1. Byzantium & Orthodox Europe
Eastern Europe:
Byzantium & Orthodox Europe
A Blend of Traditions

2. Timeline - Byzantium 330 = Constantinople made eastern Roman capital
= Justinian’s reign
= Decline
Shrinking borders due to Arab expansion
= Golden Age
Able emperors, revival of arts & philosophy, trade flourished
1054 = Christianity splits into eastern Orthodox & western Catholicism
= Byzantine decline under increasing Turkish (Seljuk & Ottomans) migrations & attack

3. Making Connections
Based on HW & analytical skills, answer the questions about primary source #1, 2, 3.
Justinian

5. Origins of Byzantium
460 CE

6. = Justinian’s reign
555 CE

7. = Decline
650 CE

8. = Decline
717 CE

9. = Golden Age
867 CE

10. : Decline via Turks
1180 CE

11. : Decline via Turks
1263 CE

12. : Decline via Turks
1450 CE

14. Political Organization
Emperor: head of church & state, but not all powerful
– Determined taxes
– Controlled the Army
– Controlled the Treasury
– Presided over all festivities
– Head of the Eastern Orthodox Church
Alexios III Angelos: Emperor ( )

15. Characteristics of Many Byzantine Emperors
Skillful diplomats
Used spies
Played one enemy against another
Bought peace by marrying daughters of possible rivals
Were not afraid to use military force! Loved their “Greek Fire”

16. Justinian

17. Emperor Justinian I
Ascended to throne at age 45; considered Byzantium's most ambitious ruler
Described as:
devout, energetic determined, cruel, & two-faced

18. The Age of Justinian Ruled from 527 to 565
Collected & reformed Roman law
Corpus Juris Civilis – Body of Civil Law
used the law to unite the empire under his control
Justinian’s Code was a model for medieval monarchs, the Roman Catholic Church, & later legal thinkers.

19. Justinian’s Reign Territory1
Justinian’s Reign
Territory
recovered provinces previously overrun by invaders
empire reached its greatest size under Justinian
Infrastructure
launched a program to beautify Constantinople
Built Hagia Sophia, improving on earlier Roman architecture

20. Justinian’s Territorial Gains
drove barbarians out of N. Africa, Spain, & Italy
expanded empire but failed to capture Rome

21. Justinian’s Infrastructure
built bridges, churches, hospitals, libraries & parks

22. Hagia Sophia largest of Justinian's 25 new cathedrals
-also known as Church of Holy Wisdom
-built in 5 years (A.D A.D. 537)

23. Dome contains 40 stained-glass windows
Cathedral's size, thick pillars, & enclosed space show Roman influences
Dome contains 40 stained-glass windows
Six colors of marble used
Plain exterior was meant to symbolize earthly life, and ornate interior symbolized spiritual universe

24. Theodora

25. Empress Theodora
born into lower class; daughter of bear trainer; described as adventurous
as a teenager worked as an actress & dancer
married Justinian while in her 20's
equaled and sometimes surpassed Justinian in political skill and wisdom
convinced her husband to crush Nika Rebellion

26. Military Strength

27. Military Strongest military in Europe
Also played a part in politics, making them an important part of the empire

28. The Army
120,000 Soldiers
Well-Supplied with steel swords, spears & armor
Cavalry- on horseback, supplied with lances and bows

29. The Navy
sailors per ship
GREEK FIRE: most potent weapon

30. Constantinople:
Endured centuries of attacks; not captured until 1453 by the Turks
Protected by water; triple wall system, Greek fire, Golden Horn chain

32. Economy Trade & Industry = source of wealth
Gateway between Europe & Asia
Taxes, tariffs, duties on goods flowing trough Constantinople funded treasury

34. Constantine’s City--Constantinopolis

35. Constantinople Hub of trade & culture Known as “The City”:
Home the wealthy and powerful
Connected to three continents by caravan tracks, rivers, seaways, and roads

36. Imported from Byzantium
Trade Routes
Exported to Byzantium
Imported from Byzantium
England
Iron, Tin
Ancient Greek works
France
Wine, Wool
Silk (copied Chinese process)
Spain
Cork, Grain
Bronze church doors
Africa
Ivory, Gold
Russia
Honey, Wood, Fur
Art, Architecture
China
Silk
Christianity
India
Spices, Pepper, Jewels

37. Christ Enthroned / Virgin Mary Crowning Emperor
Evidence of Trade
• Byzantine gold coinage became the standard coin throughout the Mediterranean
Christ Enthroned / Virgin Mary Crowning Emperor

39. Byzantine Heritage
Byzantine learning & artists made unique contributions that influenced Western styles from the Middle Ages to the present

40. Byzantine Learning & Art
Scholars preserved the works of classical Greece
Movement of those ideas would lay the foundation for the cultural explosion known as the Renaissance
Byzantine art greatly influenced Russian society

42. Mosaics
Pictures made of pieces of colored glass or stone inlaid in plaster

43. Religious Icons Most famous example:
Created to give the believer the personal presence of God

45. Byzantine Religion East and West Growing Apart?
381 CE, East’s refusal to accept authority of the Papacy

46. Icons Pictures of important Christians or sacred events
In form of murals, mosaics, or wooden panels
Respected in West; used but often disapproved of in East
Christians in the West used icons because few people could read
Some Christians in the Byzantine Empire disapproved of showing devotion to icons

47. Orthodox Church (EAST)
Orthodox is Greek for "correct belief"
Patriarch appointed by Byzantine emperor
Masses conducted in Greek; Bible translated into various languages

48. Catholic Church (WEST)
Catholic is Latin for "universal"
Pope thought to be supreme religious authority
Masses conducted in Latin

49. 1054 CE, Great Schism
Controversy over rightful authority to interpret Christian doctrine intensified over years due to:
Bishop appointments, icons, etc
In 1054, Christianity split into two major branches: Eastern Orthodox & Roman Catholicism

50. Christianity in West & East
Western European Christianity
Byzantine Christianity
-Pope controlled Church affairs
-People accepted pope’s claim to authority over all Christians
-Clergy prohibited from marrying
-Latin was language of the Church
-Christmas was main holy day
-Use of holy images permitted.
-Byzantine emperor controlled church affairs
-People rejected pope’s claim to authority over all Christians
-Clergy kept right to marry
-Greek was language of the Church
-Easter was main holy day
-Emperor outlawed the use of icons; eventually icons return.