1. Multiple Benefits from Sustainable Livestock
Henning Steinfeld, FAO
7th Multi-Stakeholder Partnership Meeting
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 8th May 2017

2. Millennium Development Goals
“Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”
Brundtland Report, 1987
Millennium Development Goals
2000 to 2015
2015 to 2030

3. Cooperating with the future
“Overexploitation of renewable resources today has a high cost on the welfare of future generations”
% units extract < T
Defectors
The voting institution is robust to extreme decision-makers and thereby increases cooperative behavior
% units extract > T
Generation 1
5 players
Common pool of 100 units
Each player can extract 0 to 20 units
Cooperators
Hauser et al., 2014

4. “Meeting the needs of all within the means of the planet”
Raworth, 2017

5. “Ecologically safe and socially just space”
The inner ring of the doughnut represents a sufficiency of the resources we need to lead a good life: food, clean water, housing, sanitation, energy, education, healthcare, democracy.
Anyone living within that ring, in the hole in the middle of the doughnut, is in a state of deprivation.
The outer ring of the doughnut consists of the Earth’s environmental limits, beyond which we inflict dangerous levels of climate change, ozone depletion, water pollution, loss of species and other assaults on the living world.
Raworth, 2017

6. COMPETITION & SCARCITY
lIVESTOCK AND the interplay of bio-physical (nature) and socio-economic (human) dimensionS
RESOURCE POOL
HUMAN BENEFITS
NATURAL
RESOURCES
Land
Water
Genetic
resources
Nutrients
Energy
LIVESTOCK
PRODUCTS
Food
Manure
Fuel
Draft power
Leather
Fiber
CLIMATE CHANGE
Livestock
DEMAND GROWTH
ENVIRONMENTAL
SERVICES
Climate
Nutrient cycling
Biodiversity conservation
Water cycles
Environmental Health
ECONOMIC and
SOCIAL SERVICES
Growth
Poverty reduction
Employment
Health and nutrition
Equity
Landscape
Political stability
COMPETITION & SCARCITY

7. Bio-physical dimension
Energy capture, photosynthesis, fuels (fossil, biofuels)
65,000 TW reaches the hydrosphere, but less than 1% is converted to NPP
The food sector currently accounts for 30% of the world’s total energy consumption (FAO, 2011)
Livestock energy conversion typically ranges from 1.0 to 4.3 MJ of fossil fuel per MJ of animal product (Giampietro, 2002)
Land use
Livestock systems occupy 29% of the global surface area
3.3 billion hectares for rangelands; 25% of total land area
0.5 billion hectares of the crop land area is being used for feed production; 4% of the total land area
Biodiversity
75% of the world’s food supply is generated from only 12 plants and five animal species
Livestock have direct impacts on biodiversity through trampling, grazing, and defecation, the larger indirect impacts - through deforestation, GHG emissions, feed trading, and water pollution (Reid et al, 2009)
Water
About 70% (2769 km3/year) of fresh water is used for agriculture (AQUASTAT, 2016)
Water use for livestock represents 31% of the total agriculture water use (de Fraiture et al., 2007)

8. Bio-physical dimension
Nutrients
Livestock is an important source of soil nutrients, where reliance on fertilizer is low, like in Sub- Saharan Africa (Goulding et al., 2008; Rufino et all., 2006)
Nutrient use efficiency (NUE) for Nitrogen ranges from 27-48% for the livestock supply chain in Europe (Uwizeye et al., 2016), and from % in crop-livestock systems in Africa (Rufino et al., 2006)
Climate change
Livestock supply chains emitted 8.1 gigatonnes CO2-eq in 2010 (GLEAM 2007 Version 2.0)
Livestock production in Sub-Saharan Africa represents 5% of the total global sector’s emission (GLEAM Version 2.0)
Emission intensity of dairy systems in Ethiopia is on average 24.5 Kg CO2 eq./kg FPCM, and ranges from 3.8 to Kg CO2 eq./kg across dairy production systems (FAO & NZA Greenhouse Gas Research Centre, 2017)
Diseases
Current emerging infectious diseases are associated with human modification of the environment
Animal diseases generate a wide range of biophysical and socio-economic impacts that may be both direct and indirect, and may vary from localized to global (Perry & Sones 2009)
Biomass production
Humans appropriate 25% of the total net primary production (HANPP) (Krausmann et al., 2013)
Agriculture represents 84–86% of total appropriation of HANNP, with 42–46% on cropland and 29–33% on grazing land (Krausmann et al., 2013).
HANPP in Sub-Sarahan Africa is around 18% (Haberl et al., 2007)

9. Socio-economic dimension
Food and Nutrition
‘All’ the world’s population, i.e. 7.4 billion people consume food every day.
793 million people are undernourished,
1.9 billion people are overweight, of which 600 million obese adults (WHO)
Livestock products contribute 17% to global calorie consumption and 33% to protein consumption globally
23% of Sub-Saharan population is undernourished (FAO, 2016). In Ethiopia, 32% of the population is undernourished (FAO, 2016) and 16.8% is overweight (WHO, 2014)
Value, income and employment
Agriculture (primary production) contributes $5.2 trillion or 6% to world’s GDP
Livestock global asset is valued at least $3.1 trillion
Livestock supply chain employ at least 1.3 billion people globally and directly support the livelihoods of 600 million poor smallholder farmers
In Ethiopia, the dairy sector represents 40% of agricultural GDP and 12–16% in the national GDP
There are about 11.4 million livestock producing households in Ethiopia (CSA, 2013)

10. Socio-economic dimension
Rural growth and linkages, political stability
Agricultural growth has multiplier effects, and raises income by factor 1. 7 to 2.7 in Africa and Asia (Pinstrup Andersen and Watson, 2011).
Increases in international food prices can lead to unrest and conflict, e.g. “Arab spring” (Arezki and Markus Brückner, 2011)
Environmental services and cultural values
Tourism, landscape aesthetics
Food as part of culture and social interaction

11. Outside pressures (external drivers)
Demand growth
Population growth
2015/2050: World: 7.3 to 9.7 billion (+32%); SSA: 1.0 to 2.2 billion (+120%); Ethiopia: 99.4 to million (+90% )
Changing diets
Ethiopia’s milk consumption is 19 liters per person per year. In urban areas, as in Addis Ababa, milk per capita consumption is currently 52 liters (FAO & NZA Greenhouse Gas Research Centre, 2017)
Urbanization
2015/2050: World: 54 to 65%; SSA: 37 to 53%; Ethiopia: 19 to 37%
Climate change
Increase in temperature and CO2 level
Climate variability – extreme events (droughts, floods)
New disease threats
Competition and scarcity
Competiton for land, water, energy
Growing scarcity (water depletion, land degradation, phosphorus, energy)

12. Ways of describing the interplay Matter flows: LCA
Values flows: value chain analysis
Pathogen flows: disease transmission

13. The interplay between bio-physical and socio-economic dimensions
Resources
Transformation (production & processing)
Use & Consumption
Matter transformation: Life Cycle Assessment of Livestock Supply Chain
Land, water, feeds
Protein and calories
Nutrients
Nutrients & waste

14. The interplay between bio-physical and socio-economic dimensions
Resources
Transformation (production & processing)
Use & Consumption
Value Chain: Livestock Supply Chain $ $
Benefits (value) is generated and distributed at each step

15. The interplay between bio-physical and socio-economic dimensions
Resources
Transformation (production & processing)
Use & Consumption
Health: Livestock Supply Chain
Interactions involving different organisms (plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, and pathogens) in all stages

16. The interplay between bio-physical and socio-economic dimensions
Matter transformation: Nitrogen use in the livestock supply chain
The Life-Cycle Nutrient Use Efficiency (NUE) for Nitrogen ranges from 27-48% for the livestock supply chain in Europe (Uwizeye et al., 2016)
NUE at animal level ranges from 15 to 35%, while farm and system level NUE ranges from 15 to 55% (Gerber et al., 2014)
System boundary and nutrients flows in livestock supply chains (Uwizeye et al., 2016)

17. The interplay between bio-physical and socio-economic dimensions
Value chains
New Zealand Dairy Value Chain
Traditional Milk Marketing Channel in Bangladesh
From the farmers in New Zealand to customers in over 140 countries
Export
Cooperatives/Suppliers
Local consumer/Tea stall
Shipping and wholesale distribution
Bangladesh has a strong tradition of dairying, dominated by trader/middlemen and traditional indigenous milk products, which are still very important. Nearly all local milk is produced by smallholders and the sector is governed by the informal milk market (81 percent) while the formal market (4 percent) has a small but important and growing market share. Smallholder milk producers sell milk directly to consumers or milk supplier/middlemen at local markets. Gowala generally buy fresh milk from different households, after that they mix it with water and add milk powder to make my profit. Gowala earn a major share of the profit from unorganized milk market system
Informal
Milk is manufactured in more than 50 sites in NZ and other countries
Commodity flow
Branding and marketing 5% 4%
Dairy farmer
Flow of value
Formal
Food manufacturing (ingredients)
76%
Processing
95% of the milk is exported
Household consumption: 15%
Informal
Gowala (middlemen)
Cooperatives
Gowala earn a major share of the profit from unorganized milk market system
Dairy farmer
NZ produces 4% of world’s milk

18. Pathway map of AMA and AMR dissemination within agriculture, the environment, and the food processing industry.
Pathway map of AMA and AMR dissemination within agriculture, the environment, and the food processing industry. Movement of AMA or AMR is indicated by overlapping circles and arrows, respectively; different colors define different groups of reservoirs. Stars indicate the hot spots of ARG and ARB with high bacterial densities, nutrient availability, and selective pressure in the digestive tract of livestock and humans, in manure storage facilities, wastewater treatment plants, and in the rhizosphere. Asterisks indicate possible hot spots of ARG and ARB in water, sediments, and biofilms in aquaculture, rivers, lakes, and irrigation systems, as well as in slaughterhouse facilities and on plant surfaces.
Sophie Thanner et al. mBio 2016; doi: /mBio

19. The interplay between bio-physical and socio-economic dimensions
Spatial dimension: Soybean expansion in Brazil
Brazil produced 95.5 million metric tons of soybeans in 2015/2016
China imported 45% of total Brazilian soybean production
China soybean imports represents:
Financial flow: 16.4 bi US$
Land use area: 10,421,011 ha
Potential territorial deforestation area: 866,564 ha
Source: Trase, 2015

20. The interplay between bio-physical and socio-economic dimensions
Temporal dimension: environmental impact time-lag
Long-term effect of N fertilization
GHG lifetime in the atmosphere
Groundwater time-of-travel estimates and tritium data both suggest that groundwater remains resident in these watersheds for more than 30 years, therefore changes in agricultural practices may take decades to fully affect improvements in groundwater quality (Tomer and Burkart, 2002)
Greenhouse Gas
Lifetime in the
atmosphere (years)
Carbon dioxide
50-200
Methane 12
Nitrous oxide
120
CFC-12
100
CFC-11 45

21. PRINCIPLES of Sustainable Food and AGRICULTURe
NATURAL SYSTEM
HUMAN SYSTEM
ENVIRONMENTAL
SERVICES
Climate
Nutrient cycling
Biodiversity conservation
Oceans and water cycles
Environmental health
NATURAL
RESOURCES
Land
Water
Genetic
resources
Nutrients
Energy
LIVESTOCK
PRODUCTS
Food
Manure
Fuel
Draft power
Leather
Fiber
ECONOMIC and
SOCIAL SERVICES
Growth
Poverty reduction
Employment
Health and nutrition
Equity
Landscape
Political stability
Increase resource-use efficiency
LIVESTOCK
Balance human needs
Protect, and enhance critical resources
SUSTAINABILITY PRINCIPLES
Manage Risks and build resilience
Develop governance and institutions

22. SFA Approach - Five Principles
Improve efficiency of resources
Protect critical resource
Enhance human benefits
Manage risks and build resilience
Develop governance and institutions

23. Medium-scale commercial
Figure 1. Three dimensional parameter-space showing the interplay between land (green), labour (blue) and capital (red). The extreme high values of each – accompanied by low values of the other two – are indicated as the corners of a triangle.
land
labour
capital
Subsistence
Industrial
Medium-scale commercial
Extensive
Agri-food system
transition
labour
land
capital

24. Figure 2. False colour composite image representing each dimension, equally scaled on a different coloured gun. Land (green) is proxied by length of growing period; labour (blue) by rural population density and and capital (red) by night-time lights (see text).
Version 02: Red: by night-time lights
Green:: length of growing period;
Blue: Marius’s new Ag pop at 10k
land
Land
Labour
Capital
Colour Lo
Black Hi
Green
Blue
Red
Magenta
Cyan
Yellow
White
NB – orange is created by:
R) Capital = HIGH
G) Land = MEDIUM
B) Labour = LOW
capital
labour

25. Resource efficiency
Extensive Systems – efficiency in providing multiple benefits; focus on eco-systems services, often through mobility
Labour Intensive – efficiency in land use and non-tradables, often through diversification
Capital Intensive – efficiency in use of external inputs, integration through commercial linkages

26. Protect and Enhance Critical Resources
Extensive Systems: focus on resource integrity of unmanaged (or lightly managed) environments
Labour Intensive: maintain resource productivity (prevent degradation, restore fertility, circular economy (on farm)
Capital Intensive: prevent pollution and over-exploitation (water), circular economy within landscape

27. Balance human benefits
Extensive systems: maintain rights of indigenous/traditional users; provide alternatives where necessary
Labour Intensive: optimize food security, income, employment for low-income populations, reduce losses and disease pressure
Capital Intensive: avoid overconsumption and food waste, focus on urban consumption; food safety

28. Manage Risks and Resilience
Exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity
Extensive Systems: very exposed to natural risks/climate variation; adaptation through mobility and exits
Labour Intensive:
exposed to disease risks and climate shocks; adaptation through diversification
Exposed to over-exploitation and resource pressure; adaptation through resource restoration and exits, collective action
Capital Intensive: exposed to market risks and disease; adaptation through insurance schemes and changes in business models

29. Governance and institutions
Through policy dialogue, multi-stakeholder consultation and regulatory frameworks
Extensive Systems: Regulate access to common property resources: land, water, biodiversity; provide payment for environmental services; social protection
Labour Intensive: encourage collective action to address high transaction costs; ensure access to critical natural resources (water, grazing land)
Capital Intensive: Address negative environmental and health externalities (regulations, fees)

30. Multiple Benefits from Integration
Integrated approach
Integration of Stakeholders (Global Agenda): Dialogue – Consensus – Joint Action
Integration of Objectives – enhance multiple benefit, reduce trade-offs
Integration of Technical Domains and Scientific Approaches
Bio-physical transformation - LCA
Value generation and distribution – values chain analysis
Human health, animal health, environmental health – One Health
From Maximization to Optimization

31. Conclusions
FA major driver of environmental change – large interface with common property resources
FA provide more human benefits than just GDP – income, employment, culture, social life and cohesion
Diversity of systems and interactions; private goods and common resources
Sustainability:
Multiple objectives, changing over time
integrated tools for multiple benefits
“collaborating with the future”

32. Thank you