1. Lithium-Sulfur-Battery
Florian Schmidt

2. Requirements on modern Batteries
new fields of application: electric mobility engery storage
high energy density and capacity
𝐸 𝑆 = 𝐶 𝑆 ∙ 𝑈 𝑍
Lithiumpreisentwicklung
Schwefelpreis
J. B. Goodenough, K.-S. Park, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 1167–1176.
R. Korthauer, Handbuch Lithium-Ionen-Batterien, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2013.
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R. Van Noorden, Nature 2013, 498, 416–417.
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3. Requriements on modern Batteries
cheap materials with high availability
S is the 17th most common element
(~ 100 $/t)
long service life and cycle stability
short charge time
eco-sensitive
temperature-stable
security
Lithiumpreisentwicklung
Schwefelpreis
R. Korthauer, Handbuch Lithium-Ionen-Batterien, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, (Stand: )
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(Stand: )
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4. Lithium-Sulfur-Battery
maximum of engery density is nearly reached
new batteries
Li-S has higher engery density
lower cost per cathode
P. Adelhelm, P. Hartmann, C. L. Bender, M. Busche, C. Eufinger, J. Janek, Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 2015, 6, 1016–1055.
J. B. Goodenough, K.-S. Park, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 1167–1176.
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5. Lithium-Sulfur-Battery
anode:
Lithium
cathode:
Sulfur in carbon matrix
(optional with polymeric binder)
electrolyte
DME-DOL-Mixture
conducting salt
LiN(SO2CF3)2 (LiTFSI)
(Stand: )
S. S. Zhang, Journal of Power Sources 2013, 231, 153–162.
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6. Lithium-Sulfur-Battery
anode
Li → Li+ + e-
cathode
S e- → 8 S2-
redox equotation
16 Li + S8 → 8 Li2S
P. Adelhelm, P. Hartmann, C. L. Bender, M. Busche, C. Eufinger, J. Janek, Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 2015, 6, 1016–1055.
S. S. Zhang, Journal of Power Sources 2013, 231, 153–162.
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7. Lithium-Sulfur-Battery
I S8 + 2 Li → Li2S8
II Li2S8 + 2 Li → Li2S8-n + Li2Sn
III 2 Li2Sn + (2n-4) Li → n Li2S2
Li2Sn + (2n-2) Li → n Li2S
IV Li2S2 + 2 Li → 2 Li2S
P. Adelhelm, P. Hartmann, C. L. Bender, M. Busche, C. Eufinger, J. Janek, Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 2015, 6, 1016–1055.
S. S. Zhang, Journal of Power Sources 2013, 231, 153–162.
Slide 7

8. Lithium-Sulfur-Battery
Problems
poor electric conductivity of S and Li2S
expansion of volume during discharge process
toxicity of conducting salt
polysulfide shuttle mechanism
P. Adelhelm, P. Hartmann, C. L. Bender, M. Busche, C. Eufinger, J. Janek, Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 2015, 6, 1016–1055.
Y. Yang, G. Zheng, Y. Cui, Chemical Society Reviews 2013, 42, 3018.
S. S. Zhang, Journal of Power Sources 2013, 231, 153–162.
D.-W. Wang, Q. Zeng, G. Zhou, L. Yin, F. Li, H.-M. Cheng, I. R. Gentle, G. Q. M. Lu, Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2013, 1,
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9. Lithium-Sulfur-Battery
Polysulfide shuttle
loss of active mass
morphological change of the cathode
passivation of Li-Anode
self-drain of battery
increase of charge time
P. Adelhelm, P. Hartmann, C. L. Bender, M. Busche, C. Eufinger, J. Janek, Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 2015, 6, 1016–1055.
X. Liang, C. Hart, Q. Pang, A. Garsuch, T. Weiss, L. F. Nazar, Nature Communications 2015, 6, 5682.
Y. Yang, G. Zheng, Y. Cui, Chemical Society Reviews 2013, 42, 3018.
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10. Lithium-Sulfur-Battery
Inhibition of shuttle mechanism
addition of metaloxids
various carbon nanostructures
addition of LiNO3
solid electrolyte materials
optimization of conducting salt
P. Adelhelm, P. Hartmann, C. L. Bender, M. Busche, C. Eufinger, J. Janek, Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 2015, 6, 1016–1055.
X. Liang, C. Hart, Q. Pang, A. Garsuch, T. Weiss, L. F. Nazar, Nature Communications 2015, 6, 5682.
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11. Lithium-Sulfur-Battery
Metaloxids (Al, Ti, Y, Si, Mn, V)
two approaches
coating (CVD,ALD…)
admixture
MnO2
P. Adelhelm, P. Hartmann, C. L. Bender, M. Busche, C. Eufinger, J. Janek, Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 2015, 6, 1016–1055.
K. T. Lee, R. Black, T. Yim, X. Ji, L. F. Nazar, Advanced Energy Materials 2012, 2, 1490–1496.
X. Liang, C. Hart, Q. Pang, A. Garsuch, T. Weiss, L. F. Nazar, Nature Communications 2015, 6, 5682.
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12. Lithium-Sulfur-Battery
Volume expansion
dead space
Yolk-shell nanoparticles
Conducting salt
limited choice
consens between opression of shuttle mechanism and velocity of cellreactions
P. Adelhelm, P. Hartmann, C. L. Bender, M. Busche, C. Eufinger, J. Janek, Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 2015, 6, 1016–1055.
X. Liang, C. Hart, Q. Pang, A. Garsuch, T. Weiss, L. F. Nazar, Nature Communications 2015, 6, 5682.
Z. Wei Seh, W. Li, J. J. Cha, G. Zheng, Y. Yang, M. T. McDowell, P.-C. Hsu, Y. Cui, Nature Communications 2013, 4, 1331.
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13. Summary
soon culmination of the capacity and energy density of Li-Ion-batteries
massive increase of energy density through Li-S-batteries
recent research priorities:
polysulfide shuttle
volume expansion
elektrolyte/conducting salt
P. Adelhelm, P. Hartmann, C. L. Bender, M. Busche, C. Eufinger, J. Janek, Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 2015, 6, 1016–1055.
X. Liang, C. Hart, Q. Pang, A. Garsuch, T. Weiss, L. F. Nazar, Nature Communications 2015, 6, 5682.
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14. Thank you for your attention!
Folie 17