1. The Young Nation and Foreign Relations

2. Relations with the French
America was originally supportive of the French Revolution b/c they saw the French as brothers in arms (a downtrodden people oppressed)
However, the French will experience a period of severe bloodshed following the revolution (The Reign of Terror)
The U.S. will distant itself from the French in lieu of the violence.

3. The Quasi-War During the Presidency of John Adams
America will sign a treaty w/ Britain in 1794.
France will regard this treaty as an act of war
France will begin to raid American ships headed for Britain, seizing cargo

4. X, Y, Z, & W Affair
President John Adams decides to try and avoid war with France
Adams sends a delegation, a group of people sent to argue on behalf of an individual party, to Paris
The delegation, lead by Charles Pickney, is directed to negotiate a peace with the French foreign minister, Charles de Talleyrand
The American delegation is greeted by three French agents (X, Y, Z) and they demand a bribe in order to see Talleyrand
“Not a sixpence” Pickney replies

5. Conclusion of the Quasi-War
Pickney comes home; tells Adams what happened
Adams responds by upping the size of the American military
Many war-hawks, politicians who loudly demand war, called for war with France
Lead to Alien and Sedition Acts (made it illegal to criticize the government)
Adam’s presidency was defined by this Act
Adams resisted and will sign a treaty w/ France in 1800
Cost him reelection

6. French Colonies in the America’s

7. How the US Able to Buy Lousiana

8. Slavery in Haiti Very Common, even condoned by the church
Haiti was a wealthy colony because of sugar cane
Plantation System
4 Social Classes
Gran Blancs – Wealthy White Slave Owners
Petit Blancs – Slave-less Poor Whites
Gen-de-Colour – Free People of Color
Children of the union of whites and slaves
Freed by their fathers and often quite wealthy
Slaves

9. How the United States was able to buy the Louisiana Purchase
Napoleon will come to power in France and begin a war in Europe
Dreams of an empire in the Americas

10. Haitian Revolt
Napoleon uses the island of Santo Domingo as a base for his empire in the West
Slave revolt on the island lead by Toussaint-Louverture
Napoleon loses thousands of troops on Santo Domingo
Abandons his dreams of empire

11. Haiti After Revolt Haiti is broke and without any way of making money
Many of the now independent Haitians had only ever been trained to farm
So…Loverture forces them back onto the plantations in order to make some money
Remember that often the revolution simply just exchanges one oppressive gov’t for another
Loverture is arrested and sent to France, where he dies in prison
Replaced by Jean Jaques Dessaline who finishes off the French in 1804

13. Independent Haiti

15. What Happens Next…… 1804 Napoleon loses Haiti
Remember what position he had been crowned in that year….
Napoleon turns his attention to Europe and Britain
Remember what year was Trafalgar
However wars cost $
And Napoleon needs $
So…….

16. The Louisiana Purchase
Napoleon approaches Thomas Jefferson about buying the land
The Louisiana Purchase is $15 mil.
Doubles the size of the country and stretches from the Mississippi to the Pacific
Lewis and Clark explore the land and are guided by Sacagawea
Travel 4,000 miles and reach the Pacific

18. Lewis and Clark Expidition

19. Trouble in the West
After the Louisiana Purchase, settlers begin to move west in large numbers
A Shawnee Chief named Tecumseh united N.A.

20. Relations with Britain
Britain and France will go to war in 1793
America will be neutral
Britain will attack American and impress American sailors, force sailors to join the navy
America will meet Britain at the Battle of Fallen Timbers
America wins
America and Britain signs Jay’s Treaty
Britain removes all troops to America and pay for shipping losses
Jay’s Treaty is rejected in America b/c it does not mention impressment

21. War of 1812 Impressments will begin again in the early 1800s
Britain will also sides w/ Native Americans in a war against the U.S.
War-hawks in Washington demands a war w/ Britain
War declared on June 1, 1812

22. War of 1812
The American plan called for an entirely land war; Britain navy was too strong
Americans would invade Canada and knock Britain out of N. America
Gen. William Hull lead his forces into Canada from Detroit
They are defeated by N. Americans and surrender Detroit

23. American Offensive Lake Erie and Oliver Hazard Perry
Perry defeats the British on Lake Erie
“We have met the enemy and they are ours”
Americans take back Detroit and burn York (present day Toronto)
Americans resort to privateers to defeat the British navy at sea
Privateers fail and British set up a blockade stretching the Atlantic coast

24. British Offensive
Britain defeats Napoleon and turn attention towards Americans
British land at Bladensburg with eyes on Washington
Americans meet British at Bladensburg and are defeated
“Bladensburg races” – British suffer 8 casualties; all from heat exhaustion chasing Americans

25. British Offensive Cont’d
After Bladensburg, British march on Washington and burn capitol
Move on Baltimore and attack Fort McHenry
British fiercely bombard fort
By the end of the night and bombardment, the flag atop the fort survived
Francis Scott Key oversaw the battle and wrote “Star Spangle Banner”

26. End of the War
British suffer huge loss at Plattsburg (secured border w/ Canada)
1814 – Treaty of Ghent
British and American borders did not change
Impressment is not mentioned

27. Battle of New Orleans Fought two weeks after the war ended
British general, Gen. Sir Edward Pakenham moved on New Orleans
Gen. Andrew Jackson defended New Orleans and picked off 700 redcoats from behind cotton bails
British surrender
Jackson becomes U.S. hero

28. Barbary Wars The Barbary States lie on the North African coast
Morocco, Tunis, Tripoli, and Algiers
The states were Muslim states under control of the Ottoman Turks
Ruled by the Berber Dynasties
The states were funded by acts of piracy in the Mediterranean Sea

29. Barbary War
Sultans. Deys, and Pashas, Muslim leaders of the Barbary States demanded tribute, payment for protection, in order to avoid pirate raids
Barbary pirates raided European vessels for centuries
Small, maneuverable vessels
Pirates steal cargo and sell sailors into slavery
Sometimes used as weapons by one European country against another
After revolution U.S. needed trading to make money by trading
Had been under British protection

30. Barbary Wars Money for a Navy went to war debt
Treaties were needed w/ N. Africa (Pirates always wanted more)
Attacks continue, despite treaties
U.S. will pass Naval Act of 1794 to build a navy against pirates

31. Barbary Wars: Tripoli vs. the U.S.
A treaty is mapped out between Yusef Karamanli, the king of Tripoli, and the U.S.
Huge treaty to the pasha: including gold handed pistols owned by George Washington
Karamanli declares the treaty null and void in 1801; attacks U.S. ships
T. Jefferson declares war and sets up the Dept. of the Navy

32. War w/ Tripoli
Jefferson builds the Constitution (44 guns) and the Philadelphia (38 guns)
In N. Africa, William Eaton, an American operative, makes contact with Yusef’s brother to take over
Philadelphia is captured by pirates after being run aground

33. End of the War The Constitution sails into Tripoli
Stephen Decatur, a 25 year-old-lieutenant, leads 70 marines into Tripoli harbor and burns the Philadelphia and the entire pirate fleet
Soon after Yusef’s brother would be put in power by U.S. and signs favorable treaty
The Barbary pirates would be subdued in 1815
Decatur sailed a ship into Algerian water and forced a treaty
The importance of the war was the it marked the birth of the American Navy

34. Relations with Spain
Pinckney’s Treaty - Spain will grant trading rights on the Mississippi and through New Orleans in 1795

36. Foreign Pressure in the Western Hemisphere
1818 – Adams-Onis Treaty : Spain handed over Florida to U.S. at a cost of $5 mil.
Spain actively trying to retake its colonies in the Americas
The colonies were now independent nations
Britain still controlled Canada and had just try to reconquer the US
Russia had claimed all the land north of the 51st parallel (latitude) and promised war on any one who attempted settlement

37. Monroe Doctrine A policy of Pres. James Monroe
Stated that the U.S. would not interfere with existing European colonies in America, but would not allow further colonies in “America’s backyard” (The Americas)
Will lead to many conflicts later on and many moves within Latin America