1. Date of download: 9/16/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Estimation of Muscle Response Using Three-Dimensional Musculoskeletal Models Before Impact Situation: A Simulation Study J Biomech Eng. 2010;132(12):121011-121011-7. doi:10.1115/1.4002795 Process flow diagram of dynamic analysis including subject-specific musculoskeletal models optimization of muscle parameters and sled experiments. Fm=muscle force, τjt=joint torque, θjt=joint angle, FBC=external forces as boundary conditions, uppercase i: initial, and uppercase o: optimized Figure Legend:

2. Date of download: 9/16/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Estimation of Muscle Response Using Three-Dimensional Musculoskeletal Models Before Impact Situation: A Simulation Study J Biomech Eng. 2010;132(12):121011-121011-7. doi:10.1115/1.4002795 Conceptual drawing of car crash experiments. The sled was controlled by a hydraulic actuator with a length of 15 m and configured to represent the seat in a medium-sized passenger car. We used several sensors to set up boundary condition using loadcell and pressure sensor and validation using electrode ① height adjustable sled (5 m), ② shock absorber, ③ experimental vehicle, ④ preventive guide of secession, ⑤ loadcell for handle and brake, ⑥ electrodes (white square), ⑦ pressure sensor for seat back, and ⑧ brake. Figure Legend:

3. Date of download: 9/16/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Estimation of Muscle Response Using Three-Dimensional Musculoskeletal Models Before Impact Situation: A Simulation Study J Biomech Eng. 2010;132(12):121011-121011-7. doi:10.1115/1.4002795 Comparison of joint torques at elbow (upper), knee (middle), and ankle joint (lower) among simulation with initial muscle parameters (), with measured values by experiment ( ▨ ) and with optimized muscle parameters (). Optimized muscle parameters gave us more reasonable results compared with those of experiments rather than initial or unoptimized ones. Figure Legend:

4. Date of download: 9/16/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Estimation of Muscle Response Using Three-Dimensional Musculoskeletal Models Before Impact Situation: A Simulation Study J Biomech Eng. 2010;132(12):121011-121011-7. doi:10.1115/1.4002795 Comparison between measured activities’ ratio with calculated ones for the height of 0.9 m and 1.0 m (equivalent impact velocities were 9.4 m/h and 10 m/h, respectively) to validate musculoskeletal models using optimized muscle parameters for low-speed crash. Muscle activity ratio was defined by extensor activity divided by flexor activity. Figure Legend:

5. Date of download: 9/16/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Estimation of Muscle Response Using Three-Dimensional Musculoskeletal Models Before Impact Situation: A Simulation Study J Biomech Eng. 2010;132(12):121011-121011-7. doi:10.1115/1.4002795 Maximum muscle force for major individual muscles (flexor and extensor) calculated by simulation using three-dimensional musculoskeletal models. Biceps long head and triceps lateralis for elbow joint, biceps femoris long head and rectus femoris for knee joint, and tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius medial for ankle joint. Figure Legend: