immigrants

4. Immigrants from Europe
Old New New New

7. Old v. New RELIGION Protestant Catholic, Jewish, Eastern Religions
BIRTHPLACE
REASONS
DESTINATION
OCCUPATION
Protestant Catholic, Jewish, Eastern Religions
North/Western Southern/Eastern Europe
Europe East Asia (Japan, China, and Korea)
Latin America
Both escaping poverty, religious and political persecution
Moved to farms Moved to cities in the in the Midwest Northeast
Became farmers Unskilled workers

8. Push Factors
Push Factors = Things that force/“push” people out of a place or land.
Drought or Famine
Political Revolutions or Wars
Religious Persecution
Economic Struggles

9. Push Factors
1840s- many wars and political revolutions in China and Eastern Europe which caused economic troubles.
1880s- Farmers had a difficult time in Mexico, Poland, and China.
Russian and Eastern European Jews faced religious persecution and fled to the U.S. for safety.

10. Pull Factors
Pull Factors= Things that attract people to a place or land.
Plentiful Land
Employment
Religious Freedom
Political Freedom
New Life

11. Pull Factors
1862 Homestead Act and aid from railroad companies made western farmland inexpensive.
Workers were recruited from homelands to build railroads, dig mines, or work in factories.
Many wanted to find gold.
Chain immigrants = come to be with family or friends who had gone before to start new lives.

12. Journey to America
Many immigrants could barely afford a ticket to come to the U.S.
They could only pack what they could carry. (Clothes, photograph, tools for their trade)
Many would wait in line for hours to try to get on a ship and in many cases it was very dangerous to do this.

13. Journey to America
Steerage = Where most immigrants traveled on the ship.
Steerage was located on the lowest decks of the ship with no private cabins, and was dirty and crowded.
Seasickness was an issue in rough weather and illnesses spread quickly in the lower decks.

16. Immigrants Arrive in America
2 ports of entry into the U.S.
Ellis Island- New York City
Angel Island- San Francisco Bay
To enter the ports immigrants had to be healthy and show they had money, a skill, or a sponsor to provide for them.
They had to go through a series of health tests and evaluations and could possibly be sent back to their homeland if they did not meet proper guidelines.

17. Ellis Island was built in 1892 as the 1st “Immigration Center”
Later, closed in the 1940s
Today it is a museum.
The goal was to “screen” immigrants coming from Europe.
Immigrants took physical examinations and were held at Ellis Island before they were released to the US mainland.

18. Ellis Island Most European immigrants came through here. (NYC)
1st and 2nd class passengers were inspected on the ship then released.
3rd class had to go in to be inspected.
A series of medical and legal inspections would take place before you were allowed to take a ferry in to the city.
Ellis Island was the more welcoming of the two ports.

23. Angel Island
Most Chinese and Asian immigrants came through here (San Francisco Bay)
Opened in 1910.
Made it very hard for Chinese immigrants to come into the U.S.
Most had to prove they were American citizens to be let in.
Immigrants were sometimes left here for days or weeks in poor conditions.

26. Immigrants Assimilate Into Society
Assimilate = to fit in.
Most immigrants stayed in cities and lived in ethnic neighborhoods called ghettos.
These neighborhoods would share the same language, religion, and culture.
By 1890 many cities had a huge immigrant population. 4/5 people in NYC were immigrants.

27. Assimilation
Americanization = helping newcomers learn American ways. (Language, customs, dress, and diet)
In many cities Americanization institutions arose to help immigrants fit in.
America became known as the “Melting Pot”.
Immigrants usually stuck with their native cultures but children of immigrants were more likely to adopt American ways.

28. Immigrants Face Hostility
Nativism = belief that native born white Americans were superior to immigrants.
Competition for jobs and homes often fueled resentment and religious and cultural differences caused tensions as well.
Chinese Exclusion Act = 1882 Prohibited immigration by Chinese laborers, limited civil rights of immigrants in America, and forbade naturalization of Chinese residents.
A later ruling said the Chinese who were already in America were considered U.S. citizens.

29. Chinese Exclusion Act
Resentment and discrimination against the Chinese.
Taking away jobs from Nativists

30. Immigrants Change America
Immigrants changed America in many ways.
Fueled industrial growth
Acquired citizenship
Made their traditions a part of American culture.
Chinese workers built railroads.
Immigrants worked in coal mines, steel and textile mills, and factories.
Women immigrants worked in factories, seamstresses, laundresses, made piecework, and worked as servants.