1. Jack Johnson vs. Tommy Burns, Sydney, Australia, 1908

2. Jack Johnson vs. Stanley Ketchel, Colma, California, 1909

3. Jack Johnson vs. James Jeffries, 1910

4. “It comes down, then, after all to this unforgivable blackness. ” – W
“It comes down, then, after all to this unforgivable blackness.” – W.E.B. Du Bois

5. Progressivism: For whites only
Most progressives were racists
Supported progressive reforms at the same time that they supported Jim Crow laws
Some claimed they supported Jim Crow segregation as the only realistic means to protect black people from white violence
Supported eugenics sterilization laws
Supported city commission and “at large” voting systems to weaken immigrant votes

7. Ways to stop the voting
Poll taxes, 1 or 2 dollars, paid in advance of the election
No assistants allowed for illiterate voters
Literacy tests requiring elaborate recitation of state constitutions
Grandfather clauses (did your grandfather vote before the Civil War?)

8. Race riot: Wilmington, North Carolina, 1898

9. Disenfranchisement in the South (by percentage of adult male population eligible to vote)
1876
1900
1912
Alabama
72%
38%
22%
Georgia
63%
18%
Louisiana
74%
20%
Mississippi
80%
17%
South Carolina
100%

10. Booker T. Washington
1881 founded the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute

12. Race riot: Atlanta, Georgia, 1906
25 blacks killed
1 white killed
4 blacks beaten to death

13. Du Bois’ three questions for Booker T. Washington, 1903
How can blacks advance themselves economically if they have no political power?
How can blacks have pride in themselves if they are second class citizens?
How can blacks maintain good common schools without teachers trained in colleges and universities?

14. Ida Wells Barnett, 1862-1931, journalist, civil rights activist, feminist

15. Race riot: Springfield, Illinois, 1908
4000 national guard troops brought in to stop the riot
NAACP founded a year later

16. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
New Orleans black community sends Homer Plessy to test Louisiana train segregation law
Supreme Court rules seven to one to uphold the “Separate Car Act” as long as there were equal accommodations for everyone
Harlan’s lone dissent: “The arbitrary separation of citizens on the basis of race Is a badge of servitude wholly inconsistent with the civil freedom and equality before the law “

17. Monroe Trotter, Fredrick McGhee, and the “Trotter group”

18. The Niagara Movement meeting of 1905 and public concern over the Springfield riot of 1908 resulted in the founding of the NAACP in 1911.
Niagara civil rights meeting of 1905

19. “His was the voice that was calling you to gather here to this cause
“His was the voice that was calling you to gather here to this cause.” – Roy Wilkins at March on Washington, 1963

20. Themes of The Souls of Black Folk (1903)
Challenge to Booker T. Washington
Challenge to the William Dunning School of Reconstruction at Columbia University
“The problem of the twentieth century is the problem of the color line.”
Argument that Black people possess a “double consciousness” (both American and Black)
Call for a “talented tenth” to come forward
Questions the extent to which individual self-help and commercial ambitions can help the black community
Questions the rural life

21. C. Vann Woodward’s 1955 book Strange Career of Jim Crow challenged notion of segregated south as natural and eternal.
Martin Luther King Jr. called it “the Bible” of the Civil Rights movement.

22. What does this history mean for us now?