1. Cognition Amy Waite, MA/CCC-SLP Speech Language Pathologist
Shepherd Center
Inpatient Acquired Brain Injury Unit
Atlanta, GA

2. Some Statistics 1.7 to 2 million traumatic brain injuries annually.
Cognitive deficits are the most common deficit following TBI, including mild TBI/concussion.
Approximately 50,000 deaths per year from TBI
Roughly 80,000 per year released from hospital with severe TBI-related disabilities.
Approximately 5.3 million Americans live with some degree of cognitive-linguistic impairment.

3. Minsky MA said:
If the brain was simple enough to be understood- we would be too simple to understand it.

4. I think there I am
Renee’ Descartes

5. What is Cognition?
“the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses.”
Synonyms: perception, discernment, apprehension, learning, understanding, comprehension…
Definition per Google.

6. Basic Components of Cognition:
Consciousness
Attention/Concentration
1. Focused
2. Sustained
3.Divided
Memory: short term vs long term vs procedural
1. Working Memory- temporary storage of limited capacity
2. Declarative – a person’s knowledge base, conscious awareness
3. Non-declarative – procedural. Unconscious awareness
Reasoning/Problem Solving/Judgement
Thought organization/ Planning
Processing Speed

7. Executive Functions
Definition: The ability to plan, organize, strategize and focus on a specific goal directed activity.
Can occur even in mild TBI
Spitz, Ponsford et. al (2012): “Deficits in executive functions following TBI can be profound and debilitating, and executive function deficits have the strongest effect on functional outcomes.”
So, what EXACTLY is it?

8. Executive Functioning at It’s Core
Identifying of a goal/objective/need.
Planning steps or stages to achieve goal or meet need.
Self-evaluation – initially, throughout, + at end of process
Self-awareness- what I could have done or be doing better or differently to improve outcome
Cognitive Flexibility / Mental Flexibility – “There is more than one way to skin a cat.”
Self-application – as I learn or receive new information can apply it to myself or my situation.

9. Most Common Long Term Cognitive Deficits
Attention/Concentration Problems
Processing Speed
Short Term Memory deficits.
Most common deficit with anoxic brain injuries is short term memory impairment.
Most common cognitive deficit in a CVA patient with aphasia is attention.

10. Cognitive Impairment Evaluation
Finding Obvious and not so obvious deficits

11. Formal Evaluations Burns Brief Inventory of Head Injury - Screen
Cognitive Linguistic Quick Test (CLQT) – Screen
Scales of Cognitive Ability for Traumatic Brain Injury (SCATBI)
Behavioural Assessment of Dysexecutive Syndrome (BADS)
Test of Memory And Learning -2 (TOMAL-2)
Functional Assessment of Verbal Reasoning and Executive Strategies (FAVRES)

12. Informal Evaluation Observation at meals, bathing, dressing etc.
In-center outings including finding own room
Conversations
Puzzles
Board games
On-line or Ipad games or puzzles
Reading activities

13. Cognitive Impairment Treatment
What can I do to help?
Does it work?

14. Is Cognitive Rehab Evidence Based?
Yes!
“Many studies prove the benefit of cognitive rehabilitation…” ~Cicerone et. al. (2005)
“ BUT need to define the treatment factors and patient characteristics that optimize clinical outcomes.”
In other words: We know it works but exactly what techniques at what time in the recovery process have yet to be defined.

15. Evidence Based Treatments
Attention: Attention Process Training (APT) for post acute TBI.
Problem Solving: training in formal problem solving strategies and their application to every day situations and functional activities during post acute rehab.
Executive Functioning: metacognitive strategy training (self monitoring/self regulation) as component of interventions for deficits in attention, neglect and memory.
Memory: use of memory notebooks or electronic device post PTA for moderate to severe and internal strategies for mild deficits. Also, Errorless Learning and Spaced Retrieval.
Processing Speed: Time Pressure Management

16. Functional/No Formal Studies Treatment Ideas
Games/puzzles – with cards, board games, or electronic
Routing – in-center, outside, out of center
Conversations
Meal times
Showering/bathing and dressing
Reading newspapers or watching news programs
Memory “signs” or timer reminders
Building simple things – birdhouse kits etc.
Painting/drawing
Gardening- small potted plants or vegetables
Groups
Verbal problem solving – talking through a task

17. Disorders of Consciousness
Vegetative State – Rancho 2
Minimally Conscious State- Rancho 2-3

18. Evaluation Coma Recovery Scale Revised Rappaport Coma/ Near Coma Scale
Glasgow Coma Scale
Important Point: These are extremely useful, when used correctly, in evaluating responses in an unequivocal manner.

19. Treatment Positioning/Seating Sensory Stimulation ? Family education
Educating the family
Teaching the family about emergence
Teaching the family what to do
Sense a theme?

20. Thank you! Any Questions?
Recommended Reading:
Cicerone, K.M. et. al. Evidence-Based Cognitive Rehabilitation: Recommendations for Clinical Practice. (2000) Archives of Phys. Med. Rehab (81)
2 additional updates: 2005 and 2011 My