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Defamation Philippines
A notable characteristic of these crimes under Philippine law is the specification that they apply to imputations both real and imaginary.

Defamation Philippines
As of 30 September 2012, five petitions claiming the law to be unconstitutional had been filed with the Philippine Supreme Court, one by Senator Teofisto Guingona III

4G Phillippines As part of its massive network upgrade, Globe has launched its 4th Generation Long-Term Evolution (4G LTE) network for mobile and broadband. To date, Globe has completed over 2,700 4G LTE network sites, with the number expected to rise to over 4000 by the end of 2012.

4G Phillippines In September, Globe launched its 4G LTE network covering key commercial as well as residential areas in Makati, with more sites following shortly in Manila, Cebu, Davao, and other select regions. As more key activations are completed in the coming months, Globe subscribers will soon enjoy best-in-class mobile and broadband services across the Philippines.

4G Phillippines SMART Communications was the first to roll out the fastest 4G LTE in the country (Philippines). Over 900 sites served nationwide with partner establishments.

Budget - Philippines The GAB will go through budget deliberations and voting; the same process occurs when the GAB is transmitted to the Philippine Senate.

Budget - Philippines After both houses of Congress approves the GAB, the President signs the bill into a General Appropriations Act (GAA); also, the President may opt to veto the GAB and have it returned to the legislative branch or leave the bill unsigned for 30 days and lapse into law. There are two types of budget bill veto: the line-item veto and the veto of the whole budget.

Cult of personality - Philippines
In the Philippines, many local politicians engage in some sort of cult of personality

Light Rail Transit Authority tickets also bore Former President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo's image until June 2010, when it was replaced with a new ticket.

The popularity of Ferdinand Marcos and his wife Imelda Marcos are sometimes described as "cults of personality".

Broadcast engineering - Philippines
Society of Broadcast Engineers and Technicians of the Philippines, Inc. (SBETP), Quezon City, Philippines

IPv6 deployment - Philippines
The government is in process of upgrading its facilities. Globe Telecom has already set in motion the transition of its core IP network to IPv6, noting that it is now fully prepared even as the Internet runs out of IPv4 addresses. Globe claims it is the first local telecommunication company to test IPv6 with Department of Science and Technology (Philippines). In some cases, like test networks or users, IPv6 or both maybe present.

Employment - Philippines
In the Philippines, private employment is regulated under the Labor Code of the Philippines by the Department of Labor and Employment.

Digital Video Broadcasting - Philippines
In the Philippines, DVB-S and DVB-S2 are the two broadcast standards currently used by satellite companies, while DVB-C is also used by some cable companies. The government adopted DVB-T on November 2006 for digital terrestrial broadcasting but a year later, they will consider other standards to replace DVB-T. The country has chosen the ISDB-T system instead of DVB-T.

Types of business entity - Philippines
Co. (Company): can be used for general partnerships

Cía (Compañía): for partnerships and other forms of business during the Spanish rule

SA (Sociedad Anónima): formed under Spanish rule

Television advertisement - The Philippines
In the Philippines, advertising is self-regulated by individual broadcasters. The Association of Broadcasters of the Philippines, a self-regulatory organization representing most television and radio broadcasters in the country, limit advertising to 18 minutes per hour, a move taken to help "promote public interest."

Since television was introduced to the Philippines in 1953, they used imported TV Ads until 1960, the same way with how they used in billboard advertisements during the American period. In the 1960, P&G paved their way to start the first local TV Ad.

In 1966, when the Philippine TV turned from Black-and-white to Color, Colgate-Palmolive was the first to advertise in color.

Television advertising (production cost) before in the Philippines was not so expensive. The materials needed for the TV Ad to be broadcast (just like in some countries) are: Film degradation, the styles of the music score (arrangement), film angles, B&W or colored, hair styles, the manner the advertisement was presented and the scriptwriting.

In 1994, cigarette advertisements on TV had a warning at the end of the advertisement. It says, "Government Warning: Cigarette Smoking Is Dangerous To Your Health". In 2007, cigarette TV ads, including radio and print ads/sponsorships, were banned from the Philippine government meetings.

History of broadcasting - Philippines
Both KZRH and KZFM also affiliated with American networks; the stations wanted to have access to certain popular American programs, and the American networks wanted to sell products in the Philippines.

Home Shopping Network - Philippines
Home Shopping Network is currently aired in the Philippines via Shop TV, a shopping channel owned by Solar Entertainment Corporation. It is also aired as a paid advertising block on IBC and most of the channels owned by Solar Entertainment Corporation including Diva Universal Philippines which is a joint venture with NBCuniversal.

Public broadcasting - Philippines
The government no longer holds a controlling interest in the former state broadcaster, Radio Philippines Network (RPN).

Public broadcasting - Philippines
The Philippine Broadcasting Service (PBS) is the country's sole state radio broadcaster. It was established in 1933 as KZFM by the American colonial Insular Government, and control of the radio station was passed to the Philippine Government after the country became independent in 1946.

Nicomachean Ethics - Defining Happiness and the aim of the Ethics
The main stream of discussion starts in Chapter 1, from an assertion that all making, investigating (every methodos, like the Ethics itself), all deliberate actions and choice, all aim at some good. Aristotle points to the fact that many aims are really only intermediate aims, and are desired only because they make the achievement of higher aims possible.

In chapter 2, Aristotle asserts that there is one highest aim, happiness, and it must be the same as politics should have, because what is best for an individual is less beautiful (kalos) and divine (theios) than what is good for a people (ethnos) or city (polis)

Chapter 3 goes on to elaborate on exactness in its relation to the sought conclusions of actions

Chapter 4 states that while most would agree to call the highest aim of humanity happiness (eudaimonia), and also to equate this with both living well and doing things well, there is dispute between people, and between the majority (hoi polloi) and "the wise". Chapter 5 distinguishes three distinct ways of life which different people associate with happiness.

The slavish way of pleasure, which is the way the majority of people think of happiness.

The refined and active way of politics, which aims at honor, honor itself implying the incompleteness of this way also, and the higher divinity of those who are wise and know and judge, and potentially honor, political people.

Aristotle also mentions two other possibilities that he argues can be put aside:

Having virtue but being inactive, even suffering evils and misfortunes, which Aristotle says no one would consider unless they were defending a hypothesis. (As Sachs points out, this is indeed what Plato depicts Socrates doing in his Gorgias.)

Money making, which Aristotle asserts to be a life based on aiming at what is pursued by necessity in order to achieve higher goals, an intermediate good.

Each of these three commonly proposed happy ways of life represents a target that people aim at for its own sake, just like they aim at happiness itself for its own sake. Concerning honor, pleasure, and intelligence (nous) and also every virtue, though they lead to happiness, even if they did not we would still pursue them.

Not only will happiness involve reason, but it will also be an active being at work (energeia), not just potential happiness, and it will be over a lifetime, because "one swallow does not make a spring"

the Good of man is the active exercise of his soul's faculties in conformity with excellence or virtue, or if there be several human excellences or virtues, in conformity with the best and most perfect among them. Moreover, to be happy takes a complete lifetime; for one swallow does not make spring

And because happiness is being described as a work or function of humans, we can say that just as we contrast harpists with serious harpists, the person who lives well and beautifully in this actively rational and virtuous way will be a "serious" (spoudaios) human.

Aristotle says that virtue, practical judgment and wisdom, and also pleasure, all associated with happiness, and indeed an association with external abundance, are all consistent with this definition.

If happiness is virtue, or a certain virtue, then it must not just be a condition of being virtuous, potentially, but an actual way of virtuously "being at work" as a human

Nicomachean Ethics - From defining happiness to discussion of virtue: introduction to the rest of the Ethics Aristotle asserts that we can usefully accept some things which are said about the soul (clearly a cross reference to Plato again), including the division of the soul into rational and irrational parts, and the further division of the irrational parts into two parts also:

Nicomachean Ethics - From defining happiness to discussion of virtue: introduction to the rest of the Ethics One irrational part of the human soul is "not human" but "vegetative" and at most work during sleep, when virtue is least obvious.

Nicomachean Ethics - From defining happiness to discussion of virtue: introduction to the rest of the Ethics A second irrational part of the human soul is however able to share in reason in some way. We see this because we know there is something "desiring and generally appetitive" in the soul which can on different occasions in different people either oppose reason, or obey it—thus being rational just as we would be rational when we listen to a father being rational.

Nicomachean Ethics - From defining happiness to discussion of virtue: introduction to the rest of the Ethics The virtues then will be similarly divided, into intellectual (dianoetic) virtues, and the virtues of character (ethical or moral virtues) pertaining to the irrational part of the soul which can take part in reason.

Nicomachean Ethics - From defining happiness to discussion of virtue: introduction to the rest of the Ethics These virtues of character, or "moral virtues" as they are often translated, become the central topic in Book II. The intellectual aspect of virtue will be discussed in Book VI.

Nicomachean Ethics - Book X. Chapters 6-8: Happiness
This raises the question of why play and bodily pleasures cannot be happiness, because for example tyrants sometimes choose such lifestyles

Nicomachean Ethics - Book X. Chapters 6-8: Happiness
The intellect is indeed each person's true self, and this type of happiness would be the happiness most suited to humans, with both happiness (eudaimonia) and the intellect (nous) being things other animals do not have

Goal - Personal Goal Achievement and Happiness
Research has shown that a focus on goal efficacy is associated with well being factor happiness (subjective well-being) and goal integrity is associated with the well-being factor meaning (psychology)

Extraversion and introversion - Extraversion, introversion, and happiness
Using the same happiness and extraversion scales, Hills and Argyle (2001) found that happiness was again significantly correlated with extraversion

Split-flap display - Philippines
Ninoy Aquino International Airport (Manila International Airport). Terminal's biggest timetable. In Terminal 1 Departures level. Over check-in desks and lobby.

Cable television - Philippines
In 2009, SkyCable became the first cable TV service provider in the Philippines to broadcast the UAAP Games in HDTV via the new SkyHD Cable TV service.

Bernard Stiegler - Épineuil-le-Fleuriel
On 18 September 2010, Stiegler opened his own philosophy school in the small French town of Épineuil-le-Fleuriel, in the department of Cher

Positive psychology - Changes in happiness levels
Humans exhibit a variety of abilities. This includes an ability of emotional Hedonic Adaptation, an idea suggesting that beauty, fame and money do not generally have lasting effects on happiness (this effect has also been called the Hedonic treadmill). In this vein, some research has suggested that only recent events, meaning those that occurred within the last 3 months, affect happiness levels.

The tendency to adapt, and therefore return to an earlier level of happiness, is illustrated by studies showing lottery winners are no happier in the years after they've won

Distracting life changes such as the death of a spouse or losing one's job can show measurable changes in happiness levels for several years

Positive psychology - Happiness Set Point
Lykken found that we can influence our level of well-being by creating environments more conductive to feelings of happiness and by working with our genetic makeup

Fujita and Diener found that 24% of people changed significantly between the first five years of the study and the last five years. Almost one in four people showed changes in their well-being over the years; indeed sometimes those changes were quite dramatic. Bruce Headey found that 5-6% of people dramatically increased their life satisfaction over a 15 to 20 year period and that the goals people pursued had a major impact on their life satisfaction.

Two different goals on the continuum are known as nonzero-sum goals and zero-sum goals. Nonzero sum goals are associated with greater life satisfaction consisted of commitments to family and friends, social or political involvement, and altruism. This term implies that the person involved and others can both benefit. Zero-sum goals are associated with a person who gains advantage at the expense of others, did not promote life satisfaction.

In her book The How of Happiness, Sonja Lyubomirsky similarly argued people's happiness varies around a genetic set point. Diener warns, however, that it is nonsensical to claim that "happiness is influenced 30–50% by genetics". Diener explains that the recipe for happiness for an individual always requires genetics, environment, and behaviour too, so it is nonsensical to claim that an individual's happiness is due to only one ingredient.

In other words still, Diener says it makes no sense to say one person's happiness is "due 50% to genetics", but it does make sense to say one person's difference in happiness is 50% due to differences in their genetics (and the rest is due to behaviour and environment).

Other research based habits and techniques for increasing happiness are discussed on this page.

Besides the development of new habits, the use of antidepressants, effective exercise, and a healthier diet have proven to strongly impact mood. In fact, exercise is sometimes called the "miracle" or "wonder" drug - alluding to the wide variety of proven benefits it provides.

Positive psychology - Application: How to Increase Happiness
A practical application of positive psychology is to assist individuals and organizations in identifying strengths so as to increase and sustain well-being. Therapists, counselors, coaches, various psychological professionals, HR departments, business strategists, and others, are using new methods and techniques to broaden and build upon the strengths of a wide population of individuals. This includes those not suffering from mental illness or disorder.

Positive psychology - Application: How to Increase Happiness
Researcher Dianne Hales described an emotionally healthy person as someone who exhibits: flexibility and adaptability to different circumstances, a sense of meaning and affirmation in life, an "understanding that the self is not the center of the universe", compassion and the ability to be unselfish, an increased depth and satisfaction in intimate relationships, and a sense of control over the mind and body.

Positive psychology - Happiness Measurement
Some policy analysts, citing positive psychology, propose replacing the Gross domestic product with Gross national happiness as the predominant measure of a nation's success.

Positive psychology - Happiness Measurement
In the 1970s, pioneering "happiness researcher" Michael W. Fordyce statistically related personal attributes to subjective well-being. His results, published in Social Indicators Research, rank in the journal's top 2.4% most-cited articles.

Radio network - Philippines
Quest Broadcasting Inc.

Rajah Broadcasting Network - RJ 100 and RJ Underground Radio 105.9

Southern Broadcasting Network

Vanguard Radio Network

Chevrolet - Philippines
Chevrolet's Philippine operations are under the control of The Covenant Car Company Inc

Bachelor's degree - Philippines
In the Philippines, where the term "course" is commonly used to refer to a bachelor's degree major, course of study or program, several undergraduate categories exist — the two most common degrees awarded being Bachelor of Science (BS) and Bachelor of Arts (AB or BA)

Dog meat - Philippines Nevertheless, as is reported from time to time in Philippine newspapers, the eating of dog meat is not uncommon in the Philippines.

Dog meat - Philippines The Province of Benguet specifically allows cultural use of dog meat by indigenous people and acknowledges this might lead to limited commercial use.

Horse meat - Philippines
In the Philippines, horse meat is commonly sold in wet local markets. Horse meat is a famous delicacy. The method of preparation is very common which includes marinating the meat with kalamansi (or lemons), toyo (soy sauce), and patis (fish sauce). It is then fried and served, it is usually dipped into vinegar to give the meat a sour taste. It is known throughout the country as "Lukba", "Tapang Kabayo", or just simply "Kabayo".

Doctor of Medicine - Philippines
The Dominicans, under the Spanish Government, established the oldest Medical School in the Philippines in 1871, known as the Faculty of Medicine and Surgery (at that time was one with the University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Pharmacy, also considered the oldest school of Pharmacy in the Philippines) of the Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas in Intramuros, Manila.

Medical education in the Philippines became widespread under the American administration. The Americans, led by the insular government's Secretary of the Interior, Dean Worcester, built the University of the Philippines - College of Medicine and Surgery in By 1909, nursing instruction was also begun at the Philippine Normal School.

Rizal School of Medicine in Cagayan De Oro and University of Northern Philippines (Vigan City).

It is the only medical school in the Philippines offering a 5-year program integrating degrees of Doctor of Medicine and Master of Public Health.

On 2007, the Ateneo School of Medicine and Public Health was established. It is the first medical school in the country to offer a double degree program leading to the degrees Doctor of Medicine and Masters in Business Administration.

Any college graduate may apply for medical school given that they satisfy the requirements set by the institutions. There is also a test known as the National Medical Admission Test or NMAT. Scores are given on a percentile basis and a high ranking is a must to enter the top medical schools in the country.

In most institutions, medical education lasts for four years

Interventional radiology - Spine
Vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty, the percutaneous injection of biocompatible cement into fractured vertebrae, are two available treatments for vertebral fractures.

Corned beef - Philippines
Nowadays, corned beef in the form of cornsilog is served (particularly during breakfast hours) even in fast food chains and other restaurants across the Philippines such as in Jollibee, Chowking and McDonald's.

Ophthalmology - Philippines
The leading professional organization in the country is the Philippine Academy of Ophthalmology which also regulates ophthalmology residency programs and board certification through its accrediting agency, the Philippine Board of Ophthalmology.

Offal - Philippines Isaw is another treat enjoyed mostly in the Philippines which is a kebab made with pig's large intestine pieces barbecued and dipped in vinegar before eating

Jurassienne: Mature or mild Comté.
Fondue - French alpine Jurassienne: Mature or mild Comté.

Fondue - Italian alpine
Fonduta alla valdostana or Fondue à la valdôtaine: Fontina, milk, eggs and truffles, typical of the Aosta Valley;

Fondue - Italian alpine
Fonduta piemontese in Piedmont.

Telecommunications in the Philippines
Telecommunications in the Philippines is well-developed due to the presence of modern infrastructure facilities. The industry was deregulated in 1995, leading to the creation of many telecommunication service providers for mobile, fixed-line, internet and other services.

Telecommunications in the Philippines - Telephones
;Telephones - main lines in use:

Telecommunications in the Philippines - Telephones
:* 9 international gateways; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 2 Pacific Ocean); submarine cables to Hong Kong, Guam, Singapore, Taiwan, and Japan

Telecommunications in the Philippines - Internet
;Country codes|Country code (Top level domain):

Telecommunications in the Philippines - Republic acts affecting telecommunications
* August 10, 1963: '3846', An act providing for the regulation of radio stations and radio communications in the Philippine Islands, and for other purposes.

* December 21, 1989: '6849', An act providing for the installation, operation and maintenance of public telephones in each and every municipality in the Philippines, appropriating funds therefor and for other purposes.

* March 1, 1995: '7925', An act to promote and govern the development of Philippine telecommunications and the delivery of public telecommunications services.

Telecommunications in the Philippines - SMS
SMS services are very common in the Philippines, from news briefs to multimedia services. Communication through Short message service|SMS was an important part of the 2001 overthrow of the Joseph Estrada|Estrada government.

Telecommunications in the Philippines - Calling to the Philippines
A lot of Filipinos work outside of their country and they keep contact with their families back home using calling cards to the Philippines because those are cheaper than direct calling. Some people use or Instant messaging, but the preferred method is still the phone.

Telecommunications in the Philippines - Telecommunications regulatory environment in the Philippines
The most recent survey was conducted in July 2008 in eight Asian countries, including Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Pakistan, Thailand, and the Philippines

Television network - Philippines
Hence VHF networks are sometimes informally referred to by the channel number they are seen on terrestrial TV in the Mega Manila area (e.g., Channel 2 or Dos for ABS-CBN, Channel 5 or Singko for TV5 (Philippines)|TV5, and Channel 7 or Siyete for GMA Network) while some networks have the channel numbers in their name (e.g., Associated Broadcasting Company|TV5, Studio 23 and Net 25 which are seen on channels 23 and 25 respectively).

Television network - Philippines
Unlike the US where networks get programmes from various production houses, the two largest networks in the Philippines produce all their prime time programmes except for Asianovelas. Other networks adopt block-time programming whose programming arrangements are similar to the relationship between a U.S. network and station.

Xbox 360 launch - Philippines
Microsoft Philippines announced on May 8, 2006, that it will officially launch the Xbox 360 in the country. Although no details about pricing, launch games and Xbox Live were mentioned, Microsoft Philippines general manager Antonio TJ Javier stressed that his company intends to market Xbox 360 products and services to Filipinos.

This is the best-selling hardware from the world's biggest software company. How can anyone not want to bring this in?, Javier stated dispelling speculation that Microsoft Philippines intentionally did not want to conduct a domestic Xbox 360 launch.

The company sells the Asian edition Xbox 360 in the country. Still many people could only wonder how Microsoft Philippines will market the console and games considering the fact that most game retailers and specialty stores around the country are already selling products with competitive prices.

An estimated 2,000,000 units of Xbox 360 were already sold in the Philippines since December The figure includes consoles imported from the United States, Japan and Singapore.

Local distributor Banbros is currently the authorized distributor of the Xbox 360 in the Philippines, although other popular shops, like Toy Kingdom, as well as smaller store chains, are also selling units

Call center industry in the Philippines
'Call Centers' began in the Philippines as plain providers of response and managing services, these have industrial capabilities for almost all types of customer relations, ranging from travel services, technical support, education, customer care, financial services, and online business-to-customer support, online business-to-business support. The Call Center industry is one of the fastest growing industries in the country.

Call center industry in the Philippines
The Philippines is also considered as location of choice due to its less expensive operational and labor costs, as well as having a highly skilled workforce, proficiency in American English|American-style English and idioms, and a constant stream of college-educated graduates entering the workforce. The Philippines remains as a top BPO destination for the estimated $150-billion business process outsourcing industry.

Call center industry in the Philippines - Types of support
The calls managed by a number of Philippine Call Centers can be categorized into one of two types: outbound calls and inbound calls. Outbound calls include advisories, sales verification, customer services, surveys, collections and telemarketing. Inbound Calls include account inquiries, technical support, sales and various customer services.

Call center industry in the Philippines - Recruitment and training process
The recruitment process for new Call Center agents may include (but is not limited to) the following:

*Phone Screening – this stage determines the voice quality over the phone and how the applicant responds to the call;

*Initial Interview – conducted by the company human resource department or another outsource staffing firm to test the speaking skills, attitude and confidence of the applicant in responding to questions;

*Examination – this includes aptitude tests, computer-based call simulations and emotional quotient (EQ) tests; and

*Final Interview – to assess customer service, technical, or sales skills.

There are various ways in which one may initiate a career in Call Centers. The most common of which is to apply directly to a Call Center's recruitment office. This process is commonly coined as a walk-in application. Another procedure includes an employee referral, where an applicant is referred by an existing employee of a Call Center. A person may also apply through an employment agency, which will conduct its own screening procedures, before endorsing an applicant to any Call Center.

An emerging manner to apply for a career in a Call Center is through online application, as it provides applicants with an easier way of acquiring more information on the Call Center or business, an easier application and resume submission and allows Filipinos in more far or remote areas to apply.

Call center industry in the Philippines - Number of centers
According to the Call Center Directory of the Philippine Economic Zone Authority (PEZA), the Philippines now has more than 1000 call centers over 20 key locations:

*Laguna (province)|Laguna - 12

*San Juan, Metro Manila - 13

Call center industry in the Philippines - Outsourcing
Call Center managers require new hires to be extremely fluent in English and (for technical accounts) possess above-par Information technology|IT skills. Although some people would on the basis of experience with Call Centers dispute these requirements.

The global recession in 2008 resulted in the loss of jobs for many Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs). This prompted the Philippine government to assist OFWs transition to Call Center agents. The government program, funded by the Overseas Workers Welfare Administration (OWWA), is part of the government's vocational scholarship program of OWWA and reintegration for OFWs returning to the country.

This low cost industry has come under threat due to steadily-appreciating local currency. Philippines is now 30 per cent more expensive than India due to a 30-per cent difference in peso and Indian rupee exchange rates with the USD|US dollar.

Business process outsourcing in the Philippines
'Business process outsourcing' or 'BPO' is a growing industry in the Philippines. In 2011 the Philippines was the country with the highest number of employees at Call Centers, with about 400,000.

Business process outsourcing in the Philippines - Overview
The business process outsourcing industry in the Philippines has grown 46% annually since In its top 100 ranking of global outsourcing destinations, Tholons, a US-based strategic advisory firm for global outsourcing and investments, has ranked the Philippine capital Manila number 3, lifting it 1 notch to knock off India’s New Delhi from number 3 spot in 2012 to number 4 in The top spots remained unchanged, ranking Bangalore 1 and Mumbai 2.

This boom is led by demand for lower labor costs, a highly skilled and educated work force, and high proficiency in spoken English language|English. Industry estimates from the Board of Investments, Business Process Association of the Philippines (BPA/P) and BPO Services Association (BSA/U) put the number of people employed by the BPO sector by end of 2008 at 435,000 (vs 372,000 in 2007)- excluding the non-BOI/ non-PEZA entities.

The IPP was prepared by the Board of Investments (BOI), as the lead agency in promoting investments, focused on the sectors identified in the Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan (MTPDP) (PBOI 2006).

The majority of the BPO facilities are located in first-tier cities in Metro Manila and Metro Cebu. Second- and third-tier sites are located in regional economic zones such as Bacolod City, Baguio City, Cagayan de Oro, Clark Special Economic Zone|Clark (Angeles City), Dagupan City, Davao City, Tacloban City, Dumaguete City, Lipa City, Iloilo City, Legazpi City, Iligan City, Olongapo City and Urdaneta City.

The low cost BPO industry has come under threat due to steadily-appreciating local currency. Philippines is now 30 per cent more expensive than India due to a 30-per cent difference in Philippine peso|peso and Indian rupee exchange rates with the USD|US dollar.

Business process outsourcing in the Philippines - Call Center Industry in the Philippines
In the Philippines, Call Centers began as providers of business response and managing services. The Call Center sector comprises 80% of the total BPO industry in the country. With 80% of the call services provided for the US market.

Business process outsourcing in the Philippines - Call Center Industry in the Philippines
Growth of the Call Center industry in the Philippines can be written up to the lower operational and labor costs relative to the US, the high proficiency in spoken American English|American-style English and idioms (the Philippines was a former US colony and English is the language of instruction in schools), a constant stream of college-educated applicants, and a highly skilled and an overall motivated workforce among a host of other tangible outsourcing benefits

Business process outsourcing in the Philippines - Legal and medical transcription
These companies do mostly medical reports, discharge summaries, operative reports, therapy/rehabilitation notes, chart notes, and hospital and clinic reports using software and equipment for the U.S.

Business process outsourcing in the Philippines - Finance, logistics and accounting
The Philippines is becoming a regional and global hub for shared services center corporate backroom operations, especially for financial services such as accounting and bookkeeping, account maintenance, accounts receivable collection, accounts payable administration, payroll processing, asset management, financial analysis and auditing, management consulting, inventory control and purchasing, expense and revenue reporting, financial reporting, tax reporting, and other finance-related services such as financial leasing, Creditcard administration, factoring and stock brokering; as well as for logistics management, and cargo shipment management.

Business process outsourcing in the Philippines - Software Development and Animation
Fueling the recent growth spurt in the outsourcing industry in the Philippines are more higher-end outsourcing services such as Web design, software development, and animation (Shameen 2006).

Filipino cartoon and animation|Filipino animators do well in the global market for animation, which is growing due to the increasing popularity of animation as an entertainment medium not just for free and cable TV and the movies but also for computer games, as well as an advertising medium, a graphics medium for Internet content, and an information and educational tool.

Major studios like Disney, Marvel, Warner Brothers and Hanna Barbera have offices in the Philippines (CNN 1995). Some of the latest works of Filipino animators include scenes in Pixar's Finding Nemo, Paramount Picture's Barnyard and Twentieth Century-Fox's Anastasia (ABS-CBN Interactive 2004).

Text messaging - Philippines
In 1998, Philippine mobile-service providers launched SMS as part of their services, with initial television marketing campaigns targeting hearing-impaired users

Because of the highly social nature of Philippine culture and the affordability of SMS compared to voice calls, SMS usage shot up, and texting quickly became a popular tool for Filipinos to keep in touch with their friends and loved ones

According to 2009 stats, there are about 72 million mobile-service subscriptions (roughly 80% of the Filipino population), with around 1.39 billion SMS messages being sent in the Philippines daily.. Business Wire (23 August 2010). Retrieved on Wayodd.com. Retrieved on Because of the large amount of text messages being sent by Filipinos, the Philippines became known as the text capital of the world during the late 1990s until the early 2000s.

Pinewood Studios 'Pinewood Studios' is a major British film studio and television studio situated in Iver|Iver Heath, Buckinghamshire, approximately west of central London.

Pinewood Studios The studios have played host to many productions over the years from huge blockbuster films to television shows, commercials and pop promos and is well known as the home of the Carry On (film series)|Carry On, Superman in film|Superman, and James Bond in film|James Bond film series.

Pinewood Studios - History
Pinewood Studios was built on the estate of Heatherden Hall, which was a large, attractive Victorian house with spectacular grounds

Pinewood Studios - History
On Morden's death in 1934, building tycoon Charles Boot bought the land and turned it into a country club. The ballroom was converted into a restaurant and many of the bedrooms became furnished suites.

Pinewood Studios s In the years that followed he also undertook further work on both the Pinewood Film Studios and the Denham Film Studios, both of which had by then become a part of their newly formed Rank Organisation.

Pinewood Studios s The first film to be made entirely at Pinewood was Talk of the Devil, directed by Carol Reed.

Pinewood Studios s There followed a prolific part of Pinewood and British film history, with Pinewood soon leading the way in film industry innovation through the unit system. This enabled several pictures to be filmed simultaneously, and ultimately Pinewood achieved the highest output of any studio in the world.

Pinewood Studios - The 1940s
As well as the armed forces using Pinewood, Royal Mint|The Royal Mint and Lloyds of London were installed onto sound stages and opened for business for the duration.

The Company of Youth, the Rank Organisation acting school (often referred to as The Charm School) which launched several film careers, was founded in The next year, Pinewood re-opened for (non-war-related) business.

Two landmarks in British film-making made at Pinewood were released in 1948: Oliver Twist (1948 film)|Oliver Twist, directed by David Lean, and Powell and Pressburger's The Red Shoes (1948 film)|The Red Shoes

In 1948, John Davis (British businessman)|John Davis was appointed managing director.John Clement [ Obituary: Sir John Davis], The Independent, 1 July 1993 By the following year, Rank Organisation|Rank had ran up an overdraft of £16 millionPatricia Warren British Fiklm Studios: An Illusrtrated History, London: B

Pinewood Studios s During the 1950s, Pinewood gave birth to the huge financial successes of the Carry On (film series)|Carry On... and Doctor (film series)|Doctor film series, produced on behalf of Rank by Peter Rogers and his wife Betty E. Box, and directed by the brothers Gerald Thomas and Ralph Thomas respectively. Doctor in the House was the most popular box office film of 1954 in Great Britain. The Norman Wisdom comedies were also filmed at Pinewood.

Pinewood Studios s The Sixties were buoyant years for Pinewood, which was no longer solely dependent on the Rank Organisation to fill its stages, now Renters (producers hiring the sound stages for a film-by-film agreement) were using half of the stages.

Pinewood Studios s 1962 saw the dawn of Pinewood's most famous enterprise, the James Bond in film|James Bond franchise, that began with the Terence Young (director)|Terence Young directed Dr. No (film)|Dr. No.

Pinewood Studios s That same year J. Arthur Rank (by now J. Arthur Rank|Lord Rank) retired as Chairman and was succeeded by John Davis, who had moved the Rank Organisation away from film production and towards more profitable areas like bingo and holidays.

Pinewood Studios s The Seventies were an uncertain period for Pinewood and the film industry in general, with the studios being used more for television programmes, including Gerry Anderson’s UFO (TV series)|UFO and The Persuaders! starring Tony Curtis and Roger Moore. Throughout the lean years of the 1970′s the Superman in film|Superman franchise almost certainly saved the studios from financial crisis.

Pinewood Studios s Four James Bond in film|James Bond movies, For Your Eyes Only (film)|For Your Eyes Only; Octopussy; A View to a Kill and The Living Daylights amongst several other very large productions, such as Tim Burton's Batman (1989 film)|Batman, kept the studio busy during the decade.

Pinewood Studios s Due in large part to unfavourable UK tax laws for inward investment in the UK film industry, the 1990′s were precarious and witnessed an all-time low in British film production generally, but many large-scale productions such as Alien 3, Tim Burton’s Batman Returns and three further James Bond in film|Bond films (GoldenEye, Tomorrow Never Dies and The World Is Not Enough) kept Pinewood operating.

Pinewood Studios s The purchase of Shepperton Studios from a consortium headed by Ridley Scott|Ridley and Tony Scott gave rise to The Pinewood Studios Group with both UK and international interests including Shepperton Studios, Teddington Studios, Pinewood Toronto Studios, Pinewood Indomina Studios, Pinewood Studio Berlin and Pinewood Iskandar Malaysia Studios, combining three studios as well as new and modern state-of-the-art purpose built facilities.

Pinewood Studios s In 2009, Pinewood and Shepperton received a BAFTA Award for their Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema.

Pinewood Studios s The Pinewood Studios Group was subject to a hostile takeover approach in Manchester-based The Peel Group acquired a 73% stake, but Warren James Jewellers retained a 27% stake so preventing a full takeover. As of 2012, Pinewood's management is waiting to see if the Financial Services Authority will cancel the listing in recognition of the fact that nearly all the shares are held by two groups.

Pinewood Studios - Stages, studios and locations
The iconic 007 Stage was originally built for the Bond film The Spy Who Loved Me (film)|The Spy Who Loved Me (1977) and featured a massive water tank, one of the largest in Europe

As well as the world famous 007 Stage, which is the largest stage at any of the studios under The Pinewood Studios Group at 59,000 sq ft, the studio has fifteen other stages ranging from just 1,728 sq ft, to cater for productions of all sizes. One of those studios, the T Stage, is a specialist stage for both television and film productions and the Studios second largest stage at 30,000 sq ft.

The studio also has two specialist TV studios, named TV One and TV Two, complete with integral galleries, TV studio floors, TV lighting grids and SD or HD facilities. Both studios stand at just under 9,000 sq ft.

As stated earlier, Pinewood is situated on the old estate of Heatherden Hall which still stands today

The studios have acres of backlots where huge sets have been built, from castles to whole villages including Godric's Hollow from the Harry Potter (film series)|Harry Potter film series.

Pinewood Studios - Burnham Beeches and Black Park
The proximity of the ancient woodland Burnham Beeches and Black Park to Pinewood (as well as to Shepperton Studios|Shepperton and Bray Studios (UK)|Bray studios) and the outstanding natural beauty of the forest have made Burnham Beeches a desirable filming location for productions being filmed at Pinewood

Pinewood Studios - Pinewood Atlanta
The studio announced on April 29, 2013 that its first film production facility in the United States would be located south of Atlanta, Georgia.Cassidy, Christina A. (2013, April 29). James Bond studio to open 1st facility in Ga. [ The Atlanta Journal-Constitution.]

The complex will include production offices and at least five soundstages. It will be located on 288 acres in Fayette County, Georgia.

Pinewood Atlanta is a joint venture between the studio and River's Rock LLC, an independently managed trust of the S. Truett Cathy|Cathy family, founders of the Chick-fil-A fast-food chain. The first Production sets|production set will begin in January 2014.

Pinewood Studios - Water filming
Pinewood has extensive water filming facilities including the globally unique Underwater Stage and a huge Exterior Tank backed with a massive green screen measuring 240ft x 60ft.

Pinewood Studios - Post production
Pinewood and Shepperton's FACT (Federation Against Copyright Theft) accredited post-production departments are very successful with BAFTA and Academy Award|Oscar-winning teams.

Pinewood Studios - Project Pinewood
In November 2007, Pinewood announced a £200m expansion plan, known as Project Pinewood

Following consultations with the local community the plans changed to reflect the community's opinions and suggestions. However, the planning application was still rejected by South Bucks District Council in October 2009, following a prolonged opposition campaign by local residents, who formed a Stop Project Pinewood group.

Pinewood appealed against the decision and a public inquiry commenced on 5 April 2011 and on 20 January 2012, it was announced that the appeal had been turned down. On 15 May 2013, local councilors in South Buckinghamshire rejected a pared down version of the expansion plans. In a statement, the Chief Executive of the studios, Ivan Dunleavy, said he expected to appeal against the latest decision to the Secretary of State, Eric Pickles, who rejected the previous application, a year earlier.

Pinewood Studios - Production history
Since its beginning, Pinewood Studios has been the location for many well-known films, with the long-running James Bond (film series)|James Bond and Carry On (film series)|Carry On British film series making Pinewood their home.

Pinewood Studios - Production history
Some of the most notable Pinewood productions (by release date) include:

Pinewood Studios - 1930sndash;1950s
*The Blue Lagoon (1949 film)|The Blue Lagoon (1949)

*The League of Gentlemen (film)|The League of Gentlemen (1960)

*From Russia with Love (film)|From Russia with Love (1963)

*Dracula Has Risen from the Grave (1968)

*The Persuaders!|The Persuaders (television)( )

*The Man with the Golden Gun (film)|The Man with the Golden Gun (1974)

*The Man Who Would Be King (film)|The Man Who Would Be King (1975)

*Curse of the Pink Panther (1983)

*Santa Claus: The Movie (1985)

*The Bourne Ultimatum (film)|The Bourne Ultimatum (2007)

*You Will Meet a Tall Dark Stranger (2010)

*Snow White the Huntsman (2012)

*The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey (2012)

*The Hobbit (film series)|The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug (2013)

*Guardians of the Galaxy (film)|Guardians of the Galaxy (2014)

*Star Wars: Episode VII (2015)Star Wars. StarWars.com. Lucasfilm Ltd., 24 Oct Web. 24 Oct

List of films considered the best - Philippines
* Maynila: Sa mga Kuko ng Liwanag (Manila in the Claws of Light; 1975) by Lino Brocka was cited in numerous film anthologies and critical polls as the greatest Filipino film ever.

* City After Dark (originally entitled Manila by Night; 1980) by Ishmael Bernal was cited in a poll conducted in 1989 by film scholar Joel David and his UP criticism class as the best Filipino film of all time.

* Himala (Miracle; 1982) by Ishmael Bernal won the 2008 CNN Asia Pacific Screen Awards Viewers Choice as Best Asia-Pacific Film of All Time (voted for by thousands of film fans around the world).[ ebroadcast.com.au, ASIA PACIFIC SCREEN AWARDS WINNERS ANNOUNCED]

Dubbing (filmmaking) - Philippines
All of these dramas are dubbed in Tagalog or another Philippine regional language, with its unique set of Filipino-speaking voice actors.

Dubbing (filmmaking) - Philippines
NatGeo Wild airs most programs dubbed in Tagalog for Philippine audiences, one of the few cable channels to do so.

Because of the highly social nature of Philippine culture and the affordability of SMS compared to voice calls, SMS usage shot up, and texting quickly became a popular tool for Filipinos to keep in touch with their friends and loved ones

Because of the large amount of text messages being sent by Filipinos, the Philippines became known as the text capital of the world during the late 1990s until the early 2000s.

Internet cafe - Philippines
In the Philippines, internet cafés or better known as computer shops are found on every street in major cities and there is at least one in most municipalities or towns. There are also internet cafés in coffee shops and malls. High-end restaurants and fast food chains also provide free broadband to diners. Rates range from P10 ($0.20) on streets, up to P100 ($2) in malls.

In some major cities with existing ordinances regulating internet cafés (e.g. Valenzuela, Marikina, Davao, Lapu-lapu and Zamboanga), students who are below 18 years old are prohibited from playing computer games during regular class hours. Depending on the city, regulations varies on their exact details and implementation. Such city ordinances usually also requires internet café owners to:

# Install filtering software to block adult oriented sites

# Allow open view of rented computers (i.e. no closed cubicles)

# Adequate lighting both inside and outside of the establishment to allow a clear view of the interior at all times

Taco Bell - Philippines
Taco Bell opened its first Philippines|Philippine branch on October 30, 2004 at the Gateway Mall (Araneta Center)|Gateway Mall in Cubao|Cubao, Quezon City. They now have one on the ground floor and one on the fourth floor in the food court at the Gateway Mall. They have also added another branch at the TriNoma mall in Quezon City.

Debit card - Philippines
Express Payment System or EPS was the pioneer provider, having launched the service in 1987 on behalf of the Bank of the Philippine Islands. The EPS service has subsequently been extended in late 2005 to include the other Expressnet members: Banco de Oro and Land Bank of the Philippines. They currently operate 10,000 terminals for their cardholders.

Megalink launched Paylink EFTPOS system in Terminal services are provided by Equitable Card Network on behalf of the consortium. Service is available in 2,000 terminals, mostly in Metro Manila.

The service is available in over 1,400 locations throughout the Philippines, including second and third-class municipalities

Union Bank of the Philippines cards, EastWest Visa Debit Card, Equicom Savings Bank Sterling Bank of Asia EMV cards which can also be used for internet purchases

MasterCard debit cards are issued by Banco de Oro, Security Bank (Cashlink Cash Card) Smart Communications (Smart Money) tied up with Banco De Oro. MasterCard Electronic cards are issued by BPI (Express Cash) and Security Bank (CashLink Plus).

Originally, all Visa and MasterCard based debit cards in the Philippines are non-embossed and are marked either for Electronic Use Only (Visa/MasterCard) or Valid only where MasterCard Electronic is Accepted (MasterCard Electronic)

Satisficing - Relationship with happiness
The distinction between satisficing and maximizing not only differs in the decision-making process, but also in the post-decision evaluation

CBS - The Philippines The CBS Evening News is seen in the Philippines via satellite on Q-TV (a sister network of broadcaster GMA Network), while CBS This Morning is shown in that country on the Lifestyle Network. Studio 23 and Maxx, channels owned by broadcaster ABS-CBN in the Philippines air the Late Show with David Letterman.

Honda Accord Plug-in Hybrid - North America, Japan and Philippines
The 5th generation North American Accord was launched on September 9, 1993 and was based on the new 'CD' chassis

Honda of Japan marketed four different size engines in the Japan-Spec Accord Sedan:1.8, 2.0, 2.2 VTEC and 2.2 DOHC VTEC. The Japanese-spec Accord models were marketed as the following: EF, EX, 2.0EX, 2.0EXL, 2.2VTE, 2.2VTL, 2.2VTS and SiR. All Honda Accord versions were sold at Honda Clio locations in Japan.

The DX, LX and EX models remained the American trim lines while Canada retained the LX, EX and EX-R

Honda of Japan produced three high-performance models of the Accord (sedans, coupes, and 96–97 wagons) for the Japanese market (JDM) referred to as the SiR which was available for sale at Honda#Japan|Honda Clio dealerships in Japan

In 1994, the 1995 Accord debuted a V6 engine, the 2.7L Honda C engine#C27|C27 borrowed from the first generation Acura Legend, in the U.S

In 1995, the Accord underwent the usual mid-generation facelift for 1996

In 1996, Honda released the Special Edition version of the Accord (not to be confused with the SE)

In New Zealand, the 5th generation Accord was assembled at Honda's manufacturing site in Nelson, New Zealand|Nelson and was released in March, It was available in LXi, EXi and EXi-S trim levels. A facelift was released in December 1995, which coincided with the release of VTEC engines in the upper-spec models. Trim levels were LXi, VTi, and VTi-S. These were the first NZ-market Accords to have airbags – two in the VTi-S, one in the VTi.

U.S. built coupe and wagon models of this generation were shipped to Europe with both left and right hand drive but there was no V6 option.

This generation of Accord is one of the most frequently stolen cars in the U.S.A. with the 1994 model being stolen more frequently than its siblings. The Honda Integra|Acura Integra and Honda civic|Honda Civic are also popular targets for car theft.

Honda Accord Plug-in Hybrid - North, Central and South America, Australia, New Zealand and Philippines The American Accord was only available in sedan and coupe form, becoming the largest Accord to date, sharing a platform with the JDM Honda Inspire#Third generation series UA4 and UA5 (1998–2003)|Honda Inspire/Acura TL

Honda Accord Plug-in Hybrid - North, Central and South America, Australia, New Zealand and Philippines Starting with this generation, Air filter#Automotive cabin air filters|cabin air filters (also known as pollen filters) were installed as standard equipment and are located behind the glove compartment internationally.

Honda Accord Plug-in Hybrid - North, Central and South America, Australia, New Zealand and Philippines Development began in late 1993, with design work starting in A design for the sedan by Shinji Takashima and Toshihiko Shimizu was chosen in January 1995 and later frozen for production by the middle of Prototype test mules were tested from mid-1995 in CD Accord body panels, with full body prototypes being used from Design patents were filed on March 8, 1996, with development ending in March

Honda Accord Plug-in Hybrid - North, Central and South America, Australia, New Zealand and Philippines For the 1998 model year, the sedan was offered in DX, LX, EX, and EX-V6 trims while the Accord Coupe was offered only in LX, EX, and EX-V6 trims

Honda Accord Plug-in Hybrid - North, Central and South America, Australia, New Zealand and Philippines In Australia, the 6th generation Accord went on sale in December 1997, and was initially imported from the USA. However, in 1999, the Accord became the first Honda in Australia to be imported from Thailand. In March 2001, the Accord received a facelift, while at the same time, the option of a manual transmission was dropped. New colour choices with the facelift included Naples Gold, Signet Silver, and Nighthawk Black, the first time that black was offered in an Australian market Accord.

Honda Accord Plug-in Hybrid - North, Central and South America, Australia, New Zealand and Philippines In the Philippines, only the sedan was available and offered in VTi and VTi-L trims

Honda Accord Plug-in Hybrid - North, Central and South America, Australia, New Zealand and Philippines Honda made the decision to continue this generation of Accord an extra year

Honda Accord Plug-in Hybrid - North, Central and South America, Australia, New Zealand and Philippines Despite the Accord's reputation for reliability, the V6 models were plagued by transmission failures and prompted class action lawsuits against the company (4-cylinder models were also affected, but not to the same extent)

Honda Accord Plug-in Hybrid - North, Central and South America, Australia, New Zealand and Philippines Beginning in 1997, Honda Accord keys were equipped with immobilizer microchips. In late 1998, the Accord was equipped with foldable mirrors. In 2001, the Special Edition was added and the DX Value-Package was re-introduced for 2002 models.

Honda Accord Plug-in Hybrid - North, Central and South America, Australia, New Zealand and Philippines The 1998 Accord was also assembled in New Zealand at the very end of overall Complete Knock Down|CKD car production due to the abolition of import tariffs on built cars which made local assembly uneconomic

Concerns over airbag safety plague the Japanese automaker
Honda Accord Plug-in Hybrid - North, Central and South America, Australia, New Zealand and Philippines Concerns over airbag safety plague the Japanese automaker

Energy law - Philippines
Philippines#Law|Philippines law has provisions concerning energy, fossil fuels, and renewable energy.[ Art Abernales' website Energy law page]. Accessed November 16, Energy law in the Philippines is important because that nation is one of the fastest growing in Asia, and has over 80 million residents.

The earliest Philippine energy law dates from 1903, during the United States|American Commonwealth, Act No

The first coal mining law, known as the Coal Land Act, dates to 1917.[ Art Abernales' website Act No

The first hydroelectric power law dates from 1933,[ Act No

Bapineuzumab 'Bapineuzumab' is a humanized monoclonal antibody that acts on the nervous system and may have potential therapeutic value for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and possibly glaucoma

Bapineuzumab Bapineuzumab has been shown to recognise the extreme N-terminal 5 residues of Aβ peptide in a helical conformation (4HIX.pdb) stabilized by internal hydrogen bonds involving the first three amino acids.

Bapineuzumab Bapineuzumab is an antibody to the beta-amyloid (Aβ) plaques that are believed to underlie Alzheimer's disease neuropathology. In previous clinical trials for vaccination against human beta amyloid, called AN-1792, patients with Alzheimer's disease using active immunization had positive outcomes with removal of plaques, but 6% of subjects developed aseptic meningitis and the trial was stopped.

Bapineuzumab Bapineuzumab was being co-developed by the pharmaceutical companies Élan and Wyeth and entered Clinical trial#Phase III|Phase III trials in December 2007.

Bapineuzumab In 2008 a Johnson Johnson affiliate acquired a substantial portion of Élan's assets related to the Alzheimer's immunotherapy program, which Elan had shared with Wyeth. The program is continuing with Pfizer, which acquired Wyeth in 2009.

Bapineuzumab In patients receiving the highest dose, e.g. 2mg, MRI scans showed an accumulation of water in brain tissue (vasogenic edema). No health risks were found in subjects receiving either 0.5 or 1mg of bapineuzumab. Patients who have been receiving or have been scheduled to receive the highest dose will be either removed from the trials or switched to lower doses.

Bapineuzumab The efficacy of drugs targeted to brain plaques in Alzheimer's patients has been called into question, although such drugs may still be effective for prophylaxis if given to individuals who have not yet developed clinical symptoms.

Bapineuzumab On August 6, 2012, Pfizer Inc. and Johnson Johnson said they are ending development of an intravenous formulation of bapineuzumab. Testing showed the drug did not work better than placebo in two late-stage trials in patients who had mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease.

Bapineuzumab Élan announced that Johnson Johnson, on July 16, 2013, had discontinued Phase 2 testing of the Subcutaneous injection|subcutaneous formulation of bapineuzumab.[ Phase 2 testing of the subcutaneous formulation of bapineuzumab is to be discontinued.] Elan Corporation. Retrieved

Insomnia - Benzodiazepines
There is a general awareness that long-term use of benzodiazepines for insomnia in most people is inappropriate and that a gradual withdrawal is usually beneficial due to the adverse effects associated with the long-term use of benzodiazepines and is recommended whenever possible.

Insomnia - Non-benzodiazepines
These drugs appear to cause both Substance dependence#Psychological addiction|psychological dependence and physical dependence, though less than traditional benzodiazepines and can also cause the same memory and cognitive disturbances along with morning sedation.

Generalized anxiety disorder - Benzodiazepines
These shortcomings make the use of benzodiazepines optimal only for short-term relief of anxiety.Barlow, D

Common benzodiazepines used to treat GAD include:

* chlordiazepoxide (Librium)

Water privatization - Manila, the Philippines
Water privatization in Manila began in 1997 with the award of two concession contracts for the Eastern and Western halves of Metro Manila

Head (company) - Alpine Skiing World Cup
* Aksel Lund SvindalAksel Lund Svindal -

Head (company) - Alpine Skiing World Cup
* Anna Fenninger[ fisalpine.com] - April–2011

Prohibition - Philippines
Alcohol is prohibited to be bought two days prior to an election. The Commission on Elections (Philippines)|Commission on Elections may opt to extend the period of time of the liquor ban. In the Philippine general election, 2010|2010 elections, the liquor ban was on a minimum two days; in the Philippine general election, 2013|2013 elections, it was extended to five days.

Hyundai Motor Company - Philippines
Hyundai is currently the third top selling automotive brand in the country. Hyundai's Getz, i10, Accent, SantaFe, Sonata and Grand Starex were among the models which brought Hyundai to the third spot. Hyundai almost doubled its sales in 2010 with 11,086 in 2009 to 20,712. Hyundai becomes the fastest growing automotive brand in the country.

Greenhouse - Alpine house
An alpine house is a specialized greenhouse used for growing alpine plants. The purpose of an alpine house is to mimic the conditions in which alpine plants grow; particularly to provide protection from wet conditions in winter. Alpine houses are often unheated, since the plants grown there are hardy, or require at most protection from hard frost in the winter. They are designed to have excellent ventilation, typically having large side and top opening ventilators.

Nuclear power phase-out - Philippines
In the Philippines, in 2004, President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo outlined her energy policy

List of nuclear reactors - Philippines
*PRR MW TRIGA-converted reactor, Quezon City. Managed by the Philippine Nuclear Research Institute (formerly Philippine Atomic Energy Commission). 1st criticality on August 1963, reactor conversion on March 1984, criticality after conversion on April 1988, shut down since 1988 for pool repairs, on extended shutdown at present.

Volcanic mud - Philippines
The northeastern part of Lihiman Island is distinguished for having more violent kind of mud extrusions mixed with large pieces of rocks, creating a 20-m (66-ft) wide crater on that hilly part of the island.[ Geo-physical Features of Philippine Turtle Island]

Geothermal power in the Philippines
35-44) During the World Geothermal Congress 2000 held in Beppu, Ōita Prefecture of Japan held from May to June 2000, it was reported that the Philippines is the largest consumer of electricity from geothermal sources and highlighted the potential role of geothermal energy in providing energy needs for developing countries.[ World Geothermal Congress 2000]

Geothermal power in the Philippines
IGA figures as of December 2009 show the nation's installed geothermal capacity stands at 1904 megawatts, with gross generation of 10,311 gigawatt-hrs for all of 2009, representing 17% of the nation's total power generation mix.

Neurotransmitter - Norepinephrine precursors
L-phenylalanine and L-tyrosine are both precursors for dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine

Software patent - Philippines
In the Philippines, schemes, rules and methods of performing mental acts, playing games or doing business, and programs for computers are non-patentable inventions under Sec of Republic Act No. 8293, otherwise known as the Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines.

Neurosteroid - Benzodiazepine effects on neurosteroids
Some benzodiazepines may also inhibit neurosteroidogenic enzymes reducing neurosteroid synthesis.

* Cebu Pacific Flight 387—Crashed on the slopes of Mount Sumagaya.
List of accidents and incidents involving airliners by location - Philippines * Cebu Pacific Flight 387—Crashed on the slopes of Mount Sumagaya.

Dizocilpine However, dizocilpine is the most frequently used non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist in animal models to mimic psychosis for experimental purposes.

Dizocilpine Dizocilpine has also been found to act as a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor nicotinic antagonist|antagonist. It has been shown to bind to and reuptake inhibitor|inhibit the serotonin transporter|serotonin and dopamine transporters as well.

Dizocilpine - An animal model of schizophrenia
MK-801 has a great deal of potential to be used in research in creating animal models of schizophrenia

Dizocilpine - Possible future medical uses
The effects of MK-801 at NMDA receptors are clear and significant

Behavioural studies have shown that NMDA receptors are involved in the development of psychological dependence caused by chronic administration of morphine

As an antidepressant, positive results were found in animal models of depression

Dizocilpine - Olney's lesions
MK-801, along with other NMDA antagonists, induce the formation of brain lesions first discovered by John W

Dizocilpine - Olney's lesions
However, it may be necessary to point out that Ketamine was also found in animal models to produce Olney's Lesions, but not in humans.

Dizocilpine - Recreational use
Also, dizocilpine is much longer-lasting than similar dissociative drugs such as ketamine and phencyclidine (PCP), and causes far worse amnesia and residual deficits in thinking, which have hindered its acceptance as a recreational drug.

Several animal studies have demonstrated the addictive potential of dizocilpine

A multiple drug fatality involving MK-801, benzodiazepines, and ethanol|alcohol has been reported.

GABA A receptor - Target for benzodiazepines
As a result the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology|IUPHAR has recommended that the terms BZ receptor, GABA/BZ receptor and omega receptor no longer be used and that the term benzodiazepine receptor be replaced with 'benzodiazepine site'.

Once bound, the benzodiazepine locks the GABAA receptor into a conformation where the neurotransmitter GABA has much higher affinity for the GABAA receptor, increasing the frequency of opening of the associated chloride ion channel and hyperpolarising the membrane

For instance, benzodiazepine receptor ligands with high activity at the α1 and/or α5 tend to be more associated with sedation, ataxia and amnesia, whereas those with higher activity at GABAA receptors containing α2 and/or α3 subunits generally have greater anxiolytic activity

Since these are separate modulatory effects, they can both take place at the same time, and so the combination of benzodiazepines with barbiturates is strongly synergistic, and can be dangerous if dosage is not strictly controlled.

Also note that some GABAA agonists such as muscimol and gaboxadol do bind to the same site on the GABAA receptor complex as GABA itself, and consequently produce effects which are similar but not identical to those of positive allosteric modulators like benzodiazepines.

Cassava - Philippines In the Philippines cassava cake is one of the most popular and enjoyed home made delicacies or Kakanin. Made from grated cassava (Kamoteng Kahoy), the root crop is mixed with coconut milk, eggs, butter and topped with a creamy milk mixture. It is also called cassava bibingka.[

Funeral - Funerals in the Philippines
Funeral practices and burial customs in the Philippines encompass a wide range of personal, Filipino culture|cultural, and traditional beliefs and practices which Filipino people|Filipinos observe in relation to death, bereavement, and the proper honoring, interment, and remembrance of the dead. These practises have been vastly shaped by the variety of religions and cultures that entered the Philippines throughout its complex History of the Philippines|history.

Funeral - Funerals in the Philippines
[ Death Practices Philippine Style], sunstar.com, October 30, 2005

Yam (vegetable) - The Philippines
In the Philippines, the purple ube species of yam (Dioscorea alata), is eaten as a sweetened dessert called ube halaya, and is also used as an ingredient in another Filipino dessert, halo-halo.

Yam (vegetable) - The Philippines
It is also used as a popular ingredient for ice cream.

Emoxypine 'Emoxypine' (2-ethyl-6-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine), also known as 'Mexidol' or 'Mexifin' when used as the succinate salt (chemistry)|salt, is an antioxidant manufactured in Russia by Pharmasoft Pharmaceuticals.[ mexidol.ru, Pharmasoft Website] Its chemical structure resembles that of pyridoxine (a type of vitamin B6|vitamin B6). It is not approved for any medical use in the United States or Europe.

Emoxypine Emoxypine was first synthesized by L.D. Smirnov and K.M. Dumayev, then studied and developed in the Institute of Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences and National Scientific Center of Bioactive Substances Safety.Institute of Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia

Emoxypine In Russia, emoxypine has a wide range of applications in medical practice. It purportedly exercises anxiolytic, anti-stress, anti-alcohol, anticonvulsant, nootropic, neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory action. Emoxypine presumably improves cerebral blood flow|cerebral blood circulation, inhibits thrombocyte aggregation, lowers cholesterol levels, has cardioprotective and atherosclerosis|antiatherosclerotic action.

Emoxypine Emoxypine is deemed useful as an anxiolytic medication with few side effects (i.e. no sedation, impairment, tolerance or addition potential) compared to benzodiazepines.

Emoxypine Emoxypine's mechanism of action is believed to be its antioxidant and membrane-protective effects with the following key components:Dumayev K.M., Voronina T.A., Smirnov L.D. antioxidants in the prophylaxis and therapy of CNS pathologies. Moscow, 1995

Emoxypine * Increases the activity of antioxidant enzymes, specifically that of superoxide dismutase, responsible for the formation and consumption of lipid peroxidation|lipid peroxides and active oxygen forms

Emoxypine * Inhibits free radicals during the synthesis of prostaglandin catalyzed cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase, increases the correlation prostacyclin/ thromboxane A2 and blocks the leukotriene formation

Emoxypine * Increases the content of polar fraction of lipids (phosphatidyl serine and phosphatidyl inositol) and reduces the cholesterol/phospholipids ratio which proves its lipid-regulatory properties; shifts structure transition into the low temperature zones, that is provokes the reduction of membrane viscosity and the increase of its fluidity, increases lipid-protein ration.

Emoxypine * Modulates the activity of membrane-bound enzymes: phosphodiesterase, cyclic nucleotides, adenylate cyclase, aldoreductase, acetylcholinesterase.

Emoxypine * Modulates the receptor complexes of the brain membranes, i.e. benzodiazepine, GABA, acetylcholine receptors by increasing their binding ability.

Emoxypine * Stabilizes biomembranes, i.e. membrane structures of blood cells - erythrocytes and thrombocytes during their haemolysis or mechanical injury accompanied by the formation of free radicals.

Emoxypine Emoxypine has a pronounced hypolipidemic agent|hypolipidemic action; it reduces the total cholesterol and low-viscosity lipoprotein level in blood and increases the high-viscosity lipoprotein concentration. The preparation improves cellular metabolism|cellular energy metabolism by activating the energy-synthesizing function of mitochondrion. Changes the monoamine level and increases the dopamine content in the brain.

Emoxypine The results showed that the use of emoxypine in the combined therapy of patients with LSR lead to significant and persistent reduction of severity of pain syndrome and rapid recovery of function of spinal roots and peripheral nerves compared with conventional therapy.

Calcium channel blocker - Benzothiazepine
'Benzothiazepine calcium channel blockers' belong to the Thiazepine|benzothiazepine class of compounds and are an intermediate class between phenylalkylamine and dihydropyridines in their selectivity for vascular calcium channels. By having both cardiac depressant and vasodilator actions, benzothiazepines are able to reduce arterial pressure without producing the same degree of reflex cardiac stimulation caused by dihydropyridines.

Calcium channel blocker - Benzothiazepine
* Diltiazem (Cardizem) (also used experimentally to prevent migraine)

Organ trade - Philippines
The sale of organs was legal in the Philippines until a ban took effect in March Prior to this, the Philippines was a popular destination for transplant tourists. The Philippine Information Agency, a branch of the government, promoted all-inclusive kidney transplant packages that retailed for roughly $25,000. Since instating the ban on organ selling, transplants have dropped from 1,046 in 2007, to 511 in 2010.

Ultralight aircraft - Philippines
The Civil Aviation Regulations[ Angeles City Flying Club], Excerpt from part 11 of the Civil Aviation Regulations.[ Civil Aviation Authority Philippines], download page for all regulations. define non-type certified aircraft, under which ultralights and microlights fall, as:

An aircraft that does not possess an aircraft type certificate issued by any country/state. It is, of simple design and constriction, either a homebuilt or a kit built variety and for recreational and sport use, day VFR condition only.

A class of non-type certificated aircraft is applicable to all classifications, including powered parachutes, gyrocopter, fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters.

'Budipine' is an antiparkinson agent.

Budipine Its mechanism of action is not well characterized. It is believed to be an NMDA receptor antagonist,J. Kornhuber, B. Herr, J. Thome, P. Riederer. The antiparkinsonian drug budipine binds to NMDA and sigma receptors in postmortem human brain tissue. J.Neural Transm.Suppl. 46: , PMID however, promoting the synthesis of dopamine.

Budipine Because it provides additional benefits relative to existing treatments, it probably does not precisely mimic the mechanism of an existing known treatment.

Stimulus (physiology) - Epinephrine
Epinephrine causes physiological changes in the body, such as constriction of blood vessels, dilation of pupils, increased heart and respiratory rate, and the metabolism of glucose

List of aerospace museums - Philippines
* Philippine Air Force Museum, Manila

Family planning - Philippines
While there is general agreement about its provisions on maternal and child health, there is great debate on its mandate that the Philippine government and the private sector will fund and undertake widespread distribution of family planning devices such as condoms, birth control pills, and IUDs, as the government continues to disseminate information on their use through all health care centers.

Happiness It is of such fundamental importance to the human condition that life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness were deemed to be unalienable rights by the United States Declaration of Independence.

Happiness Philosophers and religious thinkers often define happiness in terms of living a The good life|good life, or flourishing, rather than simply as an emotion. Happiness in this sense was used to translate the Greek Eudaimonia, and is still used in virtue ethics.

Happiness - Definition
Part of the challenge of a science of happiness is to identify different concepts of happiness, and where applicable, split them into their components

Happiness - Definition
Happiness is used in both life evaluation, as in “How happy are you with your life as a whole?”, and in emotional reports, as in “How happy are you now?,” and people seem able to use happiness as appropriate in these verbal contexts.

Happiness - Research results
Research has produced many different views on causes of happiness, and on factors that correlate with happiness, but no validated method has been found to substantially improve long-term happiness in a meaningful way for most people.

Sonja Lyubomirsky concludes in her book The How of Happiness that 50 percent of a given human's happiness level is genetically determined (based on twin studies), 10 percent is affected by life circumstances and situation, and a remaining 40 percent of happiness is subject to self-control.

The results of the 75 year Grant study of Harvard undergraduates show a high correlation of loving relationship, especially with parents, with later life wellbeing.

Sara Algoe and Jonathan Haidt say that happiness may be the label for a family of related emotional states, such as joy, amusement, satisfaction, gratification, euphoria, and triumph.The Journal of Positive Psychology, March 2009

Spending money on others promotes happiness

Meditation has been found to lead to high activity in the brain's left prefrontal cortex, which in turn has been found to correlate with happiness.

Psychologist Martin Seligman asserts that happiness is not solely derived from external, momentary pleasures,Seligman, M.E.P. (2004). Can Happiness be Taught?. Daedalus (journal)|Daedalus journal, Spring and provides the acronym PERMA to summarize Positive Psychology's correlational findings: humans seem happiest when they have

# Relationships (social ties have turned out to be extremely reliable indicator of happiness),

# Meaningful life|Meaning (a perceived quest or belonging to something bigger), and

There have also been some studies of how Religion and happiness|religion relates to happiness. Causal relationships remain unclear, but more religion is seen in happier people. This correlation may be the result of community membership and not necessarily belief in religion itself. Another component may have to do with ritual.2009 article in Frontiers in Evolutionary Neuroscience

Beyond the routine of needs fulfillment, Maslow envisioned moments of extraordinary experience, known as peak experiences, profound moments of love, understanding, happiness, or rapture, during which a person feels more whole, alive, self-sufficient, and yet a part of the world

Self-determination theory relates intrinsic motivation to three needs: Competence (human resources)|competence, autonomy, and Social relation|relatedness.

Happiness - Buddhism Buddhism also encourages the generation of metta|loving kindness and Karuṇā|compassion, the desire for the happiness and welfare of all beings.

Happiness - Catholicism
Beatitudo, or perfect happiness, as complete well-being, is to be attained not in this life, but the next.[New Advent|

Happiness - Philosophical views
The Chinese Confucian thinker Mencius, who 2300 years ago sought to give advice to the ruthless political leaders of the warring states period, was convinced that the mind played a mediating role between the lesser self (the physiological self) and the greater self (the moral self) and that getting the priorities right between these two would lead to sage-hood

Al-Ghazali (1058–1111) the Muslim Sufi thinker wrote the Alchemy of Happiness, a manual of spiritual instruction throughout the Muslim world and widely practiced today.

The Hindu thinker Patanjali, author of the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali|Yoga Sutras, wrote quite exhaustively on the psychological and ontological roots of bliss.

Note that eudaimonia, the term we translate as happiness, is for Aristotle an activity rather than an emotion or a state.Eudaimonia (Greek: εὐδαιμονία) is a classical Greek word commonly translated as 'happiness' or, better yet, 'flourishing'

Many ethics|ethicists make arguments for how humans should behave, either individually or collectively, based on the resulting happiness of such behavior. Utilitarians, such as John Stuart Mill and Jeremy Bentham, advocated the greatest happiness principle as a guide for ethical behavior.

In turn, which habits and acts that normally lead to happiness is according to Aquinas caused by laws: natural law and divine law

But imperfect happiness, such as can be had here, consists first and principally in contemplation, but secondarily, in an operation of the practical intellect directing human actions and passions.

Happiness - Economic views
This has been explained by the fact that the dependency is not linear but logarithmic, i.e., the same percentual increase in the GNP produces the same increase in happiness for wealthy countries as for poor countries.[ Economic Growth and Subjective Well-Being: Reassessing the Easterlin Paradox]

According to certain standards, East European countries (ruled by Communist parties) were less happy than Western ones, even less happy than other equally poor countries.[ The Scientist's Pursuit of Happiness], Policy, Spring 2005.

According to professor Edward Glaeser, people constantly make choices that decrease their happiness, because they have also more important aims

It has been argued that happiness at work is one of the driving forces behind positive outcomes at work, rather than just being a resultant product.

Happiness - Measures of happiness
Several scales have been used to measure happiness:

A measure of subjective happiness: Preliminary reliability and construct validation

* The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) is used to detect the relation between personality traits and positive or negative affects at this moment, today, the past few days, the past week, the past few weeks, the past year, and generally (on average)

* The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) is a global cognitive assessment of life satisfaction. The SWLS requires a person to use a seven-item scale to state their agreement or disagreement (1 = strongly disagree, 4 = neither agree nor disagree, 7 = strongly agree) with five statements about their life. E., Emmons, R., Larsen, J., Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction With Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49,

The UK began to measure national well being in 2012, following Bhutan which already measured gross national happiness.

Happiness - Positive emotion and its benefits
From a study conducted in 2005 by Andrew Steptow and Michael Marmot, findings have found that happiness is clearly related to biological markers that play an important role in health

In Happy People Live Longer,Happy People Live Longer, Bruno S. Frey, Science 4 February 2011: Frey reports that happy people live 14% longer, increasing longevity 7.5 to 10 years.

Steptow and Marmot furthered their studies by using their participants three years later to repeat the physiological measurements. They found that participants who scored high in positive emotion continued to have lower levels of cortisol and fibrinogen, as well as a lower heart rate.

Adrenaline - Epinephrine and Psychology
Impaired conditioned fear response and startle reactivity in epinephrine-deficient mice

Overall, the general findings through most studies supports that “endogenous epinephrine released during learning modulate the formation of long-lasting memories for arousing events”.Dornelles, A., et al

doi: /a These findings suggest that B-adrenoceptors are necessary for epinephrine to have an effect on memory consolidation.

For noradrenaline to be acted upon by PNMT in the cytosol, it must first be shipped out of chromaffin granule|granules of the chromaffin cells. This may occur via the catecholamine-H+ exchanger VMAT1. VMAT1 is also responsible for transporting newly synthesized adrenaline from the cytosol back into chromaffin granules in preparation for release.

In liver cells, adrenaline binds to the β-adrenergic receptor, which changes conformation and helps Gs, a G protein, exchange GDP to GTP

Identity theft - Philippines
Social networking sites are one of the most famous spreader of posers in the online community, giving the users freedom to place any information they want without any verification that the account is being used by the real person.

Philippines, known as the 10th heavy users of Facebook and other social networking sites such as Twitter, Multiply and Tumblr has been known as source to various identity theft problems

This phenomena lead to the creation of Senate Bill 52: Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2010.[ Full Text of Senate Bill 52 (Proposing the Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2010)] Section 2 of this bill states that it recognizes the importance of communication and multimedia for the development, exploitation and dissemination of information but violators will be punished by the law through imprisonment of prision mayor or a fine ranging from Php200,000 and up, but not exceeding 1 million, or depending on the damage caused, or both (Section 7).

Mood disorder - Benzodiazepine-induced mood disorders
Depression resulting from withdrawal from benzodiazepines usually subsides after a few months but in some cases may persist for 6–12 months.

List of unmanned aerial vehicles - Philippines
*Raptor (drone)|Raptor[ Troops used drones in Zamboanga crisis ops | Headlines, News, The Philippine Star | philstar.com]

List of unmanned aerial vehicles - Philippines
*TUAV[

The Tonight Show with Jay Leno - Philippines
In the Philippines, channel ETC Entertainment Central|ETC broadcast The Tonight Show from 2004 until 2007, when the show was turned over to sister channel JackTV and Talk TV (Philippines)|Talk TV.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens - Opines
The specific type of opine produced by A

Two nopaline type Ti plasmids, pTi-SAKURA and pTiC58, were fully sequenced

The pAtC58 plasmid has been shown to be involved in the metabolism of opines and to conjugate with other bacteria in the absence of the pTiC58 plasmid.Vaudequin-Dransart V, Petit A, Chilton WS, Dessaux Y The cryptic plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens cointegrates with the Ti plasmid and cooperates for opine degradation. Molec. Plant-microbe Interact. 11: If the pTi plasmid is removed, the tumor growth that is the means of classifying this species of bacteria does not occur.

Benzodiazepines A 'benzodiazepine' (sometimes colloquially 'benzo'; often abbreviated 'BZD') is a psychoactive drug whose core chemical structure is the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring. The first such drug, chlordiazepoxide (Librium), was Serendipity|discovered accidentally by Leo Sternbach in 1955, and made available in 1960 by Hoffmann–La Roche, which has also marketed the benzodiazepine diazepam (Valium) since 1963.

Benzodiazepines Short- and intermediate-acting benzodiazepines are preferred for the treatment of insomnia; longer-acting benzodiazepines are recommended for the treatment of anxiety.

Benzodiazepines Due to adverse effects associated with the long-term use of benzodiazepines, withdrawal from benzodiazepines, in general, leads to improved physical and mental health

Benzodiazepines In addition, all benzodiazepines are listed in Beers Criteria|Beers List, which is significant in clinical practice.

Benzodiazepines - Medical uses
Long-term effects of benzodiazepines|The effects of long-term use or misuse include the tendency to cause or worsen cognitive deficits, Clinical depression|depression and anxiety.

Benzodiazepines - Panic disorder
The views range from those that hold that benzodiazepines are not effective long-term and that they should be reserved for treatment-resistant cases to that they are as effective in the long term as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.

For many such patients stable doses of benzodiazepines retain their efficacy over several years.

Psychological therapies such as cognitive behavioural therapy are recommended as a first-line therapy for panic disorder; benzodiazepine use has been found to interfere with therapeutic gains from these therapies.

Benzodiazepines are usually administered orally; however, very occasionally lorazepam or diazepam may be given intravenously for the treatment of panic attacks.

Benzodiazepines - Generalized anxiety disorder
According to National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE), benzodiazepines can be used in the immediate management of GAD, if necessary

Benzodiazepines - Generalized anxiety disorder
However, in some cases, a prolonged treatment with benzodiazepines as the add-on to an antidepressant may be justified.

Benzodiazepines - Insomnia
Longer-acting benzodiazepines such as nitrazepam and diazepam have residual effects that may persist into the next day and are, in general, not recommended.

There have been no trials comparing short-acting Z-drugs with appropriate doses of short-acting benzodiazepines

It has been argued that long-term use of hypnotics and overprescribing of these drugs represents an unjustifiable risk, especially to the elderly, and is harmful for the public health in general.

Benzodiazepines - Seizures
Prolonged convulsive epileptic seizures are a medical emergency that can usually be dealt with effectively by administering fast-acting benzodiazepines, which are potent anticonvulsants

Benzodiazepines - Seizures
When benzodiazepines were first introduced, they were enthusiastically adopted for treating all forms of epilepsy

Benzodiazepines - Alcohol withdrawal
Oxazepam and lorazepam are often used in patients at risk of drug accumulation, in particular, the elderly and those with cirrhosis, because they are metabolized differently from other benzodiazepines, through Glucuronidation|conjugation.

Benzodiazepines - Alcohol withdrawal
Benzodiazepines are the preferred choice in the management of alcohol withdrawal syndrome, in particular, for the prevention and treatment of the dangerous complication of seizures and in subduing severe delirium. Lorazepam is the only benzodiazepine with predictable intramuscular absorption and it is the most effective in preventing and controlling acute seizures.

Benzodiazepines - Anxiety
Compared to other pharmacological treatments, benzodiazepines are twice as likely to lead to a relapse of the underlying condition upon discontinuation

Benzodiazepines - Other indications
* They can be very useful in intensive care to sedate patients receiving mechanical ventilation or those in extreme distress. Caution is exercised in this situation due to the occasional occurrence of respiratory depression, and it is recommended that benzodiazepine overdose treatment facilities should be available.

* Benzodiazepines are effective as medication given a couple of hours before surgery to relieve anxiety

* Benzodiazepines are well known for their strong muscle-relaxing properties and can be useful in the treatment of muscle spasms, although tolerance often develops to their muscle relaxant effects. Baclofen or tizanidine are sometimes used as an alternative to benzodiazepines. Tizanidine has been found to have superior tolerability compared to diazepam and baclofen.

Benzodiazepines are also used to calm the acutely agitated individual and can, if required, be given via an intramuscular injection

* Clonazepam, a benzodiazepine is used to treat many forms of parasomnia. Rapid eye movement behavior disorder responds well to low doses of clonazepam. Restless legs syndrome can be treated using clonazepam as a third line treatment option as the use of clonazepam is still investigational.

* Benzodiazepines are sometimes used for obsessive compulsive disorder, although they are generally believed to be ineffective for this indication; effectiveness was, however, found in one small study. Benzodiazepines can be considered as a treatment option in treatment resistant cases.

* Antipsychotics are generally a first-line treatment for delirium; however, when delirium is caused by alcohol or sedative hypnotic Drug withdrawal|withdrawal, benzodiazepines are a first-line treatment.

* There is some evidence that low doses of benzodiazepines reduce adverse effects of electroconvulsive therapy.

Benzodiazepines - Adverse effects
The most common side-effects of benzodiazepines are related to their sedating and muscle-relaxing action

Benzodiazepines - Paradoxical effects
Paradoxical effects may also appear after chronic use of benzodiazepines.

Benzodiazepines - Cognitive effects
Another view maintains that cognitive deficits in chronic benzodiazepine users occur only for a short period after the dose, or that the anxiety disorder is the cause of these deficits.

Benzodiazepines - Cognitive effects
This meta-analysis found that long-term use of benzodiazepines was associated with moderate to large adverse effects on all areas of cognition, with Spatial visualization ability|visuospatial memory being the most commonly detected impairment

Benzodiazepines - Long-term effects
The long-term effects of benzodiazepine use can include cognitive impairment as well as affective and behavioural problems

Benzodiazepines - Tolerance, dependence and withdrawal
The question of tolerance to the amnesic effects of benzodiazepines is, likewise, unclear

Benzodiazepines - Tolerance, dependence and withdrawal
Discontinuation of benzodiazepines or abrupt reduction of the dose, even after a relatively short course of treatment (three to four weeks), may result in two groups of symptoms — Rebound effect|rebound and benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome|withdrawal. Rebound symptoms are the return of the symptoms for which the patient was treated but worse than before. Withdrawal symptoms are the new symptoms that occur when the benzodiazepine is stopped. They are the main sign of physical dependence.

Benzodiazepines - Withdrawal symptoms and management
The most frequent symptoms of withdrawal from benzodiazepines are insomnia, gastric problems, tremors, agitation, fearfulness, and Spasm|muscle spasms

Symptoms may also occur during a gradual dosage reduction, but are typically less severe and may persist as part of a protracted Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome|withdrawal syndrome for months after cessation of benzodiazepines

A goal of less than six months has been suggested, but due to factors such as dosage and type of benzodiazepine, reasons for prescription, lifestyle, personality, environmental stresses, and amount of available support, a year or more may be needed to withdraw.

Withdrawal is best managed by transferring the physically dependent patient to an equivalent dose of diazepam because it has the longest half-life of all of the benzodiazepines, is metabolised into long-acting active metabolites and is available in low-potency tablets, which can be quartered for smaller doses

Antipsychotics are not recommended for benzodiazepine withdrawal (or other CNS depressant withdrawal states) especially clozapine, olanzapine or low potency phenothiazines e.g

Withdrawal from long term benzodiazepines is beneficial for most individuals. Withdrawal of benzodiazepines from long-term users, in general, leads to improved physical and mental health particularly in the elderly; although some long term users report continued benefit from taking benzodiazepines, this may be the result of suppression of withdrawal effects.

Benzodiazepines - Overdose
The symptoms of a benzodiazepine overdose may include; drowsiness, slurred speech, nystagmus, hypotension, ataxia, coma, respiratory depression, and cardiorespiratory arrest.

Benzodiazepines - Overdose
One study found that only 10% of the patient population presenting with a benzodiazepine overdose are suitable candidates for treatment with flumazenil.

Benzodiazepines - Contraindications
Individuals with a history of alcohol, opioid and barbiturate abuse should avoid benzodiazepines, as there is a risk of life-threatening interactions with these drugs.

Benzodiazepines - Pregnancy
In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (United States)|Food and Drug Administration has categorized benzodiazepines into either Pregnancy category|category D or X meaning potential for harm in the unborn has been demonstrated.

Benzodiazepines - Pregnancy
If used in pregnancy, those benzodiazepines with a better and longer safety record, such as diazepam or chlordiazepoxide, are recommended over potentially more harmful benzodiazepines, such as alprazolam or triazolam

Benzodiazepines - Elderly
Nonbenzodiazepines such as zaleplon and zolpidem and low doses of sedating antidepressants are sometimes used as alternatives to benzodiazepines.

Long-term use of benzodiazepines has been associated with increased risk of cognitive impairment, but its relationship with dementia remains inconclusive. The association of a past history of benzodiazepine use and cognitive decline is unclear, with some studies reporting a lower risk of cognitive decline in former users, some finding no association and some indicating an increased risk of cognitive decline.

Benzodiazepines are sometimes prescribed to treat behavioral symptoms of dementia. However, like antidepressants, they have little evidence of effectiveness, although antipsychotics have shown some benefit. Cognitive impairing effects of benzodiazepines that occur frequently in the elderly can also worsen dementia. A 2012 study concludes that new use of benzodiazepine by persons 65 and over is associated with an approximately 50% increase in the risk of dementia.

Benzodiazepines - Pharmacology
Benzodiazepines share a similar chemical structure, and their effects in humans are mainly produced by the allosteric modification of a specific kind of neurotransmitter receptor, the GABAA receptor|GABAA receptor, which increases the overall conductance of these inhibitory channels; this results in the various therapeutic effects as well as adverse effects of benzodiazepines. Other less important mechanisms of action are also known.

Benzodiazepines - Five types of Benzodiazepines
::chlordiazepoxide, clorazepate, diazepam, flurazepam, halazepam, prazepam, and others.

Benzodiazepines - Five types of Benzodiazepines
::clonazepam, flunitrazepam, nimetazepam, nitrazepam

Benzodiazepines - Chemistry
The term benzodiazepine is the IUPAC nomenclature|chemical name for the heterocycle|heterocyclic ring system (see figure to the right), which is a fusion between the benzene and diazepine ring systems.; Under Hantzsch–Widman nomenclature, a diazepine is a heterocycle with two nitrogen atoms, five carbon atom and the maximum possible number of cumulative double bonds. The benzo prefix indicates the benzene ring fused onto the diazepine ring.

Benzodiazepines have been found to mimic protein reverse turns structurally which enable them with their biological activity in many cases.,

Nonbenzodiazepines also bind to the benzodiazepine binding site on the GABAA receptor and possess similar pharmacological properties. While the nonbenzodiazepines are by definition structurally unrelated to the benzodiazepines, both classes of drugs possess a common pharmacophore (see figure to the lower-right), which explains their binding to a common receptor site.

Benzodiazepines - Mechanism of action
Benzodiazepines work by increasing the efficiency of a natural brain chemical, gamma-Aminobutyric acid|GABA, to decrease the excitability of neurons. This reduces the communication between neurons and, therefore, has a calming effect on many of the functions of the brain.

Binding of benzodiazepines to this receptor complex promotes binding of GABA, which in turn increases the total conduction of chloride ions across the neuronal cell membrane

For example, a hypnotic administered in low doses will produce anxiety-relieving effects, whereas a benzodiazepine marketed as an anti-anxiety drug will at higher doses induce sleep.

For this reason, benzodiazepines show no affinity for GABAA receptors containing GABRA4|α4 and GABRA6|α6 subunits with an arginine instead of a histidine residue.

Furthermore, different benzodiazepines can have different affinities for BzRs made up of different collection of subunits

Benzodiazepines also function as weak adenosine reuptake inhibitors

Benzodiazepines - Pharmacokinetics
A benzodiazepine can be placed into one of three groups by its elimination half-life, or time it takes for the body to eliminate half of the dose. Some benzodiazepines have long-acting active metabolites, such as diazepam and chlordiazepoxide, which are metabolised into desmethyldiazepam. Desmethyldiazepam has a half-life of 36–200 hours, and flurazepam, with the main active metabolite of desalkylflurazepam, with a half-life of 40–250 hours. These long-acting metabolites are partial agonists.

* Short-acting compounds have a median half-life of 1–12 hours. They have few residual effects if taken before bedtime, rebound insomnia may occur upon discontinuation, and they might cause daytime withdrawal symptoms such as next day rebound anxiety with prolonged usage. Examples are brotizolam, midazolam, and triazolam.

* Intermediate-acting compounds have a median half-life of 12–40 hours. They may have some residual effects in the first half of the day if used as a hypnotic. Rebound insomnia, however, is more common upon discontinuation of intermediate-acting benzodiazepines than longer-acting benzodiazepines. Examples are alprazolam, estazolam, flunitrazepam, clonazepam, lormetazepam, lorazepam, nitrazepam, and temazepam.

* Long-acting compounds have a half-life of 40–250 hours. They have a risk of accumulation in the elderly and in individuals with severely impaired liver function, but they have a reduced severity of rebound effects and Drug withdrawal|withdrawal. Examples are diazepam, clorazepate, chlordiazepoxide, and flurazepam.

Benzodiazepines - Interactions
Depending on their metabolism pathway, benzodiazepines can be roughly divided into two groups

Benzodiazepines - Interactions
Antacids can slow down absorption of some benzodiazepines; however, this effect is marginal and inconsistent.

Benzodiazepines - History
The introduction of benzodiazepines led to a decrease in the prescription of barbiturates, and by the 1970s they had largely replaced the older drugs for sedative and hypnotic uses.

This led some doctors to require a signed consent form from their patients and to recommend that all patients be adequately warned of the risks of dependence and withdrawal before starting treatment with benzodiazepines

Jim Dobbin, MP and chair of the All-Party Parliamentary Group for Involuntary Tranquilliser Addiction, described the documents as a huge scandal, given the large number of people who experience symptoms such as physical, cognitive, and psychological problems as a result of benzodiazepine use, which can persist even after withdrawing.

Nonbenzodiazepines are molecularly distinct, but nonetheless, they work on the same benzodiazepine receptors and produce similar sedative effects.

Benzodiazepines - Recreational use
Accessed Benzodiazepine abuse ranges from occasional binges on large doses, to chronic and compulsive drug abuse of high doses.

Once benzodiazepine dependence has been established, a clinician usually converts the patient to an equivalent dose of diazepam before beginning a gradual reduction program.

A 1999–2005 Australian police survey of detainees reported preliminary findings that self-reported users of benzodiazepines were less likely than non-user detainees to work full-time and more likely to receive government benefits, use methamphetamine or heroin, and be arrested or imprisoned. Benzodiazepines are sometimes used for criminal purposes; they serve to incapacitate a victim in cases of drug assisted rape or robbery.

Temazepam also has certain pharmacokinetic properties of absorption, distribution, elimination, and clearance that make it more apt to abuse compared to many other benzodiazepines.

Benzodiazepines - Veterinary use
Benzodiazepines are used in veterinary practice in the treatment of various disorders and conditions

Anticonvulsant - Benzodiazepines
The relative strength of each of these properties in any given benzodiazepine varies greatly and influences the indications for which it is prescribed

* Clobazam (1979). Notably used on a short-term basis around menstruation in women with catamenial epilepsy.

The following benzodiazepines are used to treat status epilepticus:

* Midazolam (N/A). Increasingly being used as an alternative to diazepam. This water-soluble drug is squirted into the side of the mouth but not swallowed. It is rapidly absorbed by the buccal mucosa.

Nitrazepam, temazepam, and especially nimetazepam are powerful anticonvulsant agents, however their use is rare due to an increased incidence of side effects and strong sedative and motor-impairing properties.

Pyramidal neurons - Dendritic spines
The average human apical dendrite is approximately twice the length of a rat's, so the number of dendritic spines present on a human apical dendrite could be as high as 6000.

Tobacco - Philippines Tobacco in the Philippines remained highly concentrated in 2009 and dominated by cigarette manufacturers Fortune Tobacco Corporation and Philip Morris International

Tobacco - Philippines Cigarette prices in the Philippines are low, with the price of Marlboro (cigarette)|Marlboro being the second lowest for all ASEAN nations

Rayadillo - First Philippine Republic
The Filipino rayadillo military tunic was instituted by what would eventually become the First Philippine Republic during the Tejeros Convention

Rayadillo - First Philippine Republic
The artist Juan Luna is credited with this design

The Supreme Court - Philippines
The Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court is composed of 1 Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines|Chief Justice and 14 Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines|Associate Justices

Coconut - Philippines In the Philippines, particularly Cebu, rice is wrapped in coconut leaves for cooking and subsequent storage; these packets are called puso

Urban area - Philippines
Including Metro Manila, the Philippines has twelve metropolitan areas as defined by the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA)

Religious views on genetically modified foods - Philippines
October 03, 2003 [ CBCP refutes GMA on GMOs] Originally published in Philippine Daily Inquirer In 2009 Bishop Vicente Navarra of the Diocese of Bacolod in the Philippines issued a pastoral letter calling on the Negros Occidental and Bacolod City governments to continue banning the entry of GMO products.[ Bishop issues pastoral letter backing anti-GMO stance]

Information and communication technologies for development - ICT4D in the Philippines
The Philippines, one of Newly industrialized country|newly industrialized countries (NICs) in Asia, is continuously boosting ICT4D in sectors like education, agriculture, livelihood and even disaster preparedness. Directed by the Philippine Digital Strategy , the government and the private sector have been harnessing ICT to achieve development agenda. Among ICT4D projects operating nationwide are:

*'eSkwela' [ - Under this project, community-based e-Learning Centers or eSkwela Centers are being established in major centers around the country to conduct ICT-enhanced alternative education programs for interested individuals

*'e-PinoyFARMS' - a custom-built farm management system which allow Community-based Participatory Action Research (CPAR) stakeholders to capture baseline data, farm operations and economic transactions that support decision-making process for effective management of resources for sustainability and achieve the goal of agribusiness development.

*'SETUP (Small Enterprise Technology Upgrading Program)'[ - launched by the Department of Science Technology, SET-UP is a nationwide strategy to encourage and assist SMEs to adopt technological innovations to improve their operations and thus boost their productivity and competitiveness

*'OCEI (Open Content in Education Initiative)' - Aimed to convert existing Department of Education (DepEd) materials to interactive multimedia content and applications that can be used by local schools.

*'iSchool WebBoard' - An internet based website for Philippine teachers to collate and create self-learning materials and useful resources.

*'PhEdNet' - A Department of Education (DepEd) program which gives Philippine public schools access only to DepEd approved multimedia applications and materials.

*'PhEdNet Farmers’ School-on-the-Air (FSA)' - Open and distance learning in the Philippines pioneered in 1952 in the province of Iloilo produced by Pacifico Sudario, to provide lessons for 150 rural farmers/students through a broadcast program titled Tips on Farming and Community Development. It was aired over a one kilowattradio station, DYRI, l280 kHz. (Tan, et al., 1971, cited by Flor, 1995).

*'Jakenpoy.com' - [ An online portal that delivers a variety of educational and productive games and activities especially oriented toward Filipino students in elementary school

*'e-Extension' - [ a kind of electronic delivery of extension service wherein network of institutions provide alternative to a traditional extension system for agriculture, fisheries and natural resources sectors

Private companies in the Philippines, as part of their corporate social responsibility, are utilizing advances in technology and the effectivity of mass media in support of knowledge

# Educators must visualize the concept of ICT as an effective tool for the integration of learning. Technology should not drive education but the call for educational goals, needs and economic realities as driving factors for technology use.

# Effective Educators know how to integrate ICTs by blending appropriate technologies and methods through the curriculum and is not subject to one source only.

# Educators must recognize the combination of pre and in service initiatives by encouraging learners to practically involve themselves through the use of ICT-based technologies.

# Educators must know how to assess relevant contents (e.g. multimedia content), show expertise and share practices through involvement of content creation appropriate to every learning activities.

# Educators must work cooperatively with other stakeholders (e.g., parents, higher authorities) to understand complexities to utilize knowledge and information dissemination.

# An Effective ICT Program for Education relies on the sustainability of computer hardware and context development with responsible stakeholders.

*'Project Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazards (Project NOAH)' [ - This is a responsive program for disaster prevention and mitigation providing a 6-hour lead-time warning to vulnerable communities against impending floods

*'eSerbisyo' - These are government online websites that cater to general the general public for information, government forms, government services and weather.

*'eBayad' [ - This is an electronic payment gateway for government agencies using various internet payment options like credit cards and mobile wallets to enable Filipinos to pay online for requested government services taken from eSerbisyo.

*'Horticulture Information Network (HortiNet)' - Launched by Department of Science and Technology (Philippines)|DOST as an expansion program of Mango Information Network, HortiNet provides information from production of flowers and fruit, to marketing it on a global scale.

Bilingual education - Philippines
Depending on the bridging plan adopted, the Filipino and English languages are to be phased in as the language of instruction beginning in the third and fourth grades.[ DepEd Order 74 of 2009] (PDF) Other Philippine languages|Philippine regional languages are taught in schools, colleges and universities located in their Provinces of the Philippines|respective provinces.

Engineering education - Philippines
The Professional Regulation Commission is the regulating body for engineers in the Philippines.

Capital gains tax - The Philippines
Most often, real estate transactions in the Philippines are being sealed higher than their corresponding Market and Zonal values.

Capital gains tax - The Philippines
As a standard process, the Capital Gain Tax is paid for by the seller, while the Documentary Stamp is paid for by the buyer. However, either of the two parties may pay both taxes depending on the agreement they entered into.

Stress (biology) - Norepinephrine
Norepinephrine is a neurotransmitter released from locus coeruleus when stimulated by the hypothalamus during a stress response. Norepinephrine serves as the primary chemical messenger of the central nervous system’s sympathetic branch that prepares the body for fight-or-flight response.

College - Philippines In the Philippines, colleges usually refer to institutions of learning that grant degrees but whose scholastic fields are not as diverse as that of a university (University of Santo Tomas, University of the Philippines, Ateneo de Manila University, De La Salle University, Far Eastern University, La Consolacion College Manila), such as the San Beda College which specializes in law and the Central Colleges of the Philippines which specializes in engineering, or to component units within universities that do not grant degrees but rather facilitate the instruction of a particular field, such as a College of Science and College of Engineering, among many other colleges of the University of the Philippines.

College - Philippines A state college may not have the word college on its name, but may have several component colleges, or departments. Thus, the Eulogio Amang Rodriguez Institute of Science and Technology is a state college by classification.

College - Philippines Usually, the term college is also thought of as a hierarchical demarcation between the term university, and quite a number of colleges seek to be recognized as universities as a sign of improvement in academic standards (Colegio de San Juan de Letran, San Beda College), and increase in the diversity of the offered degree programs (called courses)

Optometry - Philippines
Professional organizations of optometry in the Philippines include Optometric Association of the Philippineshttp://philippineoptometry.net/ and Integrated Philippine Association of Optometrists, Inc

Education in the Philippines
'Education in the Philippines' prior to the mid-20th century was patterned on the educational systems of its earlier Colonialism|colonial powers, those of both Education in Spain|Spain and the Education in the United States|United States. However, after the Treaty of Manila (1946)|liberation of the Philippines in 1946, its educational system changed radically.

The Philippines' Department of Education (Philippines)|Department of Education (or DepEd) administers the entire educational system, especially its curriculum, along with the utilization of given funds for school services, equipment, recruitment of teachers (for state school|public schools only), etc...

The former educational system of the Philippines was composed of 6 years of Elementary school|elementary education starting at the age of 6,The lowest possible age that will serve as a guide for those who will enter Grade 1. and 4 years of high school|high school education starting at the age of 12.The lowest possible age that will serve as a guide for those who will enter Grade 7. With this system, compulsory education is not enforced.

However, 2011 signaled the start of the implementation of a new educational system, which is the K-12 education|K-12 educational system, which includes the new curricula for all schools (see Education in the Philippines#2010s and the K-12 program|2010s and the K-12 program). With this system, education will be now compulsory.

All public and private schools in the Philippines must start classes from a date mandated by the Department of Education (usually every first Monday of June for public schools only), and must end after each school completes the mandated 200-day school calendar of DepEd (usually around the third week of March to the second week of April).

Education in the Philippines - Pre-Spanish period
During the Pre-Spanish period, education was still decentralized. Children were provided with more vocational training with fewer academics. Philippine schools were headed by parents or by their tribal tutors. They employed a unique writing system known as baybayin.

Education in the Philippines - Spanish period
When the Spanish first arrived in Manila, they were surprised to find a population with a literacy rate higher than that of Madrid.

During the early Spanish period, most education was conducted by religious orders. The friars, recognizing the value of the literate indigenous population, built printing presses to produce material in baybayin. Missionaries studied the local languages and the baybayin to communicate better with the local populations and teach Christianity.

The church and the school both worked together. All Christian villages had schools for students to attend.

Spanish missionaries established schools immediately after reaching the islands. The Augustinians opened a school in Cebu City|Cebu in The Franciscans, in 1577, immediately took to the task of teaching improving literacy, aside from the teaching of new industrial and agricultural techniques. The Jesuits followed in 1581, also by the Dominican Order|Dominicans in 1587, and they started a school in their first mission at Bataan.

In 1590, the Universidad de San Ignacio was founded in Manila by the Jesuits, and following the suppression of the Jesuits was incorporated into the University of Santo Tomas|University of Santo Tomas, College of Medicine and Pharmacy.

The First book of the Spanish Philippines|first book printed in the Philippines dates back to It is a Chinese language version of Doctrina Christiana. A Spanish language|Spanish and Tagalog language|Tagalog version, in both Latin script and the locally used baybayin script, was printed in 1593.

In 1610, Tomas Pinpin, a Filipino printer, writer and publisher, who is sometimes referred as the Patriarch of Filipino Printing, wrote his famous Librong Pagaaralan nang manga Tagalog nang Uicang Castilla, which was meant to help Filipinos learn the Spanish language. The prologue read:

In 1640, the Universidad de San Felipe de Austria was established in Manila. It was the first State school|public university in the Philippines. On April 28, 1611, the University of Santo Tomas was founded in Manila as the Colegio de Nuestra Señora del Santisimo Rosario.

By the end of the 16th century, several religious orders had established charity hospitals all over the archipelago and provided the bulk of this public service. These hospitals also became the setting for rudimentary scientific research work on pharmacy and medicine.

The Jesuits also founded the Colegio de San Jose in 1601 and took over the management in what became Escuela Municipal in 1859 (which was later renamed as Ateneo Municipal de Manila in 1865; today as Ateneo de Manila University). The Dominicans on their part founded the Colegio de San Juan de Letran in 1620 in Manila.

The Educational Decree of 1863 created a free public education system in the Philippines, run by the government

By 1898, enrollment in schools at all levels exceeded 200,000 students.[ Country Studies: Philippine Education]

This new well educated middle class of Filipinos would later lead the Philippine Declaration of Independence|Philippine independence movement, using the Spanish language as their common language

Education in the Philippines - First Republic
However, the Philippinendash;American War hindered its progress.

Education in the Philippines - American period
With the help of the still-unabolished Educational Decree of 1863 (which was used since the Spanish period), an improved public school system was established during the first decade of American rule upon the recommendation of the Schurman Commission

The same law established the Philippine Normal School (now the Philippine Normal University) to train aspiring Filipino teachers.

The High School system supported by provincial governments, special educational institutions, school of arts and trades, an agricultural school, and commerce and marine institutes were established in 1902 by the Philippine Commission.

In 1908, the Philippine Legislature approved Act No. 1870, which created the University of the Philippines. The Reorganization Act of 1916 provided the Filipinization of all department secretaries except the Secretary of Public Instruction.

The emergence of High School education in the Philippines islands, however, did not happen until 1910, caused by the rise in big businesses and technological advances in factories and the emergence of electrification that required skilled workers

Two decades later, enrollment in elementary schools was about one million from about 150,000 in 1901, and about 100,000 in High School from less than 20,000 in 1901.

Education in the Philippines - Third Republic
In 1947, by the virtue of Executive Order No. 94, the Department of Instruction was changed to the Department of Education (Philippines)|Department of Education. During this period, the regulation and supervision of public and private schools belonged to the Bureau of Public and Private Schools.

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