1. Chapter 5
Policing:
History and Structure
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2. English Policing American policing is based on English roots.
English law enforcement began with “hue and cry.”
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3. England Alfred the Great’s system 9th-10th Century mutual pledge
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4. England mutual pledge system tithing - group of ten (10) families
tithing man - leader or chief of tithing
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5. Hundred = ten tithings = one hundred families
England
Hundred = ten tithings = one hundred families
chief constable - head of the hundred
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6. England Constable: considered the first real police officer
appointed by local nobleman
in charge of weapons for the hundred
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7. Shire A geographic area equivalent to our county.
Hundreds were grouped into Shires.
England was divided into 52 Shires.
Shire-Reeve was the antecedent of modern day sheriff.
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8. England 1272-1307 set up curfew and night watch program
bailiffs - night watchmen to enforce curfew
watch and ward
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9. Watch and Ward
The name given to first night watch in cities and towns.
They operated from sundown to sunrise.
They protected property against fire.
They guarded the gates of city.
They arrested those who committed offenses.
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10. Statute of Winchester-1285
It created the watch and ward in cities and towns.
It drafted eligible males to serve.
It institutionalized the “hue and cry.”
Citizens had to maintain weapons in order to answer the call to arms.
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11. England
The Industrial Revolution brought many new people to the big cities.
Crime increased in cities and highways leading to cities.
Civilian associations cropped up and began creating their own private police forces.
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12. Bow Street Runners established 1750
patrolled streets and highways leading to London
Sir Henry Fielding - one of the founders
first real detective unit
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13. London Metropolitan Police
Parliament passed bill - creates London police
Sir Robert Peel - Home Secretary
1,000 officers called bobbies
uniformed
structured along military lines
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14. American Law Enforcement
Colonists brought systems from Europe when they emigrated to colonies.
The shire-reeve was responsible for law enforcement in the counties.
The constable was responsible for law enforcement in towns.
Before the Revolution, both were appointed by Crown.
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15. American Frontier vast and wild until late 19th century
natural haven for outlaws and bandits
citizen posses and vigilantes - the law
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16. Policing America’s Cities
Boston
New York - known as Rattle Watch because of rattles they carried and shook while they patrolled
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17. Policing America’s Cities
paid watchmen in New York
first uniformed police officer
first precinct station in New York
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18. Policing America’s Cities
Philadelphia is the first to initiate a police force.
1835 – Texas (before statehood) created military style “state police”
New York is the first to establish a unified day/night police force.
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19. Policing America’s Cities
1865 – Many southern cities found themselves policed by the military under martial law.
Massachusetts creates the second state police force.
Detroit creates first detective unit.
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20. This was the Era of Prohibition and widespread corruption of police.
American Policing
This was the Era of Prohibition and widespread corruption of police.
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21. American Policing 1960’s-1970’s
Civil rights movement and anti-Vietnam war demonstrations impacted on police operations and enforcement.
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22. American Policing
LEAA was formed to assist police departments in acquiring the latest in technology and adopt new enforcement methods.
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23. American Policing LEAA - funded many police research projects
Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment
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24. American Policing federal state local Three Levels ( jurisdictions)
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25. Federal Law Enforcement
1789
first federal law enforcement agency - Revenue Cutter Service
patrolled shores of U.S. to prevent smuggling and to ensure collection of revenue
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26. Federal Law Enforcement
21 separate federal law enforcement agencies in eight government agencies
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27. Other Federal Agencies
U.S. Marshals
Internal Revenue Service
Secret Service
Immigration and Naturalization
Bureau of Investigation - later to be renamed F.B.I. in 1930
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28. Other Federal Agencies
1914
The Bureau of Narcotics & Dangerous Drugs combined with other agencies and was renamed Drug Enforcement Administration in 1973.
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29. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies
Department of the Homeland Security
Customs & Border Protection (includes Border Patrol)
Immigration & Customs Enforcement
Federal Law Enforcement Training Center
Federal Protective Service
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30. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies
Department of the Homeland Security
Transportation Security Administration
U. S. Coast Guard
U. S. Secret Service
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31. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies
Department of Justice
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms
Bureau of Prisons
Drug Enforcement Administration
Federal Bureau of Investigation
U.S. Marshals Service
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32. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies
Department of Interior
Fish and Wildlife Service
National Park Service
U.S. Park Police
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33. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies
Department of Defense
Army Criminal Investigative Division
Air Force Office of Special Investigations
Naval Investigative Service
Defense Criminal Investigative Service
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34. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies
Department of Transportation
Federal Air Marshals Program
Department of State
Diplomatic Security Service
U.S. Postal Service
Postal Inspection Service
Washington, D.C.
Metropolitan Police Department
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35. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies
Department of Agriculture
U. S. Forest Service
Other Offices with Enforcement Personnel
U. S. Capitol Police
U. S. Mint
Food & Drug Administration
AMTRAK Police
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36. Federal Bureau of Investigation
J. Edgar Hoover is appointed Director.
Identification Division is created to collect fingerprint files.
F.B.I. begins collecting data for Uniformed Crime Report publication.
Crime laboratory is established.
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37. State Law Enforcement 1835 Texas Rangers:
They are believed to be the first state police force.
Military unit is responsible for border patrol.
They apprehend Mexican cattle rustlers.
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38. State Law Enforcement Two Models: centralized model
decentralized model
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39. Local Agencies-Municipal
approx. 13,580 different departments
approx. 420,000 sworn police officers
approx. 100,000 civilian employees
largest - New York - approx. 36,813 police officers
smallest – 3,409 departments with 1 sworn police officer or only part- time officers
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40. Local Agencies-County
approx. 3,100 sheriff departments
approx. 155,000 full-time officers
approx. 89,000 civilian employees
largest - Los Angeles Sheriff’s Dept. with approx. 2,110 sworn officers and 4,880 civilian employees
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41. State Law Enforcement 49 state police departments
approx. 52,000 full-time state police officers
approx. 26,000 civilian employees
major role - control traffic on highway system
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42. Private Protective Services
Nearly 2,000,000 people are estimated to be working in private security today.
Types of private security services:
company guards
airport security
bank guards
executive protection
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43. Private Protective Services
Those self-employed individuals and privately funded business entities and organizations providing security related services to specific clientele for a fee…
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44. Private Protective Services
… for the individual or entity that retains or employs them, or for themselves, in order to protect their persons, private property, or interests from various hazards.
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45. Private Protective Services
Types of Private Security Services:
store/mall security
school security
nuclear facility security
hospital security
automated teller machine services
railroad detectives
loss prevention specialists
computer/information security
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46. Private Protective Services
Security Bureau, Inc.
Wackenhut Corp.
Guardsmark, Inc.
American Protective Services
Globe Security
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47. Private Protective Services
Wells Fargo Guard Services
Advance Security, Inc.
Pinkerton’s, Inc.
Allied Security, Inc.
Burns International Security Services
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