1. From: Tonic Finite Element Model of the Lower Limb
Date of download: 10/1/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Tonic Finite Element Model of the Lower Limb
J Biomech Eng. 2005;128(2): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Geometry acquisition process, from MRI images analysis to 3-D reconstruction

2. From: Tonic Finite Element Model of the Lower Limb
Date of download: 10/1/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Tonic Finite Element Model of the Lower Limb
J Biomech Eng. 2005;128(2): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Meshing of skeletal muscles. The muscle passive mass component is modeled with viscoelastic solids merged to a set of action lines.

3. From: Tonic Finite Element Model of the Lower Limb
Date of download: 10/1/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Tonic Finite Element Model of the Lower Limb
J Biomech Eng. 2005;128(2): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Schematic illustration of the contraction unit. δ is the instantaneous length of the muscle, A0 the level of activation, and Ta the time of activation.

4. From: Tonic Finite Element Model of the Lower Limb
Date of download: 10/1/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Tonic Finite Element Model of the Lower Limb
J Biomech Eng. 2005;128(2): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Sled acceleration and speed in a frontal impact, from

5. From: Tonic Finite Element Model of the Lower Limb
Date of download: 10/1/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Tonic Finite Element Model of the Lower Limb
J Biomech Eng. 2005;128(2): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Resulting force at insertions for a fully relaxed muscle

6. From: Tonic Finite Element Model of the Lower Limb
Date of download: 10/1/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Tonic Finite Element Model of the Lower Limb
J Biomech Eng. 2005;128(2): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Resulting force at insertions for a fully braced muscle

7. From: Tonic Finite Element Model of the Lower Limb
Date of download: 10/1/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Tonic Finite Element Model of the Lower Limb
J Biomech Eng. 2005;128(2): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Simulated force recorded on the brake pedal (solid) and mean experimental maximal force exerted by volunteers (dashed)

8. From: Tonic Finite Element Model of the Lower Limb
Date of download: 10/1/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Tonic Finite Element Model of the Lower Limb
J Biomech Eng. 2005;128(2): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Simulated joint torques recorded during the emergency braking simulation (solid), and mean maximal joint torques recorded on volunteers (dashed)

9. From: Tonic Finite Element Model of the Lower Limb
Date of download: 10/1/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Tonic Finite Element Model of the Lower Limb
J Biomech Eng. 2005;128(2): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Frontal impact simulation with braced lower limb muscles

10. From: Tonic Finite Element Model of the Lower Limb
Date of download: 10/1/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Tonic Finite Element Model of the Lower Limb
J Biomech Eng. 2005;128(2): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Stress distribution (von Mises) as a function of muscle state, at t=85ms

11. From: Tonic Finite Element Model of the Lower Limb
Date of download: 10/1/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Tonic Finite Element Model of the Lower Limb
J Biomech Eng. 2005;128(2): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Illustration of the CU’s toggling phenomenon, for high deformation and activation levels