1. Grammar and Composition Review

2. 8 Parts of Speech Noun Pronoun Verb Adjectives Adverbs Prepositions
Conjunctions
Interjections
8 Parts of Speech

3. Noun A noun is the name of a person, place, thing, or idea.
A proper noun, which names a specific person, place, or thing (Carlos, Queen Marguerite, Middle East, Jerusalem, Malaysia, Presbyterianism, God, Spanish, Buddhism, the Republican Party), is almost always capitalized.
Common nouns name everything else, things that usually are not capitalized.
Noun

4. Pronoun A pronoun can replace a noun or another pronoun
Pronouns should:
Agree in number
If the pronoun takes the place of a singular noun, you have to use a singular pronoun.
Ex:If a student parks a car on campus, he or she has to buy a parking sticker. (Not they)
Agree in person
If you are writing in the "first person" ( I), don't confuse your reader by switching to the "second person" ( you) or "third person" (he, she, they, it, etc.). Similarly, if you are using the "second person," don't switch to "first" or "third.“
Ex: When a person comes to class, he or she should have his or her homework ready. (Not you)
Pronoun

5. Pronoun (cont.) Pronouns can be used as 3 different cases:
Refer clearly to a noun
Don't be vague or ambiguous.
Ex: If you put this sheet in your notebook, you can refer to it. (What does "it" refer to, the sheet or your notebook?)
Pronouns can be used as 3 different cases:
Subjective: pronouns used as subject.
Objective: pronouns used as objects of verbs or prepositions.
Possessive: pronouns which express ownership.
Pronoun (cont.)

6. Pronoun (cont.) Pronouns as Subjects Pronouns as Objects
Pronouns that shows Possession I Me
My (mine)
You
Your (yours)
He, she, it
Him, her, it
His, her (hers), it (its) We Us
Our (ours)
They
Them
Their (theirs)
Who
Whom
Whose
Pronoun (cont.)

7. Verb Verbs carry the idea of being or action in the sentence.
There are six tenses of verbs.
Simple Present: They walk
Present Perfect: They have walked
Simple Past: They walked
Past Perfect: They had walked
Future: They will walk
Future Perfect: They will have walked
Verbs can be written in active or passive voice.
Verb

8. A gerund is a verbal that ends in -ing and functions as a noun.
Many English sentences contain a verb phrase. The verb that carries the main meaning is the main verb. The other words in the verb phrase are the helping verbs.
There are four categories of helping verbs.
Verbs (cont.)

9. Verbs (cont.) Modals Forms of do
There are nine modal verbs: can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, and would.
After a modal verb, use the base form of the verb.
Ex: The system must meet all applicable codes.
Forms of do
Do, does, or did
Ex: Do we need to include the figures for the recovery rate?
Forms of have plus the past participle
To form one of the perfect tenses (past, present, or future), use a form of have as the helping verb plus the past participle of the verb (-ed)
Past Perfect: had written
Present Perfect: have written
Future Perfect: will have written
Verbs (cont.)

10. Verbs (cont.) Forms of be
To describe an action in progress, use a form of be (be, am, is, are, was, were, being, been) as the helping verb and the present participle (the –ing form of the verb)
Ex: We are testing the new graphics tablet.
Verbs (cont.)

11. Adjectives modify nouns. To modify means to change in some way.
For example: "I ate a meal." Meal is a noun. We don't know what kind of meal; all we know is that someone ate a meal.
Adjectives usually answer one of a few different questions: "What kind?" or "Which?" or "How many?”
For example: "The tall girl is riding a new bike." Tall tells us which girl we're talking about. New tells us what kind of bike we're talking about.
Adjectives

12. Adverbs Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.
The most common question that adverbs answer is how. They can also answer the questions when, where, and why.
She sang beautifully." Beautifully is an adverb that modifies sang. It tells us how she sang.
Adverbs

13. That woman is extremely nice
That woman is extremely nice." Nice is an adjective that modifies the noun woman. Extremely is an adverb that modifies nice; it tells us how nice she is. How nice is she? She's extremely nice.
"It was a terribly hot afternoon." Hot is an adjective that modifies the noun afternoon. Terribly is an adverb that modifies the adjective hot. How hot is it? Terribly hot.
Adverbs (cont.)

14. A preposition describes a relationship between other words in a sentence.
Prepositions are nearly always combined with other words in structures called prepositional phrases
A prepositional phrase consists of a preposition, a noun or pronoun that serves as the object of the preposition, and, more often than not, an adjective or two that modifies the object.
Prepositions

15. A conjunction is a joiner, a word that connects(conjoins) parts of a sentence.
Conjunctions: and, but, or, yet, for, nor, so
Conjunction

16. Interjections are words or phrases used to exclaim or protest or command.
Wow!
Oh!
Hey!
You There!
Interjection