1. Before Watching this Presentation
Please watch this in presenter view, As we have created a “script” for what we would say on each slide, if we were to present this in person. These are In the speaker notes.

2. A2A - Challenge Proposal
By James Outen, Jose Roberto Castro, Luca Saleh and Matthew Woods
Hi, we are here today to propose our solution to the Airport to Airport challenge.

3. Philosophy Build train.
So when we first were told about this we had one idea. Build a train. But then we came to the realization that this idea had already been taken, and then taken again… and again.

4. Philosophy V2.0 Clean Cheap Fast
So how do we change an idea that is 213 years old. Well, we don’t, as since 1804 they have, and i'm speaking in my friend's words here “Invented Electricity” now beside the point that you can’t invent electricity, it does bring up the point, why are we changing a horse for an electric motor. Trains are mostly still the same, they are large boxes that have wheels that sit on tracks. Sure we now have things like the bullet train but, it still has the same idea as a train. So we went back and came up with some new ideas. Idea one! Clean, now this wasn’t necessarily the hardest part, as long as we keep our carbon emissions down, then great we can call it clean, job well done we can go home. But what if we had no emissions. Then that would be better. The next point is Cheap, we could say that isn’t our problem, that the customer should pay more for faster travel. But we didn’t so we set out to make every part of this as inexpensive as we could without skimping on safety or any other such thing. Finally fast, in the day to day life of people today, speed is of the essence. London to Newcastle by plane is 1hr and 15mins and that is about 230 mph if you were interested. so why don't we round that number to 300 mph and only try to push from there.

5. Pressure Pushing
This idea had differing air pressures on either side the transport module, this built on an old victorian idea for a faster underground, this had an air tight tube made of sections of a smaller concrete tube lined with rubber, the transport module itself sat in this tube and was sucked along. Now developing this idea, we encountered a few problems, this solution requires a lot of energy to cause a pressure difference over longer distances and the friction of the tube on the transport module bottle necked the speed.
Our first idea of the new philosophy was a tube that had differing air pressures on either side the transport module, this built on an old victorian ideas for a faster underground, this had an air tight tube made of sections of a smaller concrete tube lined with rubber, the transport module itself sat in this tube and was sucked along. Now developing this idea, we encountered a few problems, this solution requires a lot of energy to cause a pressure difference and the friction of the tube on the transport module bottle necked the speed.
So we thought to ourselves what would this idea evolve into, so we added magnetic stripes to reduce friction we also did away with the initial concrete/rubber tube design as this is rather expensive to both make in the first place and maintain in the long run and this brings me on to…

6. Magnetic Levitation
MAGLEV! It is certainly an interesting concept. Examples out there in the urbans jungles of fast commuting lifestyle prove that this ticks our boxes. It uses two magnets to repel each other to create the lift on the train itself. Yes its practical and gets you from point A to B.

7. Maglev
Maglev, are methods of transportation, that use magnetic levitation to move vehicles, without making contact with the ground.
Top Speed 375 mph (HS2 is 250 mph)
Price per mile of track £100 million (HS2 is expected to get up to £ Million)
However unlike HS2, we would be able to drastically cut the cost of the module itself.
So what is Maglev, well as you can see here, it is transportation that does not touch the ground by using magnetic forces to repel the train from the track. We have used a conservative £100 million per track as currently the coast of maglev can be upwards of £250 million but are projected to fall to as low as £50 million. However unlike HS2, we would be able to drastically cut the cost of the module itself for reasons we will discuss in a bit.

8. Jose Roberto Castro and Matthew Woods
Design
Jose Roberto Castro and Matthew Woods

9. Information
Our plan is a shuttle system running in a tube with regular magnetic loops/gates which propel the shuttle with no harmful emissions. These loops will have magnets which with the use of motors can change directions to accelerate or decelerate the shuttle as well as sending it in both directions.
So, our plan is to have a shuttle running in a tube, with regular magnetic loops which propel the shuttle with no harmful emissions. These loops will have magnets which, with the use of motors, can change directions to accelerate or decelerate the shuttle as well as sending it in both directions.

10. Design The design consists of three 14.46m x 4.00m x 4.00m carriages
Each contain around 40 seats with a total seating capacity of 120.
lots of floor space for people to stand and there are large compartments to keep luggage out of the gangway.
Multiple areas for wheelchairs, buggies and prams.
As superpositioning requires for the magnets to be kept cool, we have dedicated the bottom 1.5 meters to magnets and liquid nitrogen reservoirs. We also have under floor heating directly under the floor to not let the passengers get too cold.
Our design is simple yet very efficient, its cylindrical shape and slanted ends allow for a reduction in air resistance which is useful when it comes to fuel consumption. The design consists of three 14.46m x 4.00m x 4.00m carriages that each contain around 40 seats which in total makes the seating capacity of our design In addition to this there is lots of floor space for people to stand and there are huge compartments that are designated for large luggages. There also Multiple areas for wheelchairs, buggies and prams which helps our train accommodate people with disabilities and babies. As superpositioning requires for the magnets to be kept cool, we have dedicated the bottom 1.5 meters to magnets and liquid nitrogen reservoirs. We also have under floor heating directly under the floor to not let the passengers get too cold.

11. Body
For the body we are using a mixture of Aluminium and Carbotanium. We chose these materials as they are light and strong.
For the underside, we will use Niobium-titanium or an alloy with Aluminium as this is a superconductor, that is relatively easily fabricated, and economical.
For the body we are using a mixture of Aluminium and Carbotanium, Carbotanium is effectively carbon fibre with a titanium weave in it to gain the light nature of carbon fibre with the strength of titanium. We chose these materials as they are light and strong. For the underside, we will use Niobium-titanium or an alloy with Aluminium as this is a superconductor, that is relatively easily fabricated, and economical.

12. Details on the train itself
The average train carriage can weigh around 100,000 kg so if we set this as the weight for our preliminary equations (F=ma), we will be able to get a rough estimate for how much force we will need for propulsion, and lift. A force of 98.1 killer newtons is required to lift the train and a force of 30 meganewtons to accelerate to speed. As the tunnel will be a near vacuum, without knowing the exact air density we will not be able to calculate terminal velocity and braking distances.
The average train carriage can weigh around 100,000 kg so if we set this as the weight for our preliminary equations, although we aim for our carriage to weigh in at a lower 80 or 90,000 kg by using lighter materials, we will be able to get a rough estimate for how much force we will need for propulsion, and lift. A force of 98.1kN is required to lift the train and a force of 30MN to accelerate to speed.

13. Finding the magnetic field.
Using: 𝐹= 𝜇0𝐻2𝐴 2
A is the area of each surface, in m2
H is their magnetizing field, in Am-1.
μ0 is the permeability of space, which equals 4π×10−7 T·m/A
We can get: 𝐻= 2𝐹 𝜇0𝐴
And use this to find the magnetic field.
To find the magnetizing field large enough to lift and move the shuttle, we will be using this equation.

14. Magnetic lift force 𝐻= 2(9.81∗105) 4𝜋×10−7∗𝐴 = 131095.7185 Am-1
𝐻= 2(9.81∗105) 4𝜋×10−7∗𝐴 =
Am-1
A = 0.5 x (4𝜋) = 90.85m
(This is the approximate area of the magnet as it is the entire bottom half of the shuttle.)
This means that the magnets must have a magnetizing field of 1.311x105 Am-1 to lift the shuttle.
As you can see here, the area we are using is half of the complete surface area, as the magnet takes up the entire bottom side of the shuttle. So to lift the shuttle, we need a magnetizing field of 1.311x105 Amps per metre.

15. Magnetic propulsion force
𝐻= 2(3∗107) 4𝜋×10−7∗𝐴 =
Am-1
A = 0.25 x (4𝜋) = 45.43m
(This is the approximate area of the magnet they are in strips along the side of the shuttle.)
This means that the magnets must have a magnetizing field of 1.025x106 Am-1 to propel the shuttle.
And again, the area we are using is a quarter of the complete surface area, as these magnets are in strips along the side of the shuttle. So to lift ?propel the shuttle, we need a magnetizing field of 1.025x106 Amps per metre.?

16. Luca Saleh and Matthew Woods
Maintenance
Luca Saleh and Matthew Woods

17. Replacing part of the track in the case of it being damaged
Track is divided into segments/pieces which are put together to make one long track.
Each part is an electromagnet in itself and run in a parallel circuit to each other so the individual parts can be turned off, allowing single parts of the track to be removed and replaced
In the case of part of the track failing or suffering damage, there needs to be a plan on how it can be repaired without delaying the train and it’s passengers from reaching their flight. The plan is that the track will be broken into segments which can be detached and new ones fitted with ease. As the track is magnetic to allow superconductivity to occur and for the train to travel, removing a piece requires disabling this magnet. Luckily we designed this using an electromagnet so the track can be simply switched on and off, this gives the ability to isolate each segment on the track as they all run parallel to each other, so if one part needs replacing, it can be disabled and removed with a new one taking it’s place.

18. Maintenance process
Emergency Small Stations will be built at regular intervals between parallel tracks, this means that the whole track is covered for time when an emergency stop is required, these stations will be considerably smaller and more basic than our main terminals as they will only be used to get passengers out in emergencies or to move them onto an alternative track if needed.
In order to use this method there will need to be maintenance buildings and vehicles stationed at intervals by the track so whenever there is need for it, workers are ready to go and fix the problem and respond in an instant.

19. Fires
If there ever was a fire we have small nozzles on the front and back of each module, as well as in the top of the tunnel which will shoot out a fire suppressing substance such a foam, powder or CO2. Out of these options, the foam and powder would be the most likely as the gas would dissipate too quickly to suffocate the flame, further more the powder would be hard to clean, so we would use the foam option. Hopefully, however, we would like to use a liquid similar to water but one usable on electrical fires. The liquid or foam would then be drained through vent at the bottom of the tunnel. For fires inside the shuttle, we have similar nozzles as well as hand held fire extinguishers​.
If there ever was a fire which is in itself unlikely due to the tunnel being a near vacuum, we have small nozzles on the front and back of each module which will shoot out a fire suppressing substance such a foam, powder or CO2. Out of these options, the foam and powder would be the most likely as the gas would dissipate too quickly to suffocate the flame, further more the powder would be hard to clean, so we would use the foam option. Hopefully, however, we would like to use a liquid similar to water but one usable on electrical fires. The liquid or foam would then be drained through vent at the bottom of the tunnel.

20. James Outen, Luca Saleh and Matthew Woods
Fares and Routes
James Outen, Luca Saleh and Matthew Woods

21. Tickets Swipe card at turnstiles NFC chip read at doors to transport.
NFC chip at turnstile to allow entrance to station, then recorded on transport for distance to be logged, and charged to an online account
Although our method of transport is clean, it would be unfair to inflate the tickets due to fare evasion, so security and making sure people pay is very important as if there isn’t enough income for the amount of people using it, it simply won’t work as a system.
Swipe card at turnstiles. NFC chip read at doors to transport. NFC chip at turnstile to allow entrance to station, then recorded on transport for distance to be logged, and charged to an online account Although our method of transport is clean, it would be unfair to inflate the tickets due to fare evasion, so security and making sure people pay is very important as if there isn’t enough income for the amount of people using it, it simply won’t work as a system.

22. Security
We will have two systems, The first is a braclet touch based system, this is a bracelet similar to a watch in shape. You will touch the “Watch face” to touchpoints which will monitor where you are, then charge your account accordingly. The second method is through a phone app that will use GPS and NFC to let you do the same things as above however you will not need to touch after the first tap as the GPS will trigger to record the route and deactivate on the tap to leave the next station. This will allow our service to be almost completely automated.
We will have two systems, The first is a braclet touch based system, this is a bracelet similar to a watch in shape. You will touch the “Watch face” to touchpoints which will monitor where you are, then charge your account accordingly. The second method is through a phone app that will use GPS and NFC (Which is a method of wireless communication found in such things as oyster cards) to let you do the same things as above however you will not need to touch after the first tap as the GPS will trigger to record the route and deactivate on the tap to leave the next station. This will allow our service to be almost completely automated, with the only human element being in the control room and in maintenance.

23. Contingency
So what if your phone dies halfway through your journey, to stop this you will be told when your phone has 15% battery life left to pick up a band from the nearest dispenser and tap it against the phone, the NFC in both devices will then link the band to your account at which point you may continue with using your band.
So what is your phone dies halfway through your journey, to stop this you will be told when your phone has 15% battery life left to pick up a band from the nearest dispenser, these dispensers are on the train, on the platform and on various other locations and tap it against the phone, the NFC in both devices will then link the band to your account at which point you may continue with using your band.

24. Price And Fares
For our fares we have set the price to be £0.28 per mile, at this price a trip from London airport to Newcastle airport would be about £80. This means that in a year this line will be payed off. This Price is very competitive as;
The average train ticket of this distance is upwards of £130
A coach ticket for a journey that is 6 times longer is £20.20.
For our fares we have set the price to be £0.28 per mile, at this price a trip from London airport to Newcastle airport would be about £80. This means that in a year this line will be payed off. However this only accounts for the line not the shuttle itself or maintenance, so we aim to pay off those costs in subsequent years. This Price is very competitive as the average train ticket of this distance is upwards of £130 and a coach ticket for a journey that is 6 times longer is £20.20 which is only a quarter of the price for significantly longer travel time.

25. How fares were calculated
We calculated the fare for a trip on the maglev by creating an estimate of 1 million people using the transport a day, this assumption was created as the London tube has an annual passenger count of 1.34 billion, so this is quite small in terms of this transport but still realistic. We aimed for a 1 year plan, so my calculation went as followed:
(365) x (people a day) = people in 1 year £2.89x10^10 (this is the cost of the track over the 289 miles with 1 mile costing 1 million pounds) £2.89x10^10 / = £ £79.18 / 289 (Distance between London to Newcastle) = £0.27 (Per mile) £80 / 289 = £0.28 (Per mile)
We rounded this up to £80 a trip as this will cover the cost of the track easily over a year with some profit and some money going towards covering the cost of the shuttle.
We calculated the fare for a trip on the maglev by creating an estimate of 1 million people using the transport a day, this assumption was created as the London tube has an annual passenger count of 1.34 billion, so this is quite small in terms of this transport but still realistic. We aimed for a 1 year plan, so my calculation went as followed: (365) x (people a day) = people in 1 year £2.89x10^10 (this is the cost of the track over the 289 miles with 1 mile costing 1 million pounds) £2.89x10^10 / = £ I rounded this to £80 a trip as this will cover the cost of the track easily over a year with some profit and some money going towards covering the cost of the shuttle.

26. Route
Key:
Red: Overground elevated railways that follow the central reservations of existing motorways such as the M25. Cheaper to manufacture but means for possible slower speeds due to bends.
Blue: As the crow flies distances, possible routes for more direct underground routes.
Map 2: Outlining two options of a link from Newcastle airport, which is miles as the crow flies. The first option (blue) is a roughly straight underground high speed tunnel, and the second option (red) is an over ground maglev platform following the central reservation of the A1(m), A1 and M11 roads
(Map: Google maps)
As you can see here, we have two maps showing possible routes, for over ground and underground tracks, we have also used routes which run along central reservations of motorways such as the M25, as this will cut costs of constructing tracks.

27. Distances As the crow flies (possible underground routes):
Luton- M1/M25 junction: 11 miles (£3.08)
Gatwick- M23/M25 junction: 7.5 miles (£2.10)
M23/M25 junction- City airport: 18.6 miles (£5.21)
M23/M25 junction- Heathrow: 17.4 miles (£4.88)
Heathrow- City airport: 22.4 miles (£6.28)
Heathrow- Stansted: 41 miles (£11.48)
Newcastle- Stansted: miles (£66.98)
Above ground, following existing motorway routes
Stansted- City airport: 29.8 miles (£8.35)
M1/M25 junction- M11/M25 junction: 24.9 miles (£6.98)
M1/M25 junction- Heathrow: 23.6 miles (£6.61)
Connections:
Heathrow- Gatwick: 24.9 miles (£6.98)
Heathrow- City: 22.4 miles (£6.28)
Heathrow- Stansted: 41 miles (£11.48)
Heathrow- Luton: 34.8 miles (£9.75)
Gatwick- City: 26 miles (£7.28)
Gatwick- Stansted: 55.9 miles (£15.66)
Gatwick- Luton: 59.7 miles (£16.72)
City- Stansted: 29.8 miles (£8.35)
Stansted- Luton: 52.2 miles (£14.62)
As you can see, we rounded all the price up to the nearest penny, as then we would not lose any money.

28. Scheduling
Our aim is to have shuttles every 10 minutes with this time decreasing to 5 minutes at peak times and on busy lines.
Furthermore, due to the “round trip” nature of the shuttles, and the short journey times, we would not need an excess of shuttles, to manage this.
We also aim to have shuttles every 10 minutes with this time decreasing to 5 minutes during peak times and on very busy lines. Furthermore, due to the “round trip” nature of the shuttles, and the short journey times For example Heathrow to Gatwick would only take about 5 minutes at 300mph, we would not need an excess of shuttles as we would only need two shuttles on the line, to manage this.

29. Thank You For Watching
Thank you for watching.