Aquatic Ecological Protection and Restoration of Rivers and Lakes in China Peng Wenqi Director of Department of Water Environment, China Institute of Water.

Aquatic Ecological Protection and Restoration of Rivers and Lakes in China
Peng Wenqi Director of Department of Water Environment, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research Director of Water Quality Monitoring and Assessment Research Center, MWR June 21, 2016 Disclaimer: The views expressed in this document are those of the author, and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), its Board of Directors, or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this document, and accept no responsibility for any consequence of their use. By making any designation or reference to a particular territory or geographical area, or by using the term “country” in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

Contents 1. Preface 2. Current Status and Problems
3. Development and Trend 4. Measures

1 Preface First I will introduce background

1. Preface

1. Preface Water conservancy construction gains great achievement, to support healthy development of the economic society. Ecological problems of rivers and lakes: major restraining factors influencing national water security. The ability of regulation and control of river flow is continuously enhanced through major water engineering construction. Utilization of water resource consumption of which degree is increased continuously Water transfer among drainage basins of which distribution range is expanded continuously High discharging strength of water pollutants

1. Preface The nation pays high attention to ecological protection and restoration of water ecology Decision on accelerating water conservancy reform and development of the State Council (Z.F. No.[2011]1) Water resources protection and health security system of rivers and lakes are basically set up by 2020. Opinions of the State Council on implementing the strictest water resources management system (G.F.No.[2012]3) Promote protection and restoration of water ecosystem Opinions of Ministry of Water Resources on accelerating to promote ecological civilization construction of water (Water Resources No.[2013]1) Implement 8 tasks. 1) Water is the source of life, necessity for production and basis of ecology. By 2020, water resources protection and health protection system of rivers and lakes have been basically completed. 2）(15) promotes protection and restoration of water ecosystem. Development and utilization of water resources shall maintain reasonable flow of rivers and reasonable water level of lakes, reservoirs and underground water, give full consideration of demands for ecological water, and maintain healthy ecology of rivers and lakes. Formulate the planning of protection and restoration of national water ecosystem, to enhance protection of major ecological protection area, water conservation area, source area of rivers and wet land. Develop governance of pollution of internal water resources, to promote water ecological restoration of weak ecological rivers and areas. Research and establish ecological water utilization and river ecology assessment indicator systems. Organize heath assessment on national important rivers and lakes regularly. Establish and perfect a mechanism for water ecological compensation. 3）Optimize water resources allocation, enhance management of water conservation, protect water resources strictly, promote protection and restoration of water ecosystem, enhance ecological protection in water conservancy construction, improve guarantee and supporting capacity, and develop wide publicity and education.

1. Preface The nation pays high attention to ecological protection and repair of water ecology Plan of water pollution control (G.F. No.[2015]17) Systematically promote water pollution control, water ecological protection and management of water resources Advices on formulating the 13th fiver-year plan of national economy and social development of the CPC Central Committee Firm ecological security curtain Advices on enhancing management and control of ecological red line of resources and environment (F.G.H.Z.No.[2016]1162) Set a red line for ecological protection. 1）General requirements: systematically promote water pollution control, water ecological protection and water resources management. （28） Protect the ecosystem of water and wet land: enhance ecological protection of rivers and lakes, and delimit the red line of ecological protection scientifically. Before the end of 2017, formulate and implement the scheme of protecting diversity of aquatic organisms of seven major drainage basins. 2) (6) Firm ecological security curtain Focus on protection and take natural restoration as the principal thing, carry out ecological protection and restoration of water, mountains, forest, farmland and lakes, construct an ecological corridor and network of biodiversity protection, comprehensively promote stability of natural ecosystems such as forest, rivers and lakes, wet land, grasslands and the sea, as well as ecological service function. Enhance water ecological protection, systematically govern river basins, connect water systems of rivers, lakes and reservoirs, develop returning farmland to wet land and returning cultivation to beach. Promote desertification, stony desertification, and comprehensive governance of water and soil loss. Enhance ecological protection of river sources and water conservation areas. 3）2 Control connotation and indicator setting 3) Delimit the red line of ecological protection. According to requirements such as water resources conservation, water and soil preservation, wind prevention and sand fixation, flood diversion and storage, biodiversity conservation, protection of nature, guarantee of ecosystem’s completeness and stability, give consideration to demands for social society, delimit and strictly abide by the red line of ecological protection. Delimit the red line of ecological protection in major ecological function area, as well as ecological environmental sensitive and weak areas, execute strict protection, guarantee that the ecological function is not lowered, the area is not reduced and the nature is not changed.

1. Preface System of Protection and Restoration Measures of Aquatic Ecosystem The ecology of rivers and lakes is for short of aquatic ecosystem of rivers and lakes, mainly including rivers, lakes, reservoirs, ground water system, riverside, lakeside, estuarine wetland, etc. The ecology of rivers and lakes is for short of aquatic ecosystem of rivers and lakes, mainly including rivers, lakes, reservoirs, underground water system, riverside, lakeside, estuarine wetland, etc. The ecological protection and restoration of rivers and lakes (protection and restoration of ecological system of rivers and lakes) takes drainage basis as unit and focuses on stress effect of water engineering and water utilization, aim to maintain and restore health of rivers and lakes. Based on optimal allocation and control of water resources, water pollution control and governance as well as strict governance of water space, it comprehensively applies the system of engineering and non- engineering measures to formulate and implement a whole set of schemes and measures of good water ecological system protection and restoration of degraded water ecology, to conduct comprehensive protection, control and restoration of water quality, volume, habit and key species. The engineering and non-engineering measures of water ecological protection and restoration manly include water ecosystem monitoring and assessment, standard meeting of water function area, total amount control of pollutants entering rivers, ecological flow guarantee, ecological protection and restoration of rivers and lakes, supervision of ecological adaptability of rivers and lakes.

2 Current Status and Problems

2. Current Status and Problems
Evolution Process of Ecological Environmental Problems of Rivers and Lakes

Types of ecological problems of rivers and lakes Rivers and lakes with good ecology: the Yangtz River, the Pearl River and River Source in the North Water shortage: the Haihe River, the Yellow River and rivers in northwest; Water polluted: the Haihe River and the Huaihe River Ecological atrophy: middle and downstream of water resources zones Composite unbalance: the Liaohe River, the Haihe River, the Yellow River, the Huaihe River辽

Water pollution problems are still serious. The standard reaching rate water function zones is low.

2. Current Situation and Problems
Ecological flow is occupied seriously and atrophy of rivers, lakes and wetland is serious. Ecological base flow control section Excellent and good ones account for 62.5%, which are mainly in the Yangtzer River area and the Pearl River area in the south as well as upper reaches of rivers in north. The poor ones account for 17.1%, which are mainly in the Liaohe River area, the Haihe River area, the Huaihe River area and the Yellow River area. Sensitive ecological water requirement section Excellent and good ones amount for 45.5%, which are mainly in the Yangtzer River area and the Pearl River area as well as upper reaches of the Yellow River. The poor ones account for 21.8%, which are mainly in the Haihe River area, the Songhua River area, the Liaohe River area and lower reaches of the Yellow River area. Wet land retention rate The over-78% retention rate of wet land in the Songhua River area, the Yangtze River area and the Pearl River area is assessed to be excellent and good. More than 70% of wetland assessment results in the Yellow River area, the Haihe River area and rivers in northwest are poor.

Hydroelectric development intensity is increased continuously and the step accumulation influence is increasingly obvious.

Important aquatic environment degrades, thus protection of biodiversity faces challenges. Dams obstruct migration pathway Habitat breaking Reservoir submergence Disordered sand excavation in river channels Ecological water shortage and hydrological imbalance Water pollution

Health problems of important rivers and lakes are serious. Lower reaches of Nenjiang River Luanhe River Lower reaches of main steam of Yellow River

Health problems of important rivers and lakes are serious . Hongze Lake Chagan Lake Baiyangdian Lake Taihu Lake

The problems of black and odorous rivers in cities are serious and ecological function is damaged severely. 1861 black and odorous rivers are declared, with a total length of km. The number of severely polluted rivers accounts for 1/3.

3 Development and Trend First I will introduce background

Technical preparation
2. Development and Trend Technical preparation Pilot exploration Full promotion -2004 2016- Opinions on protection and restoration of water ecosystem (Shui-Zi-Yuan No.[2004]316); 14 pilots of protection and restoration of water ecosystem The pilot of national lake health assessment releases health assessment report of 6 rives, 4 lakes and 3 reservoirs. Opinions on accelerating to promote water ecological civilization construction printed and issued by the Ministry of Water Resources (Shui-Zi-Yuan No.[2013]1) In October, 2013, the Ministry of Water Resources printed and issued Guidance opinions of Ministry of Water Resources on promoting connection of water systems of rivers, lakes and reservoirs Formulation of Protection planning of water resources 2 batches of cities of water ecological civilization construction Comprehensive planning of water resources (detailed rules of investigation and evaluation technologies of ecological problems related to water Opinions on protection and restoration of water ecosystem (Shui-Zi- Yuan No.[2004]316) Opinions on accelerating to promote ecological civilization construction printed and issued by the State Council in April, 2015 Prevention plan of water pollution released in April, 2015

2. Development Process Ecological monitoring and health assessment of rivers and lakes 1950s-1980s Water chemical assessment 1980s- Water pollution assessment 2000s- Assessment on standard reaching in water functional zones 2010s- Water ecological health assessment

2. Development Process Guarantee of emergency water compensation and ecological flow In December, 1998, the State Council approved, issued and implemented Annual distribution of the Yellow River’s available water supply and regulation scheme of water volume in main stream and Dispatching management method of water volume of the Yellow River 2001-, Zhalong wetland 2002, emergency water diversion of Nansi Lake 2005-, water diversion from the Yangzte River to Taihu Lake Comprehensive planning of drainage basin and Planning of water resources protection: officially state the ecological water requirement target of 183 rives, 265 control sections and 44 lake wetlands. Prevention of water pollution (Guo-Fa No.[2015]17) Enhance water dispatching management of rivers, lakes and reservoirs. Maintain basic ecological water demands of rivers and lakes, and focus on guaranteeing ecological base flow in dry season. Determine ecological flow scientifically. Conduct pilot program in drainage basins of the Yellow River and the Huaihe River, to determine ecological flow (water level), as important reference for water dispatching of drainage basin. 1998- Water dispatching and emergency water diversion 2000s- Planning of ecological water requirement 2015- Supervision and guarantee of ecological flow

2. Development Process Pollution discharge control in water functional zones Quality management system of water environment 2015 Prevention plan of water pollution (Guo-Fa No.[2015]17): focus on improving water environmental quality. 。 In 2012, The State Council’s approval of functional zones of important rivers and lakes ( ) (Guo-Han No.[2011]167) In 2012, The State Council’s opinions on implementing the strictest management systems of water resources ( Guo-Han No.[2012]3) In 2013, The General Office of the State Council’s notice about printing, issuing and implementing the assessment method of the strictest water resources management systems (Guo-Fa No.[2013]2) Planning of water resources protection In 2014, Technical scheme of assessment on standard reaching of water functional zones of national important rivers and lakes (Ban-Zi-Yuan No.[2014]54) Promote establishment of the red line for pollutant load control in water function zones 2012 2002 water functional zones and pollution discharge management system were improved In 2002, Article 32 of Water law regulates planning and management of water functional zones. In 2006, assessment on standard reaching of water functional area in Bulletin of China’s water resources In 2006, Calculation rules of pollutant load of water bodies (SL ) In 2007, Technical rules for assessment on quality of surface water resources (SL ) In 2008, 31 provinces, municipalities and direct-controlled municipalities formally approved the planning of water function zones in its administrative area. In 2011, Partition criterion of water functional zones (GB/T ) In 2011, approval of Comprehensive planning of water resources, standard reaching targets and total amount of pollution discharge of medium and long-term water function zones were clarified.

2. Development Process 2000- 2013- 2016-
Water ecological protection and restoration Water conservation and cleaning of drainage basin Connection between rivers and lakes as well as ecological water network Protection and restoration of important ecology Comprehensive governance of ecosystem 14 pilot program of protection and restoration of water ecosystems 2000- Pilot cities of water ecological civilization 2013- Great protection 2016- Opinions on accelerating to promote water ecological civilization construction printed and issued by the Ministry of Water Resources (Shui-Zi-Yuan No.[2013]1)） In October, 2013, the Ministry of Water Resources printed and issued The Ministry of Water Resources’ guidance opinions on connection of water systems of rivers, lakes and reservoirs Formulation of Planning of water resources protection Construction of 2 batches of 104 pilot cities for water ecological civilization

4 Measures First I will introduce background

4. Measures Strategic scheme of enhancing protection and restoration of ecology of rivers and lakes 1 Perfect the legal system of water ecological civilization and accelerate to implement management of red line of water ecology 2 Enhance planning and coordination management of drainage basin and implement comprehensive governance of mountains, water, forest, farmlands and lakes 3 Construct an ecological friendly water engineering system and give play to the function of protection and restoration of water engineering 4 Construct ecological water network system and implement connection of rivers and lakes 5 Conduct water ecological restoration of key areas 6 Guided by water ecological civilization city construction, construct water ecological protection pattern of harmony between human and water 7 Promote technical innovation and enhance supervision capacity

4. Measures Measures and actions for ecological protection and restoration of lakes and rivers 2Pilot programs of water ecological protection and restoration 1Ecological water compensation 3Governance of clean drainage basin and control of sources 5Sponge city construction and remediation of black and odorous rivers 7Construction of pilot cities of water ecological civilization 6Connection of rivers and lakes 8 Formulate standards and codes

4. Measures 1. Ecological water compensation—ecological restoration of rivers Conduct comprehensive governance and scientific investigation of water resources of the Yellow River, the Tarim River and the Heihe River, and have got significant results. Vitality of East Juyanhai Lake reappears. In recent years, comprehensive governance and scientific investigation of water resources of the Yellow River, the Tarim River and the Heihe River gain significant results. Uniform dispatching and water and sand dispatching of water resources of all drainage basins guarantee no cutoff of the main stream of the Yellow River for continuous 18 years since Comprehensive governance of the Tarim River for 11 years ends the history that the downstream is dried up for almost 30 years. Since 2000, the Heihe River is successful in water diversion for continuous 12 years, which improves the situation that the downstream is cut off for a long term. East Juyanhai Lake keeps water area of square meters for continuous 8 years, which restores and saves the downstream ecological environment to be destroyed. Through scientific allocation of water resources, ecological water compensation for Zhalong Wetland, Xianghai Wetland and Baiyangdian Lake are is conducted, to improve the ecological environment of important wetlands and lakes. Estuarien wetland of the Yellow River Populus euphratica forest of the Tarim River

4. Measures 1. Ecological water compensation—water quality improvement of lakes Govern statistic state with dynamic state, reduce pollution with cleanness, compensate shortage with richness, to improve water quality Continuously implement “water diversion from the Yangtze River to the Taihu Lake”, to transfer the Yangtze River water to the Taihu Lake, to realize the target of “govern static state by dynamic state, release pollution with cleanness, compensate shortage with richness, to improve water quality”.

4. Measures 1. Ecological water compensation—restoration of ecological wetland Zhalong Wetland Implement ecological water compensation for lakes and wetlands such as Zhalong Wetland, Nansi Lake and Baiyangdian Lake, to maintain water ecological security of weak ecological areas and gain significant social, ecological and economic benefits. Baiyangdian Lake Nansi Lake

4. Measures 2. Pilot programs for protection and restoration of water ecology ★ Wuhan Guilin Laizhou Wuxi Acceptance of 14 pilot programs for protection and restoration of water ecosystems is completed. Lishui

4. Measures 3. Governance of ecological clean drainage basin and control of non-point source pollution Ecological restoration Ecological governance Ecological protection Since 2005, the Ministry of Water Resources developed experimental units of surface source of water and soil preservation in 10 reservoirs (such as Beijing Miyun Reservoir) and developed experimental units construction of clean small drainage basin in 81 small rivers in national 30 provinces (municipalities and direct-controlled municipalities). The first defense line is “ecological restoration”: conduct prohibition to grazing and ecological immigration in mountains with small population, to reduce human activity and restore ecological vegetation through self-repairing capacity of the nature. The second defense line is “ecological governance”: develop water saving irrigation and create forest for water and soil compensation in shallow mountains and hills where the population is relatively big. Focus on comprehensive governance, to deal with rural sewage and rubbishes and conduct discharge reaching standards. Adjust agricultural planting structure, and reduce application amount of chemical fertilizer and pesticide. The third defense line is “ecological protection”: govern riverway and clean rubbishes near the reservoir of riverway; seal the river and plant grass, construct biological buffer belt of forest and grass, give play to water quality purification function of plants, and maintain the ecological system of the riverway and reservoir. Construction system of three defense lines The first line: “ecological restoration” The second line: “ecological governance” The third line: “ecological protection”

4. Measures 4. Sponge city construction and remediation of black and odorous rivers Remediation of black and odorous rivers

4. Measures 5. Connection of rivers and lakes
Connection of rivers and lakes: based on rives, lakes and reservoirs, through measures such as dredge, linkage, introduction, drainage and dispatching, the hydraulic connection between rivers, lakes and reservoirs is established or improved. Guidance opinions on accelerating to promote connection of systems of rivers, lakes and reservoirs. Build a “reasonable pattern, complete function, both storage and discharge, proper introduction and drainage, multiple sources for compensation, rich and dry dispatching, smoothness and beautiful environment” connection system of rives, lakes and reservoirs. Emphasis in work: Pay attention to functional requirements for connecting different types of rivers and lakes, allocation of water resources, to conduct flood control and disaster reduction, protection and restoration of water ecological environment Precisely grasp regional features of connection of rivers and lakes in east, middle, west and northeast Pay attention to connection features at national, regional, urban and rural levels.

4. Measures 5. Connection of rivers and lakes
Connection of rivers and lakes is an important measure that could help the construction of pilot cities combined with the urban overall planning and main functional area. In 61 pilot cities which have been approved for the implementation scheme, more than 200 water systems connecting rivers and lakes are planned, referring to investment of more than 80 billion Yuan, wherein some have commenced. The projects aiming at construction of river network, facilitating water circulation flow and ecological water compensation accounts for 40%; the projects aiming to improve water supply capacity and optimize allocation of water resources accounts for 7%; the projects aiming at comprehensive governance of water system and solving problems of water environment accounts for 53%. The connection of rivers and lakes in Wuhan The largest domestic urban wetland was built up: healthy water network pattern integrated with rivers and lakes After connection of water systems of rivers and lakes, 166 lakes all over the city will form the largest ecological wetland group of urban lakes in domestic, so as to gradually realize introducing clean water to lakes under the premise of governance of pollution sources. Related departments will conduct differential measures of restoration and protection according to water quality and functional requirements of lakes. According to the target of forging “one lake one pearl”, it leaves enough waterfront space and greening buffer strip, depends on rives and lakes to reasonably construct a water affinity platform and create “breath space” in urban development, finally to realize “reduce the area of lakes, improve water quality of lakes, and make functions of lakes comprehensive”, so as to comprehensively improve ecological functions and social service functions of lakes. According to planning, by 2030, four ecological water networks will be constructed by taking the Yangtze River, the Han River and the Fuhe River as boundary, to basically realize a healthy water network pattern integrated rivers and lakes and improve the water ecological system of all rivers and lakes, as well as basically eliminate five kinds of water qualities. By 2049, the water quality of rivers, lakes and reservoirs in Wuhan will be comprehensively improved and the water ecological system operates continuously and healthily

4. Measures 6. Pilot cities of ecological civilization
Construction goal: pilot cities take water system as vein, and set foot in systematical governance of mountains, water, forest, farmlands and lakes, to construct modern urban ecological pattern with complete system and balanced space according to the target requirements for realizing “circulation of rivers and lakes, integrity of water system, high water quality, diversity of ecology and inheritance of culture”. Main content of ecological civilization construction （1）Implement the strictest management system of water resources （2）Optimize allocation of water resources （3）Enhance the management of water saving （4）Protect water resources strictly （5）Promote protection and restoration of water ecological system （6）Enhance ecological protection in water conservancy construction （7）Improve guarantee and supporting capacity （8）Develop wide propaganda and education General requirements: construct a batch of pilot cities of water ecological civilization with “5 available”: Implement the most strict management systems of water resources The pattern of optimized allocation of water resources is available The system of flood prevention and drainage is available Environmental protection measures of water ecology are available Ideas of water ecological ecology are available 105 cities (in 2 batches) have been included as pilot cities in the list of ecological civilization construction of Ministry of Water Resources.

4. Measures 7. Standard and Criterion
Assessment: Assessment index, standards and method for river health (pilot) (Ban-Zi-Yuan No.[2010]484) is issued, and corresponding standards are under formulation; Guidance rules of ecological water requirements for rivers and lakes (SL/Z479) and Guidance rules of assessment on ecological risks SL/Z467 are issued; Planning: Guidance rules of protection and restoration of rives and lakes (SL709) and Formulation rules of plan of water resources protection (SL613) are issued; Engineering technology: Fishway design rules of water resources and hydropower engineering (SL609) is issued; Technical guidance rules of ecological protection and restoration of rivers and lakes are under formulation; Planning of embankment project design(GB50286), Channel improvement and design specifications (GB50707), Technical specifications of anti-penetration engineering of channels SL18-91 is issued, but ecological restoration engineering of rivers and lakes is not clearly regulated.

19:09:51 Thank You!

Aquatic Ecological Protection and Restoration of Rivers and Lakes in China Peng Wenqi Director of Department of Water Environment, China Institute of Water.

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Aquatic Ecological Protection and Restoration of Rivers and Lakes in China Peng Wenqi Director of Department of Water Environment, China Institute of Water.

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