1. CHAPTER 6 Cont’d – THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF LIFE
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2. Organic Chemistry
Organic Chemistry: The study of compounds containing carbon
Carbon is component of almost all biological molecules as result life on earth is considered carbon based.
Why is carbon so important?
It can form four covalent bonds with other molecules
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3. Macromolecules
Macromolecules/ Polymers: Large molecules that are formed by joining similar organic molecules called monomers together.
Monomers are linked together by covalent bonds
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4. Macromolecules Macromolecules are organized into 4 major categories:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
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5. Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building material
Carbohydrates: Compounds made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
General Formula: (CH2O)n where n = number of units in a chain
Example:
Carbohydrates are arranged into 3 classes:
Monosaccharides or simple sugars
Disaccharides – Two monosaccharides
Polysaccharides – Many monosaccharides
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6. Monosaccharides & Disaccharides
1 molecule
Glucose (C6H12O6) is the most common monosaccharide
Disaccharides
Form when two monosaccharides join together
Eg. Maltose
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7. Polysaccharides Polysaccharides
Forms when many monosaccharides join together
Plants: Polysaccharides serve both as energy and structural molecules
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8. Polysaccharides - Plants
Energy Storage: Starch
Made up of many glucose molecules
Stored in Chloroplast of plant cells
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9. Polysaccharides - Plants
Structural Storage: Cellulose
Made up of many glucose molecules
Provides structural support in cell walls of plants
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10. Polysaccharides - Animals
Energy Storage: Glycogen
Made up of many glucose molecules
Similar to starch but is more branched
Stored in liver and skeletal muscles of animal cells
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11. Polysaccharides - Animals
Structural Storage: Chitin
Made up of many glucose molecules
Main component in the hard outer shells of shrimp, crab lobsters and insects such as roaches gives that “crunch”
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12. Lipids
Lipids: Molecules made mostly of carbon and hydrogen that make up the fat, oils and waxes
Composition:
Fatty Acids
Glycerol
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13. Lipids
Function:
Store energy: Triglycerides are stored in fat cells of the body
Structural: Plant leaves are covered in wax to prevent water loss
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14. Lipids
Saturated Fats: Lipids whose carbon atoms are only singly bonded to each other
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15. Lipids
Unsaturated Fats: Lipids whose carbon atoms are singly and double bonded to each other
Monounsaturated Fats: Have only one double bond
Polyunsaturated Fats: Have more than one double bond
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16. Lipids
Phospholipids: Responsible for the structure and function of the cell membrane
Lipids are hydrophobic which means they hate water
Phospholipids have a polar head (which loves water) and a hydrocarbon chain (hates water)
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17. Lipids
Steroids: Includes cholesterol and hormones which are needed for growth and overall function of the body
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18. Proteins
Protein: Large molecule made up of monomers called amino acids.
Amino Acids: Small compounds made up of nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen and sulfur
All Amino acids have the same general structure
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19. Proteins Amino Acid Structure - Carbon is bonded to: Amino Group
Carboxyl Group
Hydrogen
R (side Chain) – This groups is variable and makes each amino acid different
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20. Proteins There are 20 different amino acids
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21. Proteins Amino acids monomers form proteins by making peptide bonds
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22. Proteins 3-D Structures Primary Structure Secondary Structure
Tertiary Structure
Quaternary Structure
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23. Proteins
Primary Structure: Formed because of the number of amino acids and the order which they bond
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24. Proteins Secondary Structure: Formed because of amino acid chain.
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25. Proteins
Tertiary Structure: Combination of a helix and beta pleated sheets
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26. Proteins Quaternary Structure: Combination of a tertiary structures
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27. Example: Hemoglobin – The Protein that transports oxygen around the body

28. Proteins Protein Function Makes up 15% of your total mass
Involved in almost every function of the body
Speed up Chemical Reactions
Cell communication
Muscle
Skin
Hair
Structural support of cells
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29. Nucleic Acids
Nuclei Acids: Complex macromolecules that store and transmit genetic information and are made up of nucleotides
Nucleotides: Small molecules made up of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon, phosphorus and hydrogen atoms
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30. Nucleic Acids Nucleotides: Bases
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31. Nucleic Acids
DNA
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