1. Organic molecules

2. More than 2 million known Synthesized by ___ ______-based
Carbon
Carbon provides a molecular skeleton
Outer ______ holds 4 electrons
Forms covalent bonds in 4 directions
Organic molecules

3. HYDROCARBON CHAINS Many carbons bonded in a line
with ______ bonded along the sides
Vary in length
Organic molecules > hydrocarbon chains

4. Can be branched Can occur as rings
Organic molecules > hydrocarbon chains

5. Can contain double covalent bonds 2 atoms share 2 pairs of _________
Typical symbol: =
a fatty acid
Cause “kinks” along hydrocarbons
Organic molecules > hydrocarbon chains

6. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS Clusters of atoms attached to hydrocarbon chains
Give specific ‘behavioral’ ________ to hydrocarbon
The most ‘reactive’ parts of hydrocarbons
Impart polarity if group has electromagnetic charge
Organic molecules > functional groups

7. ORGANIC POLYMERS Assembled from small, similar, _________ units
All organic polymers from <50 kinds of monomers
Examples of polymers:
DNA is built from only __ different nucleotides
Proteins are built from <__ kinds of amino acids
Variation in sequence of monomers results in different polymers
E.g.; genetic nucleotides: ATCG vs. TAGC
Organic molecules > ploymers

8. Polymers are assembled by DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
2 molecules joined by extracting a _____ molecule
H+ and OH- join to make a free water molecule
Bonding sites of monomers unite
Organic molecules > ploymers

9. HYDROLYSIS Opposite of dehydration
Breaks polymers apart by adding water
e.g., occurs during digestion of foods
Organic molecules > ploymers

10. ORGANIC MACRO-MOLECULES
4 kinds:
1) Carbohydrates
2) Lipids
3) Proteins
4) Nucleic acids (future lecture)
Organic molecules > macromolecules

11. MONOMER = ____________________
Carbohydrates
MONOMER = ____________________
“Simple” sugars: glucose, fructose, galactose
Important FUELS for cellular work
Cells break down sugars, harvest energy
Called carbohydrates, but are monomers
Organic molecules > macromolecules > carbohydrates

12. Simplest carbohydrate polymers: DISACCHARIDES
MALTOSE: GLUCOSE + GLUCOSE
= Grain sugar (e.g., for beer)
SUCROSE: GLUCOSE + ________
= Sugarcane and sugar beet sugar
Organic molecules > macromolecules > carbohydrates

13. Up to 1000 linked monosaccharides 1) STARCH
POLYSACCHARIDES
Up to 1000 linked monosaccharides
1) STARCH
Energy storage among _______
Concentrated in tubers and seeds
Digested for energy & molecular building blocks
2) GLYCOGEN
Concentrated in liver and muscle _______
Storage in muscles allows for quick access
Organic molecules > macromolecules > carbohydrates

14. 3) Cellulose Plant fibers, wood Bond angles result in straight fibers
(Starch and Glycogen are ______)
Organic molecules > macromolecules > carbohydrates

15. Lipids Non-polar 1) Phospholipids 2) Steroids Do not dissolve in water
E.g., oil and vinegar (water)
1) Phospholipids
Make up cell membranes (more later)
2) Steroids
Occur as _____, many functions
E.g., certain _________
Organic molecules > macromolecules > lipids

16. 3) Waxes 4) Fats = Triglycerides Repel water from plant ________
______ storage in plants and animals
Organic molecules > macromolecules > lipids

17. The form of fats (triglycerides):
1 glycerol
plus 3 fatty acids
Fatty acid = hydrocarbon with carboxyl functional group
Organic molecules > macromolecules > lipids

18. Saturated fats (from ______ sources)
Maximum number of hydrogens attached
Firm at room temperature
E.g., butter, lard
Known to raise low density cholesterols in blood
Can causes atherosclerosis
Unsaturated fats (from _____ sources)
Some double bonds (hydrogens missing)
Liquid at room temperature
E.g., vegetable oils
Hydrogenated, or _____ fats
Hydrogens addedd artificially
E.g., hard margarine, shortening
Also raise LD cholesterol
Organic molecules > macromolecules > lipids

19. Proteins Monomer = _________ Polymer = Polypeptide Some examples:
Structural proteins: in hair, skin, nails
Contractile proteins: in muscle
Defense proteins: _________ in blood
Signal proteins: certain __________
Catalysts: enzymes in body fluids
Organic molecules > macromolecules > proteins

20. The form of proteins Long chains Folded into unique shapes
Outside shape gives unique function
Overheating unravels folds
Changes shape & stops function
“Denatures” protein
E.g., fried egg-white proteins
Organic molecules > macromolecules > proteins

21. The hierarchical structure of proteins
Primary Structure:
sequence of _________
in polypeptide
Secondary Structure:
coiling and folding of polypeptide, held by _______ bonds
Tertiary Structure:
blob of coiled _________
Quaternary Structure:
conglomeration of
polypeptide units
Organic molecules > macromolecules > proteins