1. The Cardiovascular System11
The Cardiovascular System

2. The Cardiovascular System
Heart AND Blood Vessels are the Organs with the Connective Tissue-Blood as the fluid being moved

3. I. The Heart A. Introduction Location: Chambers Base Apex Size =
Main Tissue Type:

4. Midsternal line 2nd rib Sternum Diaphragm (a)
Point of
maximal
intensity
(PMI)
(a)
Figure 11.1a

5. Aorta Left lung Diaphragm (c)
Superior
vena cava
Aorta
Parietal
pleura (cut)
Pulmonary
trunk
Left lung
Pericardium
(cut)
Apex of
heart
Diaphragm
(c)
Figure 11.1c

6. Mediastinum Heart Left lung Posterior (b)
Figure 11.1b

7. Brachiocephalic trunk Left common carotid artery
Superior vena cava
Left subclavian artery
Right pulmonary artery
Aortic arch
Ligamentum arteriosum
Ascending aorta
Left pulmonary artery
Pulmonary trunk
Left pulmonary veins
Right pulmonary
veins
Left atrium
Auricle of left atrium
Right atrium
Circumflex artery
Right coronary artery
in coronary sulcus (right
atrioventricular groove)
Left coronary artery in
coronary sulcus (left
atrioventricular groove)
Anterior cardiac vein
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Great cardiac vein
Marginal artery
Anterior interventricular
artery (in anterior
interventricular sulcus)
Small cardiac vein
Inferior vena cava
Apex
(a)
Figure 11.3a

8. B. Anatomy 1. Heart Coverings = Pericardium—a double-walled sac
Fibrous pericardium:
Serous membrane:
Visceral pericardium
= epicardium of heart
Parietal pericardium
Serous fluid:

9. 2. The Heart: Heart Wall Epicardium Tissue Myocardium Endocardium
Endothelium
Pulmonary
trunk
Fibrous pericardium
Pericardium
Pericardial cavity
Myocardium
Epicardium
(visceral layer
of serous
pericardium)
Heart
wall
Myocardium
Endocardium
Heart chamber

10. 3. Chambers 2 separate pumps Four chambers Atria Ventricles
Right Side of Heart:
Left Side of Heart:
Four chambers
Atria
Structure
Receive blood from:
Right A.
Left A.
Ventricles
Pump blood:
Right V.
Left V.

11. Left ventricle Right ventricle Muscular interventricular septum
Figure 11.5

12. 4. The Heart: Septa Interventricular septum Separates:
Interatrial septum

13. 5. The Heart’s Role in Blood Circulation
a) General Path of Blood
Into heart to __________________
Atria  _______________ of same side
Ventricle  ________________

14. The Heart’s Role in Blood Circulation
b) Two Circulations
Systemic circulation:
left side of the heart 
Pulmonary circulation:
right side of the heart 
Blood in both circulations move continuously

15. Figure 11.4 Capillary beds of lungs where gas exchange occurs
Pulmonary Circuit
Pulmonary
arteries
Pulmonary
veins
Venae
cavae
Aorta and
branches
Left
atrium
Left
ventricle
Right
atrium
Heart
Right
ventricle
Systemic Circuit
Capillary
beds of all
body tissues
where gas
exchange
occurs
KEY:
Oxygen-rich,
CO2-poor blood
Oxygen-poor,
CO2-rich blood
Figure 11.4

16. 6. The Heart: Valves Function: Two types of valves– total of 4 valves
a) Atrioventricular (AV) valves
Parts: cusps & Chordae Tendineae
Specific Valves:
Bicuspid (mitral)
Tricuspid

17. b) Semilunar valves—between ____ and ____
Pulmonary semilunar
Aortic semilunar

18. Right pulmonary artery Left atrium
Superior vena cava
Aorta
Left pulmonary artery
Right pulmonary artery
Left atrium
Right atrium
Left pulmonary veins
Right pulmonary
veins
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Left atrioventricular valve
(bicuspid valve)
Fossa ovalis
Aortic semilunar valve
Right atrioventricular
valve (tricuspid valve)
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Chordae tendineae
Interventricular septum
Inferior vena cava
Myocardium
Visceral pericardium
(b) Frontal section showing interior chambers and valves.
Figure 11.3b

19. c) When valves are open and closed:
Heart Valves …
c) When valves are open and closed:
Heart is filling with blood:
AV valves:
Semilunar valves:
Heart Pumping = Ventricles contract:
Valves operate opposite of one another

20. 7. Associated Great Vessels
Pulmonary Trunk
a) Arteries
Aorta
Blood leaves ____________
Pulmonary arteries
Blood leave _______________
Pulmonary Trunk  L and R Pulmonary A.

21. Associated Great Vessels …
b) Veins
Superior Vena Cava
Blood returns from:
and goes to:
Inferior Venae Cava
And goes to:
Pulmonary veins (four)

22. Brachiocephalic trunk Left common carotid artery
Superior vena cava
Left subclavian artery
Right pulmonary artery
Aortic arch
Ligamentum arteriosum
Ascending aorta
Left pulmonary artery
Pulmonary trunk
Left pulmonary veins
Right pulmonary
veins
Left atrium
Auricle of left atrium
Right atrium
Circumflex artery
Right coronary artery
in coronary sulcus (right
atrioventricular groove)
Left coronary artery in
coronary sulcus (left
atrioventricular groove)
Anterior cardiac vein
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Great cardiac vein
Marginal artery
Anterior interventricular
artery (in anterior
interventricular sulcus)
Small cardiac vein
Inferior vena cava
Apex
(a)
Figure 11.3a

23. C. Heart Physiology 1. Cardiac Circulation
Myocardium nourished by:
Coronary arteries:
Cardiac veins:
Coronary sinus:
From Coronary Sinus, blood empties:

24. Blood Flow Through the Heart
Superior & Inferior Vena Cava  RA
RA  tricuspid valve  RV
RV  pulmonary semilunar valve  Pulmonary Trunk
Pulmonary Trunk  Right and Left Pulmonary Arteries  Lungs
AORTA SV PA PV LA RA RV LV IV

25. Lungs  Pulmonary veins  LA
LA  Bicuspid Valve  LV
LV  Aortic Semilunar Valve  Aorta
Aorta  body cells
AORTA SV PA PV LA RA LV RV IV

26. Figure 11.4 Capillary beds of lungs where gas exchange occurs
Pulmonary Circuit
Pulmonary
arteries
Pulmonary
veins
Venae
cavae
Aorta and
branches
Left
atrium
Left
ventricle
Right
atrium
Heart
Right
ventricle
Systemic Circuit
Capillary
beds of all
body tissues
where gas
exchange
occurs
KEY:
Oxygen-rich,
CO2-poor blood
Oxygen-poor,
CO2-rich blood
Figure 11.4

27. AORTA SV PA PV LA RA LV RV IV

28. C. Heart Physiology … 2. The Heart: Conduction System
= autorhythmic cardiac cells + special conductive tissue
a) Autorhythmic cells

29. The Heart: Conduction System …
b) Special tissue
Sinoatrial node = SA node (“pacemaker)
Function
Atrioventricular node = AV node,

30. Atrioventricular bundle = AV bundle Function Bundle branches
Conduction System …
Atrioventricular bundle = AV bundle
Function
Bundle branches
Purkinje fibers

31. Superior vena cava Sinoatrial (SA) node (pacemaker) Left atrium
Atrioventricular
(AV) node
Right atrium
Atrioventricular
(AV) bundle
(bundle of His)
Bundle branches
Purkinje fibers
Purkinje fibers
Interventricular
septum
Figure 11.7

32. c) EKG & Heart Contraction Disorders
Normal EKG P
QRS T
MilliVolts
P QRS T
Time
Electrocardiogram

33. Abnormal Rhythums
Heart Block
SA node dysfunction
Fibrillation
Cardiac Arrest
Tachycardia—
Bradycardia—

34. 3. The Heart: Cardiac Cycle & Heart Sounds
Cardiac cycle = events of one complete heart beat
BASICS
Atria contract simultaneously
Atria relax, then ventricles contract
Systole = contraction
Diastole = relaxation

35. 4. The Heart: Cardiac Output
Stroke volume (SV)
= Volume of blood pumped by a ventricle in one contraction
= 70 mL

36. Heart rate (HR)
= beats per minute: 75
Cardiac output (CO)
Amount of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute
CO = 70ml x 75 beats/min
= ml/min

37. 5. The Heart: Regulation of Heart Rate
Autonomic Nervous System & Endocrine System
Increases in Heart Rate
Sympathetic NS
Hormones
Epinephrine
Thyroxine
Raise HR when:
Decreased blood volume or pressure

38. The Heart: Regulation of Heart Rate … Decrease Heart Rate
Parasympathetic Nervous System

39. II. Blood Vessels: The Vascular System
Introduction: General Functions and Anatomy:
1. General Function
Arteries
Arterioles
Veins
Venules
Capillaries

40. 2. Blood Vessel Structure
Artery
Pressure
Wall
Vein
Valves

41. Valve (open) Valve (closed) Vein
Contracted
skeletal
muscle
Valve (closed)
Vein
Direction of
blood flow
Figure 11.11

42. Blood Vessel Structure …
Cappillaries
Thickness
Cap. Bed
Exchange of substances
Precapillary Sphincters

43. B. Major Arteries of System Circulation
Aorta
Largest artery in the body
Leaves heart from __
Regions
Ascending aorta
Aortic arch

44. Major Arteries of System Circulation
Thoracic aorta: travels through thorax
Abdominal aorta: through diaphragm into abdominopelvic cavity
Arterial branches
Right and left coronary arteries

45. Brachiocephalic trunk Left common carotid artery
Superior vena cava
Left subclavian artery
Right pulmonary artery
Aortic arch
Ligamentum arteriosum
Ascending aorta
Left pulmonary artery
Pulmonary trunk
Left pulmonary veins
Right pulmonary
veins
Left atrium
Auricle of left atrium
Right atrium
Circumflex artery
Right coronary artery
in coronary sulcus (right
atrioventricular groove)
Left coronary artery in
coronary sulcus (left
atrioventricular groove)
Anterior cardiac vein
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Great cardiac vein
Marginal artery
Anterior interventricular
artery (in anterior
interventricular sulcus)
Small cardiac vein
Inferior vena cava
Apex
(a)
Figure 11.3a

46. Major Arteries of Systemic Circulation
Arterial branches …
Right and Left common carotid artery splits into
Left internal and external carotid arteries

47. Aorta Arterial Branches …
Right & Left Common Iliac arteries

48. Figure 11.13 Arteries of the head and trunk Internal carotid artery
External carotid artery
Common carotid arteries
Vertebral artery
Arteries that supply the upper limb
Subclavian artery
Subclavian artery
Brachiocephalic trunk
Aortic arch
Axillary artery
Ascending aorta
Coronary artery
Thoracic aorta
(above diaphragm)
Brachial artery
Celiac trunk
Abdominal aorta
Superior mesenteric
artery
Radial artery
Ulnar artery
Renal artery
Gonadal artery
Deep palmar arch
Superficial palmar arch
Digital arteries
Inferior mesenteric artery
Arteries that supply the lower limb
Common iliac artery
External iliac artery
Femoral artery
Popliteal artery
Internal iliac artery
Anterior tibial artery
Posterior tibial artery
Dorsalis pedis artery
Arcuate artery
Figure 11.13

49. C. Major Veins of Systemic Circulation
Superior & inferior vena cava enter the ____
Superior vena cava drains the head and arms
Inferior vena cava drains the lower body

50. Right pulmonary artery Left atrium
Superior vena cava
Aorta
Left pulmonary artery
Right pulmonary artery
Left atrium
Right atrium
Left pulmonary veins
Right pulmonary
veins
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Left atrioventricular valve
(bicuspid valve)
Fossa ovalis
Aortic semilunar valve
Right atrioventricular
valve (tricuspid valve)
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Chordae tendineae
Interventricular septum
Inferior vena cava
Myocardium
Visceral pericardium
(b) Frontal section showing interior chambers and valves.
Figure 11.3b

51. Major Veins of Systemic Circulation
Veins draining into the superior vena cava
Internal jugular veins:

52. Left and right Common Iliac Veins

53. Figure 11.14 Veins of the head and trunk Dural venous sinuses
External jugular vein
Vertebral vein
Internal jugular vein
Veins that drain the upper limb
Subclavian vein
Right and left
brachiocephalic veins
Axillary vein
Superior vena cava
Cephalic vein
Brachial vein
Great cardiac vein
Basilic vein
Hepatic veins
Splenic vein
Hepatic portal vein
Renal vein
Median cubital vein
Superior
mesenteric vein
Ulnar vein
Radial vein
Inferior
mesenteric vein
Digital veins
Veins that drain the lower limb
External iliac vein
Inferior vena cava
Femoral vein
Common iliac vein
Great saphenous vein
Popliteal vein
Internal iliac vein
Posterior tibial vein
Anterior tibial vein
Small saphenous vein
Dorsal venous arch
Dorsal metatarsal veins
Figure 11.14

54. D. Fetal Circulation Blood flow bypasses the lungs & Left Heart Why?
How:
Foramen Ovale:
Fossa Ovalis:

55. 2) Ductus arteriosus:
ligamentum arteriosum

56. Fetal Circulation Fetal Nutrition: placenta Umbilical cord:
Umbilical arteries (2)—carry carbon dioxide and wastes
Branch from:
Umbilical vein—carries nutrients and oxygen
Drain into:

57. Superior vena cava
Ductus arteriosus
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary veins
Foramen ovale
Inferior vena cava
Hepatic vein
Ductus venosus
Inferior vena cava
Hepatic portal vein
Umbilical vein
Fetal umbilicus
Aorta
Common iliac artery
Umbilical cord
External iliac artery
Internal iliac artery
Umbilical arteries
Urinary bladder
KEY:
High oxygenation
Moderate oxygenation
Low oxygenation
Very low oxygenation
Placenta
Figure 11.16

58. E. Physiology of Blood vessels 1. Pulse
Pulse= Pressure wave of blood
Monitored at “pressure points” in arteries
Wrist
Upper neck
Pulse averages 70 to 76 beats per minute at rest

59. Superficial temporal artery
Facial artery
Common carotid artery
Brachial artery
Radial artery
Femoral artery
Popliteal artery
Posterior tibial
artery
Dorsalis pedis
artery
Figure 11.19

60. 2. Blood Pressure: BP = Measured in mmHg Systolic— Diastolic—
Sphygmomanometer:

61. Blood pressure 120 systolic 70 diastolic (to be measured) Brachial
artery
(a) The course of the
brachial artery of
the arm. Assume a
blood pressure of
120/70 in a young,
healthy person.
Figure 11.21a

62. Pressure
in cuff
above 120;
no sounds
audible
120 mm Hg
Rubber cuff
inflated with
air
Brachial
artery
closed
(b) The blood pressure
cuff is wrapped
snugly around the
arm just above the
elbow and inflated
until the cuff
pressure exceeds the
systolic blood
pressure. At this
point, blood flow into
the arm is stopped,
and a brachial pulse
cannot be felt or
heard.
Figure 11.21b

63. Pressure
in cuff
below 120,
but above 70
120 mm Hg
70 mm Hg
Sounds
audible in
stethoscope
(c) The pressure in the cuff
is gradually reduced
while the examiner
listens (auscultates) for
sounds in the brachial
artery with a
stethoscope. The
pressure read as the
first soft tapping
sounds are heard (the
first point at which a
small amount of blood
is spurting through the
constricted artery) is
recorded as the systolic
pressure.
Figure 11.21c

64. Pressure
in cuff
below 70;
no sounds
audible
70 mm Hg
(d) As the pressure is
reduced still further,
the sounds become
louder and more
distinct; when the
artery is no longer
constricted and blood
flows freely, the
sounds can no longer
be heard. The
pressure at which the
sounds disappear is
recorded as the
diastolic pressure.
Figure 11.20d

65. Factors that affect BP:
Cardiac Output:
If increased, BP __________
Water content
Heart rate
Peripheral Resistance = friction blood encounters as it flows through vessels
Diameter of the blood vessels
Constricted
Dialated

66. Contral: Circulatory and Excretory Systems
Renal factors
Renin—hormonal control for blood volume

67. Blood Pressure: Effects of Factors
Age
Weight
Exercise
Body position
Emotional state
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic NS
Temperature
Heat: vasodilate
Cold: vasoconstrict

68. Abnormal Blood Pressures
Hypotension
Low systolic: below 110 mm Hg
Hypertension
High systolic: above 140 mm Hg

69. F. Diseases of the Cardiovascular System
Atherosclerosis STUDENTS DO

70. END