1. Byzantine Empire Ch.10 Sect. 1

2. What was the Byzantine Empire? “New Rome” The former eastern Roman empire Roads to Balkans, Middle East, and North Africa

3. Describe Constantinople Located on strait of Bosporus that linked Med. And Black seas Huge harbor and guarded on three sides by water Linked Europe and Asia with trade routes Europe’s busiest marketplace for centuries

5. Hippodrome, built in 200s, where rich came to watch chariot races. Another reminder of city’s glorious Roman heritage.

6. 3.How did Byzantine blend cultures? Heir to Rome with an amazing civilization that blended ancient Greek, Roman, and Christian influences with other traditions of Med world

7. 4. Name three efforts of Justinian that helped the empire. Ruled from 527-565 Empire reached its greatest size Determined to recover ancient Rome Byzantine armies conquered North Africa, Italy, southern Spain Exhausted treasury and weakened defenses Hagia Sophia Civil Law Autocratic Rule

8. 5. What was Hagia Sophia? Church “Holy Wisdom” 10,000 workers built in 6 years Marble walls and gold in ceiling

10. 6. Explain Corpus Juris Civilis. What was the impact? “Body of Civil Law” aka Justinian’s Code 1100s both Roman Catholic Church and medieval monarchs modeled their laws on its principles

11. 7. Define autocrat and give examples from the text. Sole ruler with complete authority Emperor had power over the Church Deemed Christ’s co-ruler on Earth Combined both political power and spiritual authority, unlike monarchs in West “Emperor is equal to all men in nature of his body, but in authority of his rank he is similar to God, who rules all”

12. 8. What were the empire’s greatest strengths? Came from a strong central government and a prosperous economy

13. 9. The Backbone was made up of…. Peasants Worked the land, paying taxes, provided soldiers for military

14. 10. List and explain various reasons for disagreement within the church. Byzantine Christians rejected pope’s claim to authority over all Christians Byzantine clergy kept their right to marry Greek, not Latin, was the language of Byzantine Church Chief Byzantine holy day was Easter, western Christians went with Christmas Treated each other as rivals rather than branches of same faith

15. 11. What were the reasons for decline that forced the Byzantine emperor to send a call for help that turned into the First Crusade? Struggles over succession, court intrigues, and constant wars undermined its strenght Powerful local lords gained control of large areas

16. 12. Explain the ultimate fate of Constantinople. 1453 Ottoman forces surrounded the city Lead by Muhammad II won Renamed Istanbul and was capital of Ottoman empire

17. 13. What was the Byzantine heritage? For 1,000 years Byzantines built on culture of Hellenistic world. Blended Christian religious beliefs with Greek science, philosophy, arts, and literature Extended Roman achievements in engineering and law.

18. 14. Describe some of the Byzantine art achievements. Icons, designed to evoke the presence of God, gave viewers sense of glowing life Architecture they blended Greek, Roman, Persian, and middle eastern styles

19. 15. Who was Procopius and what did he do that was significant Advisor of wars, wrote down Byzantine campaign against Persia In his Secret History, he savagely criticized Justinian

20. 16. Describe who Anna Comnena was. Considered to be western world’s first important female historian Portrayed Latin crusaders as greedy barbarians Father was Emperor Alexius I