Electric Vehicles https://store.theartofservice.com/the-electric-vehicles-toolkit.html.

Electric Vehicles

Hydrogen vehicle - Battery electric vehicles
Ed Begley, Jr., a battery electric car advocate, noted wryly, "The detractors of electric vehicles are right

General Motors - Hybrid electric vehicles
In May 2004, GM delivered the world's first full-sized hybrid pickups, the 1/2-ton Silverado/Sierra. These mild hybrids did not use electrical energy for propulsion, like GM's later designs. In 2005, the Opel Astra diesel Hybrid concept vehicle was introduced. The 2006 Saturn Vue Green Line was the first hybrid passenger vehicle from GM and is also a mild design. GM has hinted at new hybrid technologies to be employed that will be optimized for higher speeds in freeway driving.

GM currently offers the 2-mode hybrid system used by the Chevrolet Tahoe/GMC Yukon/Cadillac Escalade, and GM 1/2 half-ton pickups and will later be used on other vehicles.

Within the framework of its vehicle electrification strategy, GM introduced the Chevrolet Volt in 2010, an electric vehicle with back-up generators powered by gasoline. The production Chevrolet Volt was available in late 2010 as a 2011 model with limited availability. GM delivered the first Volt during December 2010.

The GM Magic Bus is a hybrid-powered bus.

General Motors - All-electric vehicles
General Motors was the first company (in the modern era) to release an all-electric automobile

General Motors - All-electric vehicles
The EV1's cancellation had disappointed supporters of electric vehicles

General Motors - Battery packs for electric vehicles
GM builds battery packs in southern Michigan

Audi - Electric vehicles
Audi is planning an alliance with the Japanese electronics giant Sanyo to develop a pilot hybrid electric project for the Volkswagen Group. The alliance could result in Sanyo batteries and other electronic components being used in future models of the Volkswagen Group. Concept electric vehicles unveiled to date include the Audi A1 Sportback Concept, Audi A4 TDI Concept E, and the fully electric Audi e-tron Concept Supercar.

Grid energy storage - Electric vehicles
Companies are researching the possible use of electric vehicles to meet peak demand. A parked and plugged-in electric vehicle could sell the electricity from the battery during peak loads and charge either during night (at home) or during off-peak.

Grid energy storage - Electric vehicles
Plug-in hybrid or electric cars could be used for their energy storage capabilities

Lithium polymer battery - Electric vehicles
These batteries may also power the next generation of battery electric vehicles. The cost of an electric car of this type is currently significantly higher than of a petrol car, but it is likely that with increased production and technological advances, the cost of Li-poly batteries will go down.

Hyundai Motor Company uses this battery type in some of its hybrid electric vehicles.

On 26 October 2010, a Li-poly powered Audi A2 covered the record distance of 600km without recharging.[ New Audi A2 electric car sets long-distance record], Deutsche Welle, 26 October 2010 From April 2011 batteries of this type for output exceeding one Megawatt have been responsible for a number of world speed records in drag racing.[ Shawn Lawless and Lemon Juice Breaks into the 9's at 132 mph], National Electric Drag Racing Association, 14 January 2012

Volkswagen - Electric vehicles
Volkswagen announced it has hired Karl-Thomas Neumann as its group chief officer for electric traction. VW's Chief of research, Dr. Jürgen Leohold, said the company has concluded fuel-cell vehicle|hydrogen fuel-cell cars are not a viable option.

Volkswagen - All-electric vehicles
The two-door Volkswagen up!#E-Up!|E-Up! electric car concept was debuted at the 63rd Frankfurt Motor Show in The long all-electric vehicle|all-electric E-Up! is anticipated for production start in 2013, and uses a 3+1 seating configuration. It uses a all-integrated drive electric motor, (continuously rated at ) front-engine design|mounted at the front and driving the front-wheel drive|front wheels.

Volkswagen - Hybrid electric vehicles
Volkswagen and Sanyo have teamed up to develop a battery system for hybrid electric vehicles.

Volkswagen head Martin Winterkorn has confirmed the company plans to build compact hybrid electric vehicles

VW intends all future models to have the hybrid option

Volkswagen announced at the Geneva Motor Show#010|2010 Geneva Motor Show the launch of the 2012 Volkswagen Touareg#Touareg V6 TSI Hybrid (2009)|Touareg Hybrid, scheduled for 2011

Land Rover - Electric vehicles
Integrated Electric Rear Axle Drive (ERAD) technology, dubbed e-terrain technology, will allow the vehicle to wikt:move off|move off without starting the engine as well as supplying extra power over tough terrain

Land Rover presented at the 2008 London Motor Show its new ERAD Diesel-electric transmission|diesel-electric hybrid in a pair of Land Rover Freelander|Freelander 2 (LR2) prototypes. The new hybrid system is being designed as a scalable and modular system that could be applied across a variety of Land Rover models and powertrains.

Land Rover unveiled the Land Rover LRX|LRX hybrid concept at the 2008 North American International Auto Show in Detroit, for it to be going into production. An ERAD will enable the car to run on electric power at speeds below .

In September 2011, the Range Rover Evoque was launched, though it was based on the Land Rover LRX|LRX hybrid concept presented at the 2008 North American Auto Show, it did not include the ERAD system, included in the original concept.

In February 2013, Land Rover unveiled at the 83rd Geneva Motor Show an All Terrain Vehicle|All-Terrain Electric Vehicle|Electric Land Rover Defender|Defender that produces zero emissions

Hybrid electric vehicles in the United States
The fleet of 'hybrid electric vehicles in the United States' is the largest in the world

. , the conventional Prius is followed by the Toyota Camry Hybrid, with 268,909 units sold since 2006, and the Honda Civic Hybrid, with cumulative sales of 224,091 vehicles since 2002.

metropolitan area markets for sales of hybrid electric vehicles in 2009 were Greater Los Angeles Area|Los Angeles (26,677), New York metropolitan area|New York (21,193), San Francisco Bay Area|San Francisco (15,799), Washington Metropolitan Area|Washington, D.C

Purchases from the Presidency of Barack Obama|Obama administration accounted for 25 percent of Ford Motor Company|Ford and General Motors hybrid-electric vehicles sold between January 2009 and late During this period hybrids accounted for about 10 percent of the 145,473 vehicles bought by the U.S. General Services Administration.

Hybrid electric vehicles in the United States - Markets and sales
Since their inception in 1999, a total of 3,087,961 hybrid electric automobiles and SUVs have been sold in the country through December 2013, led by the Toyota Prius with 1,384,239 units since 2000 through December 2013, representing a 44.8% market share of all hybrids sold in the U.S

, the conventional Prius is followed by the Toyota Camry Hybrid, with 268,909 units sold since 2006, and the Honda Civic Hybrid, with cumulative sales of 224,091 vehicles since 2002 through December 2013

A total of 434,498 hybrid electric vehicles were sold during 2012

During 2013 hybrid sales totaled 495,685 units, up 14.1% from 2012 and representing a market share of 3.19% of new car sales

Hybrid electric vehicles in the United States - Historical sales 1999-2013
The following table presents historical hybrid sales figures by vehicle model in the United States since 1999 through December 30, 2013, in order of total historical sales from 1999 to Family of vehicles sharing nameplate/marque (i.e. Toyota Prius) or exactly the same powertrain (i.e. Ford Fusion Hybrid and Lincoln MKZ Hybrid) are grouped together.

Ford Motor Corporation - Electric vehicles
Ford expects electric vehicles will represent a major portion of its lineup a decade from now as the automaker breaks away from a recent reliance on pickup trucks and SUVs. The stakes are high because Ford's stepped-up investment is coming at a time when the U.S. government is demanding steep increases in fuel economy and has put money forward to help automakers adopt new fuel-saving technologies.

Ford Motor Corporation - Electric vehicles
Ford will partner with Coulomb Technologies to provide nearly 5,000 free in-home charging stations for some of the automaker's first electric vehicle customers, under the Ford Blue Oval ChargePoint Program.

Ford Motor Corporation - Hybrid electric vehicles
In 2004 Ford and Toyota agreed a patent sharing accord which granted Ford access to certain hybrid technology patented by Toyota; in exchange Ford licensed Toyota some of its own patents

In 2005 Ford announced a goal to make 250,000 hybrids a year by 2010, but by mid-2006 announced that it would not meet that goal, due to excessively high costs and the lack of sufficient supplies of the hybrid-electric batteries and drivetrain system components

In September 2007 Ford announced a partnership with Southern California Edison (SCE) to examine how plug-in hybrids will work with the electrical grid. Under the multi-million-dollar, multi-year project, Ford will convert a demonstration fleet of Ford Escape Hybrids into plug-in hybrids, and SCE will evaluate how the vehicles might interact with the home and the utility's electrical grid. Some of the vehicles will be evaluated in typical customer settings, according to Ford.

On June 12, 2008 USDOE expanded its own fleet of alternative fuel and advanced technology vehicles with the addition of a Ford Escape Plug-In Hybrid Flex-Fuel Vehicle. The vehicle is equipped with a lithium-ion battery supplied by Johnson Controls-Saft that stores enough electric energy to drive up to at speeds of up to .

In March 2009 Ford launched hybrid versions of the Ford Fusion Hybrid and the Mercury Milan Hybrid in the United States, both as 2010 models.

Current and planned Ford hybrid electric vehicles include the Ford Escape Hybrid (2004–present), Mercury Mariner (2006–present), Ford Fusion Hybrid/Mercury Milan (2009–present) and Ford Edge/Lincoln MKX (2009/10–present).

Ford Motor Corporation - All-electric vehicles
Ford ended the Think City experiment and ordered all the cars repossessed and destroyed, even as many of the people leasing them begged to be able to buy the cars from Ford. After outcry from the lessees and activists in the US and Norway, Ford returned the cars to Norway for sale.

Bill Ford was one of the first top industry executives to make regular use of a battery electric vehicle, a Ford Ranger EV, while the company contracted with the United States Postal Service to deliver electric postal vans based on the Ranger EV platform. Ford discontinued a line of electric Ford Ranger|Ranger pickup trucks and ordered them destroyed, though it reversed in January 2005, after environmentalist protest.

The North American Ford Focus (North America)|Focus EV is based on next generation Focus fuel vehicle, converted to an electric propulsion system as a Production EV by Magna International, and is planned to be launched in late 2011

Current and planned Ford electric vehicles include the all-electric Ford Transit Connect|Transit Connect (2010–present), the Ford Focus EV (2011–present), the Ford C-Max|C-MAX Energi (on sale from third quarter 2012) and the Ford Fusion EV (on sale from third quarter 2012).

Ford battery electric vehicle (BEV) demonstrators are included in a British project that is part of the UK government's zero carbon vehicle fleet of Ford Focus BEV|Focus BEVs. The BEV demonstrator fleet is being developed partly with public funding from the government's Technology Strategy Board (TSB), which promotes innovative industry-led projects that reduce CO2 while benefiting the UK's transport system.

Plug-in electric vehicle - Battery electric vehicles
A battery electric vehicle (BEV) uses chemical energy stored in rechargeable battery battery pack|packs as its only source for propulsion. BEVs use electric motors and motor controllers instead of internal combustion engines (ICEs) for propulsion.

Plug-in electric vehicle - Battery electric vehicles
A plug-in hybrid operates as an all electric vehicle or BEV when operating in charge-depleting mode, but it switches to charge-sustaining mode after the battery has reached its minimum state of charge (SOC) threshold, exhausting the vehicle's all-electric range (AER). See definitions in pp See definitions in pp

Plug-in electric vehicle - Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles
A plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV or PHV), also known as a plug-in hybrid, is a hybrid electric vehicle with Rechargeable battery|rechargeable batteries that can be restored to full charge by connecting a plug to an external electric power source

Plug-in electric vehicle - Production plug-in electric vehicles available
Most electric vehicles in the world roads are low-speed, low-range neighborhood electric vehicles (NEVs) or electric heavy quadricycle|quadricycles

In sixth place is Ford Motor Company with more than 14,500 plug-in electric vehicles sold since January 2012 up to October 2013, including about 2,200 Ford Focus Electric cars, around 7,900 Ford C-Max Energi plug-in hybrids, and over 4,400 Ford Fusion Energi plug-in hybrids.

Other popular highway-capable models available are the Chery QQ3 EV, JAC J3 EV, BYD e6 and Roewe E50 electric cars sold in China; the Mahindra e2o in India, Nepal and Sri Lanka; the Bolloré Bluecar in France; and the Fisker Karma, Smart ED, McLaren P1 (limited edition) and Porsche Panamera S E-Hybrid are available in selected markets in North America and Europe

Available commercial plug in motorcycles include the Brammo Enertia, the Yamaha EC-03, and the Zero X. Plug-in electric light trucks include the Navistar eStar, Bright Automotive|Bright IDEA plug-in hybrid, Mercedes-Benz Vito E-Cell, Smith Electric Vehicles, Boulder Electric Vehicle|Boulder DV 500 and Miles Electric Vehicles.

JAC J3 EV - Electric vehicles
As of August 2010, JAC plans to make electric or hybrid-electric vehicles at an as-yet-unbuilt production base.[ A Chinese Truck Maker’s Electric Dreams] blogs.wsj.com/chinarealtime, August 10, 2010, 4:51 PM HKT China subsidy|subsidizes oil (an incentive for the State to encourage use and manufacture of electric cars), and Chinese automakers see opportunities in less mature electric cars as Western companies have yet to develop much of a lead in the technology.For oil subsidy, see

*For Chinese carmakers seeing EV opportunities, see

The 'JAC J3 EV' all-electric car was launched in China in 2010

Hyundai Motor Company - Electric vehicles
Hyundai Motor Company began developing Flexible-fuel vehicle|FFVs in The test vehicle was 1991 MY Hyundai Scoupe|Scoupe FFV. Since March, 1992, in Seoul, Korea, through at least November 1993, field experiment|field trials of several FFVs had been performed over more than 30,000 miles.

The first electric car|pure electric car developed by Hyundai was the 'Sonata Electric Vehicle' in The car started as a Hyundai Sonata|Sonata sedan based model. Hyundai later produced electric vehicles utilizing the Excel, Grace, Accent, Atos and Kia Sportage platforms.

Hyundai planned to have six electric vehicles available for testing by the end of The company was using Battery (electricity)|batteries from 'Ovonic Battery Company Inc.' in Troy, Michigan|Troy, MI. The Hyundai Excel|Excel and the Sonata were the two different models on which the electric vehicles were based. The vehicles were scheduled to likely be tested in the United States and in Korea.

The new hybrid electric vehicle|hybrid-electric FGV-1 was unveiled at the Seoul Motor Show in The car featured full-time electric drive technology. The 1995 Hyundai FGV-1 was the result of Hyundai's first experiments with hybrid propulsion systems in 1994.

Hyundai produced its second generation hybrid electric vehicle|hybrid-electric vehicle in The company is using the '“parallel” type design', which utilizes either the Internal combustion engine|ICE or the electric motor. The FGV-2 was the second vehicle to be produced. Others are the Hyundai Elantra|Elantra HEV and the Hyundai Accent|Hyundai Accent HEV, which were unveiled in 1999 and 2000, respectively.

The new hybrid electric vehicle|hybrid electric Hyundai Sonata|Sonata made its debut at the Los Angeles International Auto Show in November The car featured lithium polymer battery technology. The 2011 Hyundai Sonata Hybrid sales in the U.S. began near the end of February 2011.

Hyundai began producing hybrid electric vehicles in 2009

Hyundai Elantra LPI Hybrid (or Hyundai Elantra|Avante in the local market) was launched in the South Korean domestic market in July The Elantra LPI (Liquefied Petroleum Injected) is the world's first hybrid electric vehicle to be powered by an internal combustion engine built to run on liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) as a fuel. The Elantra PLI is a mild hybrid and the first hybrid to adopt advanced lithium polymer (Li–Poly) batteries.

The Hyundai Blue Will plug-in hybrid has made its U.S. debut at the North American International Auto Show in Detroit 2010.

At the 2010 Geneva Motor Show, Hyundai unveiled the i-flow, a concept car using a variant of the BLUE-WILL hybrid system. The i-flow Concept uses a 1.7-liter twin-turbo diesel engine along with electric batteries to achieve fuel economy of . Hyundai says a production car based on the i-flow's design will be in production by 2011.

The Hyundai BlueOn is a Subcompact car|subcompact 5-door hatchback electric car produced by Hyundai Motor Company

Jaguar Cars - Electric vehicles
Lotus Cars joined Jaguar, MIRA Ltd and Caparo on a luxury hybrid electric vehicle|hybrid executive sedan project called Limo-Green—funded by the UK Government Technology Strategy Board. The vehicle will be a series plug-in hybrid.

Electric vehicles Three main types of electric vehicles exist, those that are directly powered from an external power station, those that are powered by stored electricity originally from an external power source, and those that are powered by an on-board electrical generator, such as an internal combustion engine (hybrid electric vehicles) or a hydrogen fuel cell.[ Air pollution from motor vehicles] EVs include plug-in electric cars, hybrid electric cars, hydrogen vehicles, electric locomotive|electric trains, electric lorries, electric airplanes, electric boats, electric motorcycles and scooters and Electrically powered spacecraft propulsion|electric spacecraft

Electric vehicles EVs first came into existence in the mid-19th century, when electricity was among the preferred methods for motor vehicle propulsion, providing a level of comfort and ease of operation that could not be achieved by the gasoline cars of the time. The internal combustion engine (ICE) has been the dominant propulsion method for automobile|motor vehicles for almost 100 years, but electric power has remained commonplace in other vehicle types, such as trains and smaller vehicles of all types.

Electric vehicles A key advantage of hybrid or plug-in electric vehicles is regenerative braking due to their capability to recover energy normally lost during braking as electricity is stored in the on-board battery.

Electric vehicles - History
Electric motive power started with a small drifter operated by a miniature electric motor, built by Thomas Davenport (inventor)|Thomas Davenport in In 1838, a Scotsman named Robert Davidson (inventor)|Robert Davidson built an electric locomotive that attained a speed of four miles per hour (6km/h). In England a patent was granted in 1840 for the use of rails as conductors of electric current, and similar American patents were issued to Lilley and Colten in 1847.

Between 1832 and 1839 (the exact year is uncertain), Robert Anderson (inventor)|Robert Anderson of Scotland invented the first crude electric carriage, powered by non-rechargeable primary cells.

By the 20th century, electric cars and rail transport were commonplace, with commercial electric automobiles having the majority of the market

Electrified trains were used for coal transport, as the motors did not use precious oxygen in the mines. Switzerland's lack of natural fossil resources forced the rapid electrification of Rail transport in Switzerland|their rail network. One of the earliest rechargeable batteries - the nickel-iron battery - was favored by Thomas Edison|Edison for use in electric cars.

EVs were among the earliest automobiles, and before the preeminence of light, powerful internal combustion engines, electric automobiles held many vehicle land speed and distance records in the early 1900s

A number of developments contributed to decline of electric cars, such as Auto trail|improved road infrastructure requiring a greater range than that offered by electric cars, and the discovery of large reserves of petroleum in Texas, Oklahoma, and California led to the wide availability of affordable gasoline, making gas-powered cars cheaper to operate over long distances

In the 1930s, National City Lines, which was a partnership of General Motors, Firestone Tire and Rubber Company|Firestone, and Standard Oil of California purchased many electric tram networks across the country to dismantle them and replace them with GM buses

Electric vehicles - Reintroduction
The Toyota Prius, the first mass-produced hybrid electric vehicle|hybrid gasoline-electric car, was introduced worldwide in 2001

Electric vehicles - Reintroduction
, production plug-in hybrids available include the Chevrolet Volt/Opel Ampera, Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid, Ford C-Max Energi, Volvo V60 Plug-in Hybrid, Honda Accord Plug-in Hybrid, Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV, Ford Fusion Energi and McLaren P1. Volt sales in the U.S. reached the 50,000 unit milestone in October 2013, and with about 70,000 vehicles sold worldwide, the Volt/Ampera family is the world's top selling plug-in hybrid .

Electric vehicles - Onboard generators and hybrid EVs
(See articles on Diesel-electric transmission|diesel-electric and gasoline-electric hybrid vehicle|hybrid locomotion for information on EVs using also Internal combustion engine|combustion engines).

* generated on-board using a diesel engine: Diesel-electric transmission|diesel-electric locomotive

* generated on-board using nuclear power|nuclear energy: nuclear submarines and aircraft carriers

* renewable sources such as solar power: solar vehicle

It is also possible to have hybrid EVs that derive electricity from multiple sources. Such as:

* on-board rechargeable electricity storage system (RESS) and a direct continuous connection to land-based generation plants for purposes of on-highway recharging with unrestricted highway range

* on-board rechargeable electricity storage system and a fueled propulsion power source (internal combustion engine): plug-in hybrid

Another form of chemical to electrical conversion is fuel cells, projected for future use.

For especially large EVs, such as submarines, the chemical energy of the diesel-electric can be replaced by a nuclear reactor. The nuclear reactor usually provides heat, which drives a steam turbine, which drives a generator, which is then fed to the propulsion. See Nuclear Power

A few experimental vehicles, such as some cars and a handful of aircraft use solar panels for electricity.

Electric vehicles - The life span of Li-ion battery
The main component of Electric vehicle is its battery

Electric vehicles - Electric motor
The power of a vehicle electric motor, as in other vehicles, is measured in kilowatts (kW). 100kW is roughly equivalent to 134 horsepower, although most electric motors deliver full torque over a wide RPM range, so the performance is not equivalent, and far exceeds a fuel-powered motor, which has a limited torque curve.

Electric vehicles - Electric motor
Usually, direct current (DC) electricity is fed into a DC/AC inverter where it is converted to alternating current (AC) electricity and this AC electricity is connected to a 3-phase AC motor. For electric trains, DC motors are often used.

Electric vehicles - Vehicle types
It is generally possible to equip any kind of vehicle with an electric powertrain.

Electric vehicles - Hybrid EVs
A hybrid electric vehicle combines a conventional (usually fossil fuel-powered) powertrain with some form of electric propulsion. An example of hybrid electric cars is the Toyota Prius, the world's top selling hybrid with more than 3million units sold by June The Chevrolet Volt is an example of a production plug-in hybrid, called an extended-range electric vehicle by General Motors. The Volt has sold more than 50,000 units in the United States by October 2013.

Electric vehicles - Seaborne EVs
Electric boats were popular around the turn of the 20th century

Electric vehicles - Spaceborne EVs
Electric power has a long history of use in spacecraft. The power sources used for spacecraft are batteries, solar panels and nuclear power. Current methods of propelling a spacecraft with electricity include the arcjet rocket, the electrostatic ion thruster, the Hall effect thruster, and Field Emission Electric Propulsion. Spacecraft propulsion#Table of methods|A number of other methods have been proposed, with varying levels of feasibility.

Electric vehicles - Electromagnetic radiation
Electromagnetic radiation from high performance electrical motors has been claimed to be associated with some human ailments, but such claims are largely unsubstantiated except for extremely high exposures. Electric motors can be shielded within a metallic Faraday cage, but this reduces efficiency by adding weight to the vehicle, while it is not conclusive that all electromagnetic radiation can be contained.

Electric vehicles - Other in-development technologies
Conventional electric double-layer capacitors are being worked to achieve the energy density of lithium ion batteries, offering almost unlimited lifespans and no environmental issues

Electric vehicles - Mechanical
Electric motors often achieve 90% energy conversion efficiency[ Better Place] over the full range of speeds and power output and can be precisely controlled

They can be finely controlled and provide high torque from rest, unlike internal combustion engines, and do not need multiple gears to match power curves. This removes the need for Transmission (mechanics)|gearboxes and torque converters.

EVs provide quiet and smooth operation and consequently have less noise and vibration than internal combustion engines

Electric vehicles - Cost of recharge
According to General Motors, as reported by CNN Money, the GM Volt will cost less than purchasing a cup of your favorite coffee to recharge. The Volt should cost less than 2 cents per mile to drive on electricity, compared with 12 cents a mile on gasoline at a price of $3.60 a gallon. This means a trip from Los Angeles to New York would cost $56 on electricity, and $336 with gasoline. This would be the equivalent to paying 60 cents a gallon of gas.

Electric vehicles - Cost of recharge
The reality is that the cost of operating an EV varies wildly depending on the part of the world in which the owner lives

Electric vehicles - Range
Many electric designs have limited range, due to the low energy density of batteries compared to the fuel of internal combustion engined vehicles. EVs also often have long recharge times compared to the relatively fast process of refueling a tank. This is further complicated by the current scarcity of public charging stations. Range anxiety is a label for consumer concern about EV range.

Electric vehicles - China
Many EV companies are looking to China as the leader of future electric car implementation around the world

In 2010, it is reported that China, aiming to improve air quality and reduce reliance on fossil fuels, is going to commence a two-year pilot program of subsidizing buyers of alternative- energy cars in the five cities: Shanghai, Changchun, Shenzhen, Hangzhou and Hefei

In 2011, only 8,159 electric cars were sold in China despite a 120,000 yuan subsidy.

Unsubsidized lead-acid EVs are produced without government approval at a rate of more than 30,000 per year in Shandong and requires no driving license because the top speed is less than 50km/h

Electric vehicles - European Union
Electrification of transport (electromobility) figures prominently in the Green Car Initiative (GCI), included in the European Economic Recovery Plan. Directorate-General for Mobility and Transport (European Commission)|DG TREN is supporting a large European electromobility project on EVs and related infrastructure with a total budget of around €50-million as part of the Green Car Initiative.

There are measures to promote efficient vehicles in the Directive 2009/33/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of clean and energy-efficient road transport vehicles and in the Directive 2006/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 April 2006 on efficient energy use|energy end-use efficiency and energy services.

AVERE has a table summarizing the taxation and incentives for these vehicles in the different European countries, related to subsidy|state subsidies, reduction of VAT and other taxes, insurance facilities, parking and charging facilities (including free recharging on street or in the parking areas), EVs imposed by law and banned circulation for petroleum cars, permission to use bus lanes, free road tax, toll free travel on highways, exemption from congestion charging, free or reduced parking rates, and free charging at charge points, amongst other initiatives.[ ] In Denmark, petrol cars are taxed at 180% + 25%, however, EV cars (max

Electric vehicles - Finland
The Prime Minister of Finland (2003–2010) Mr

Electric vehicles - Finland
On-line route planners like list a daily growing number of free charging outlets set up by merchants and private individuals, making it possible to drive an EV for free from Helsinki through Sweden all the way to Copenhagen.

Electric vehicles - Spain
Spain's government aims to have 1 million electric cars on the roads by 2014 as part of a plan to cut energy consumption and dependence on expensive imports, Industry Minister Miguel Sebastián said.[ 1 Million Electric Cars on Spain’s Roads by 2014 – Gas 2.0][ ]

Electric vehicles - United Kingdom
The Plug-in Car Grant started on 1 January 2011 and is available across the UK

The scheme was first announced in January 2009 by the Labour Government. The coalition government, led by David Cameron, took office in May 2010 and confirmed their support of the grant on 28 July This confirmed that million would be available for the first 15 months of the scheme, with the 2011 Spending Review confirming funding for the programme for the lifetime of the Parliament of around million.

, the following cars are eligible for the grant: Mitsubishi i-MiEV, Peugeot iOn, Citroen C-ZERO, Smart Fortwo electric drive, Nissan Leaf, Tata Indica Vista EV|Tata Vista, Vauxhall Ampera, Chevrolet Volt, Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid, Renault Fluence ZE and Mia electric. As of 30 June 2012, 1,706 claims had been made through the Plug-in Car Grant scheme.

The Plug-In Car Grant began in February Van buyers can receive 20% - up to £ off the cost of a plug-in van. To be eligible for the scheme, vans have to meet performance criteria to ensure safety, range, and ultra-low tailpipe emissions. Consumers, both business and private will receive the discount at the point of purchase.

As of June 30, 2012, a total of 99 claims have been made through the Plug-in Van Grant scheme. , the following vans are eligible for the grant: Azure Transit Connect Electric;Mercedes-Benz Vito E-Cell; Faam Ecomile; Faam Jolly 2000; Mia electric|Mia U; and Smith Electric Edison.

The Government is supporting the ‘Plugged-In Places’ programme to install vehicle recharging points across the UK

Electric vehicles - General Electric
On November 11, 2010, General Electric (GE) announced its plans to buy 25,000 EVs by the year 2015

Electric vehicles - General Electric
The details of the announcement were that GE said it will buy 12,000 GM vehicles starting next year, beginning with the Chevy Volt

Electric vehicles - Future
Ferdinand Dudenhoeffer, head of the Centre of Automotive Research at the Gelsenkirchen University of Applied Sciences in Germany, said that by 2025, all Automobile|passenger cars sold in Europe will be electric or hybrid electric.

Electric vehicles - Improved long term energy storage and nano batteries
There have been several developments which could bring EVs outside their current fields of application, as scooters, golf cars, neighborhood vehicles, in industrial operational yards and indoor operation

Electric vehicles - Improved long term energy storage and nano batteries
Rechargeable Lithium–air battery|lithium-air batteries potentially offer increased range over other types and are a current topic of research.

Electric vehicles - Free Software EVs
The Tumanako Project aims to provide open hardware and software to drive and recharge EVs

Electric vehicles - Next Generation Lithium Battery
Toyota Motors Corporation is trying to replace the current Lithium ion battery with solid-state battery technology by 2020

Electric vehicles - North America
* Electric Auto Association (EAA) (North America) and its chapter Plug In America.

Motor vehicle type approval - Electric vehicles
Electric vehicles are rules by Regulation No 100 of the Economic Commission for Europe of the United Nations (UNECE) —

Motor vehicle type approval - Electric vehicles
Uniform provisions concerning the approval of battery electric vehicles with regard to specific requirements for the construction, functional safety and hydrogen emissionhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:42009X0214%2801%29:EN:NOT

List of battery electric vehicles
This is a 'list of production battery electric vehicles' (all-electric cars). You may want to view List of production battery electric vehicles (table)|this information in table format.

List of battery electric vehicles - Full-sized cars
Cars and utility trucks of normal size and capable of highway speed that are currently available.

* Bolloré Bluecar operates as part of the Autolib' carsharing in Paris that began service to the general public in December The Bluecar was the top selling highway-capable electric car in France in 2012.

* BMW i3 - Retail sales began in Europe in November The electric car is available with an optional gasoline-powered Range-extended vehicle|range extender that increases the all-electric range|range from to . The U.S. release is scheduled for the second quarter of 2014.

* BYD e6 - Sales to the general public began in October, 2011, in Shenzhen|Shenzhen, China.

* Chevrolet Spark EV - The Spark EV was released in the U.S. in selected markets in California and Oregon in June GM also plans to sell the Spark EV in limited quantities in Canada, South Korea and select European markets.

* Fiat 500e - Deliveries began in California in July 2013.

* Ford Focus Electric - U.S. Deliveries for fleet customers began in December 2011 and to retail customers in May 2012.

* Honda Fit|Honda Fit EV - Production will be limited to only 1,100 units over the first three years. Deliveries to retail customers in the U.S. began in July 2012 and availability is limited to California and Oregon.

* Kandi Technologies|Kandi Technologies KD Pure EV, currently in production and sales in China. Nine other EV models by the manufacturer approved for sale in China.

* Mitsubishi i-MiEV|Mitsubishi i MiEV, launch in 2009, is available Asia, Europe and the Americas, lithium-ion battery pack with range, and a top speed of . The i MiEV was the first electric car to sell more than 10,000 units, including the models badged in Europe as Citroën C-Zero and Peugeot iOn. According to Guinness World Records, the record was reached on February 2011, but several months later, the Nissan Leaf overtook the i MiEV as the best selling all-electric car.

* Nissan Leaf introduced in the United States and Japan in December 2010, followed by several European countries throughout 2011 and The Leaf is the world's top selling highway-capable all-electric car ever, with global sales of more than 83,000 units through September 2013.

* Mitsubishi i-MiEV|Peugeot iOn/Mitsubishi i-MiEV|Citroën C-ZERO France and the EU, re-badged Mitsubishi i-MiEV|Mitsubishi i MiEV.

* Renault Fluence Z.E.|Renault Fluence ZE, introduced in Israel in 2011 and to be introduced worldwide in

* Renault Zoe, retail customer deliveries began in limited number in France in December With cumulative sales of 4,442 units through September 2013, the Zoe is the top selling all-electric car in France accounting for registrations since See Ventes de voitures électriques en 2013/2012/2011.

* Smart electric drive|Smart ED, available for leasing in the United States since early Originally converted by Zytek from 100 Smart Fortwos. Now on sale the third generation in the U.S. and Europe.

* Tesla Model S, deliveries of the 85 kW·h premium limited edition model in the U.S. began in June Since its introduction, cumulative sales in North America reached 12,700 units through June 2013, with most units delivered in the U.S.

* Volkswagen e-Up! - Retail sales began in Europe in October 2013.

* Wheego Whip|Wheego Whip LiFe, sales began in the U.S. in April A total of 34 units have been sold by March 2012.

List of battery electric vehicles - Microcars
* Buddy (electric car)|Buddy, successor to the Kewet

* Myers Motors NmG|MM NmG, previously named Myers Motors NmG|Corbin Sparrow

* Sakura (Available in Italy from EFFEDI.)

* Commuter Cars Tango|Tango, ultra-narrow electric sports cars by Commuter Cars

List of battery electric vehicles - Low-speed vehicles
These vehicles have a top speed less than many highway speeds, and may not be street-legal without restrictions. They are known as Motorised quadricycle|quadricycles in Europe and as Neighborhood Electric Vehicles (NEVs) in the US.

* Renault Twizy Z.E.; a two-seat electric car with a electric motor. Top speed is 80 km/h and range is up to 100km. Launched in Europe in March 2012, became the top selling plug-in electric vehicle in Europe during the first half of 2012 with more than 6,000 units sold in just three months on the market.

* CityEl three-wheeled EV, produced in Germany.

* citEcar produced by Road Rat Motors in Gainesville, Florida with vehicles ranging from 2 to 29 passengers.

* Organic Transit ELF a pedal-assisted, electric, velomobile of tadpole format. Manufactured in Durham, North Carolina, USA.

* Mycar|EuAuto Mycar manufactured in Southern China, sold in Hong Kong, limited to roads with speed limit at or below 50 km/h

* Global Electric Motorcars|Global Electric Motorcars, LLC (GEM) quite common in California.

* Kenguru - pronounced kangaroo is a 4-wheeled 1-person electric vehicle designed for disabled use: with no seat, drivers drive from their wheelchairs, and enter/exit from the rear door (the only door)

* Mahindra e2o, launched in the Indian market in March 2013., range of 100km (62mi) and a top speed of 80km/h (50mph).

* Miles Electric Vehicles LSVs for fleet and neighborhood use

* Oka NEV ZEV Low Speed Electric Vehicle made in Russia, sold in USA.

* Star EV a specialist in golf carts who also offers a wide selection of electric vehicles ranging from 2 to 14 passengers. Made by Suzhou Eagle Electric Vehicle Manufacturing Co.,Ltd. in China (

* Twike three-wheeled EV with pedal assist option. Produced in Germany.

List of battery electric vehicles - Demonstration fleets
* Hyundai BlueOn

* Mini E from BMW, with more than 500 cars leased for field testing in the U.S., the U.K., Germany, and France.

* BMW ActiveE Field testing in the U.S. began in January 2012, after the Mini E trial ended. Available only in select markets.

* Scion iQ EV|Toyota eQ/Scion iQ EV - Toyota announced that the iQ EV/eQ production would be still more limited, to about 100 units for special fleet use in Japan and the U.S. only. The first 30 units were delivered to the University of California, Irvine in March 2013 for use in its Zero Emission Vehicle-Network Enabled Transport (ZEV-NET) carsharing fleet. Toyota announced that 90 out of the 100 vehicles produced globally will be placed in American carsharing demonstration projects.

* Volkswagen Golf blue-e-motion

List of battery electric vehicles - Cars planned for production
* Alpha LUJO Electric Vehicle Pty Ltd has a my EV 118 model and is an Australian company with production in China early 2011.

* Audi A1 e-tron

* Colmach type 1 - Roadster/ stainless steel/ In development, to be manufactured in Southern California.

* Callidai Car - A car created by Callidai Motor Works, Chennai, India for wheelchair users - to drive while seated on their wheelchair

* Detroit Electric SP.01 with sales scheduled to begin in the U.S. in August 2013.

* EDay. An Australian designed electric car to be built in China and released in 2012, for less than $10,000

* EVTraxer EC homogulated chassis

* Electrovaya plans to sell the Maya 300 a full electric car in Canada and USA by Summer 2009

** AFS Trinity hybrid prototype is a modified Saturn Vue, estimated cost $33,000-40,000.

* Hyundai BlueOn will be launched in South Korea late in 2012, with just 2,500 units.

* Liberty Electric Cars is re-engineering Range Rovers to produce electric 4×4's that will have a range of and retail for £95,000.

* Lightning Car Company is currently developing its eponymous Lightning based on a pre-existing internal combustion-powered sports car, and plans to use NanoSafe cells and Hi-Pa Drive in-wheel motors.

* Mass-EV is developing in Reading, UK by Turbo Electric Ltd. This car is targeted to be on sale 2011 at a price of £7,000 to the public and charges directly from the UK socket. Roughly the size of a Ford Focus C-Max, will do in excess of 100 miles and motorway speeds. With trailer generator was projected to travel in excess of 500 miles on one tank of petrol.

* Mercedes-Benz B-Class Electric Drive - Sales are scheduled to start in the U.S. by mid 2014.

* Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG Electric Drive - Sales were scheduled to begin in June 2013.

* Phoenix Motorcars based in Ontario, California, plans to build both a mid-sized SUV and an SUT (Sports Utility Truck) with range for $45,000 using NanoSafe batteries from Altairnano. 500 cars are planned for delivery in early 2008 to fleet customers. A consumer version is planned for release in late Over range version also in development.

* Rimac Concept Onehttp://

* Quimera GT car - scheduled for release in 2012, the first all-electric gt racing car. The car has a top speed of 300 km/h.

* SSC Ultimate Aero EV - Planned for Q4 of 2009

* Switch Vehicles planned for 2012 delivery as a kit car. Three-wheeled four-seater. Estimated cost $15,000.

* Tesla Model X - Production was initially scheduled to start by the end of 2013, but later was postponed to commence by late 2014 in order to focus on a commitment to bring profitability to the company in 2013 and also to achieve their production target of 20,000 Model S cars in Tesla expects small number deliveries at the end of 2014 with volume production planned for 2015.

* Universal Electric Vehicle|Universal Electric Vehicle Corporation Electrum series Spyder, COM V-3

* Veeco RT, a 2 seater reverse trike, planned for 2013 production. Developed in Portugal as a partnership between manufacturer VE—Fabricação de Veículos de Tracção Eléctrica, Lda. and the Lisbon Engineering Institute (ISEL).

* VentureOne Trike with hybrid and EV options. Three-wheeled vehicle registered as a motorcycle in the USA. Not required to be FMVSS tested.

* Venturi Fetish|Venturi Fétish marketed as the worlds first electric sports two-seater. Monaco

* Volkswagen e-Golf - Retail deliveries in Germany are scheduled to being in the second quarter of 2014.

List of battery electric vehicles - Discontinued cars
* AC Propulsion TZero very fast two-seat sportster prototype. four produced.

* Chevrolet S10 EV (some sold to fleets, available on secondary market as refurbished vehicles) S-10 with general motors ev1|EV1 powertrain, over 100 produced only about 60 sold to private owners and survived.

* Citroën Saxo|Citroën Saxo Electrique

* Elcat (1985–2002, almost all vehicles in second-hand use)

* Ford Ranger EV (1998–2003) some sold, most leased. Several hundred were produced for lease only, almost all were recovered and most destroyed. Ford has announced reconditioning and sale of a limited quantity to former lease holders by lottery: there are still a few Production Ford Ranger Electric pickup trucks on the road today

* GM EV1|General Motors EV1 Gen I (1996–1997) used VRLA batteries, Gen II (1999–2003) used NiMH batteries.

* Henney Kilowatt (1958–1960) the first modern (transistor-based) electric car, capable of highway speeds of up to 60mph and outfitted with modern hydraulic brakes. Fewer than one hundred of them were produced before production was discontinued in 1960.

* Nissan Altra lithium-powered hatchback; never offered (even by lease) to consumers.

* Optimal Energy Joule, a multipurpose five-seat electric car with a top speed of and a range of .

* REVA Indian-built city car, since 2001 more than 4,000 cars were sold worldwide by March 2011 and was available in 26 countries. Click on Sales and Service Locator Sales in the UK, where it was sold as the G-Wiz and became its main market, ended by late Production ended in 2012 and was replaced by the Mahindra e2o.

* Citicar|Sebring-Vanguard CitiCar (1974–77) This car had a plastic body, aluminum frame, lead acid batteries, top speed of and a range of about .

* Solectria Force - conversion of Geo Metro, not currently in production

* Škoda Eltra, also sold as (1992–1993) derived from Škoda Favorit, top speed of 80 km/h and a range of about 80km, using lead – acid batteries

* Studebaker Electric - produced from 1902 to 1912 in South Bend, Indiana

* Tatra Beta|Škoda/Tatra Beta (1994–1997) about 100 produced, using nickel-cadmium batteries

* Think City - Norwegian import by Ford, lease only, all recovered and returned to Norway. Think Global produced 200 Th!nk City cars in Think North America produced 400 cars manufactured in the US in 2011 and sold them at a reduced price after going through bankruptcy in 2011.

* Toyota RAV4 EV (1st generation) leased and sold on US east and west coast, out of production, supported. A different car is now produced under the same name.

* US Electricar factory conversion of 1994 Geo Prizm or Chevrolet S10, see discussion group

* Volkswagen Golf#Alternative fuel Golfs|Volkswagen Golf CITYStromer (1995–1998) Volkswagen has built 200 electric versions of the Golf 3

* Volkswagen Jetta#Fuel Alternatie Jettas|Volkswagen Jetta CITYStromer

* Wrightspeed X1 an Ariel Atom sports car modified to use an all-electric powertrain. Production has been cancelled.

List of battery electric vehicles - Unknown production status
* Dynasty IT Canadian-produced electric vehicle

* Electric Car Corporation based in London, UK - Citroën C1 ev'ie

* In November 2008, Ford and PML Flightlink joined together to produce the Hi-Pa DriveFord F150 pickup truck.

* The Kurrent Neighborhood electric vehicle based in Michigan, USA

* Hammerhead-i Eagle Thrust - designed by James May, Jeremy Clarkson and Richard Hammond of magazine car show, Top Gear (current format)|Top Gear, it was a challenge for them to make a car better than the unpopular G-Whiz and the Hammerhead-i Eagle Thrust actually went faster. The car actually turned out to be a Hybrid electric vehicle|hybrid in the end due to James attaching a diesel generator to the batteries.

* AC Propulsion eBox, a li-ion powered conversion of a Scion xB|Toyota Scion xB with range, top speed and in 7 seconds.

List of battery electric vehicles - Medium and light duty trucks and vans
* AUSA S.A.|AUSA Multiservice M 50 18KW EV Utility truck (600kg payload)

* Cleanova, Société de Véhicules Électriques (Dassault Group), based on a Kangoo

* Electrorides, based on an Isuzu N-series platform, retrofitted with a UQM Technologies electric motor

* Ford Transit Connect, all-electric van with Azure Dynamics ForceDrive electric powertrain

* Modec, UK built electric delivery vans (2007–2011)
List of battery electric vehicles - Medium and light duty trucks and vans * Modec, UK built electric delivery vans (2007–2011)

* Renault Maxity, an electric medium duty truck produced in cooperation with Power Vehicle Innovation

* Smith Newton, manufactured by Smith Electric Vehicles based on the Avia D-Series

* Volteis X2 and X4, Electric utility 4×4
List of battery electric vehicles - Medium and light duty trucks and vans * Volteis X2 and X4, Electric utility 4×4

List of battery electric vehicles - Heavy duty trucks
* 26 ton chassis garbage truck (Power Vehicle Innovation|PVI)

List of battery electric vehicles - Heavy duty trucks
* Electric Midlum (Power Vehicle Innovation|PVI)

List of battery electric vehicles - Motorcycles and scooters
** e-Bike Fun Cruiser: 2010, 2009, (I) 2007[ html], (II) 2007[ html]

* Brammo[

** Empulse[ [ , , , , , R 2012

** Brammo Enertia Plus|Enertia Plus 2012, 2011

** Brammo#Hong Kong Chooses Brammo to Equip Police and Other Departments|Hong Kong Police 2012

* Tube Investments of India Limited#BSA Motors|BSA Motorshttp://

** Roamer Nuohttp:// 2011

** City Titaniumhttp://

** City Tourhttp://

* MZ Motorrad- und Zweiradwerk GmbH|MZ

** Charly EVO Carbon Lookhttp:// 2012http://

** Charly EVO 2011, 2010http://

** MILAN 2013http://

* Oxygen SpA|Oxygenhttp://

** CargoScooter 2012http://

** CargoScooter Long Range 2012http://

* Peugeothttp://

** e-Vivacityhttp://

* Quantyahttp://

** Evo1 Track QuantayaParxhttp:// 2012http://

** MMX Juniorhttp:// 2012http://

** vRonehttp:// 2012http://

** Evo1 Stradahttp:// 2011http://

** Evo1 Trackhttp:// http://

** MMXhttp:// 2011http://

** Squter P1http:// 2011http://

** Strada 2010http://

** Track 2010http://

* Riejuhttp://

** Mius 40http:// 2011http://

** e-Bicy Alu 2010http://

** e-Bicy Folding 2010http://

** e-Bicy R http://

* Sachs Motorcycles|Sachshttp://

** Prima Ehttp:// 2011http://

** Oliver Electro 2008http://

* Suzukihttp://

** Burgman Fuel Cell[ html#y2009_BurgmanFCS] 2011, 2010http://

** Suzuki Crosscage|Crosscage[ html#y2007_Crosscage] 2011http://

* Swaygohttp://

** 575 EVR http://

* Taurishttp://

** Blitz E-scooterhttp:// 2011http://

** R 120 E-Bike

* Vectrixhttp://

** VX , 2010, 2009http://

** VX-1E 2010, 2009http://

* Yamaha Motor Company|Yamahahttp://

* Zero Motorcycleshttp://

** Zero DShttp:// 2011, 2010http://

** Zero MXhttp:// 2011, 2010http://

** Zero Shttp:// 2011, 2010http://

** Zero Xhttp:// 2011, 2010http://

Plug-in electric vehicles in the UK
The introduction of 'plug-in electric vehicles in the United Kingdom' is actively supported by the British government, which, , has pledged to support the deployment of plug-in vehicles in the five years to March Since 2006 more than 7,000 plug-in electric vehicles have been registered in the UK up until September 2013 including all-electric cars, commercial vans and plug-in hybrids. , Britain has around 5,000 public charging points, of which, only 200 are quick chargers.

Before the market launch of highway-capable mass production plug-in electric cars, a total of 1,096 electric vehicles were registered in the country between 2006 and December 2010, and during this time, the G-Wiz, a heavy quadricycle|quadricycle, listed as the top-selling EV for several years

The Plug-in Car Grant programme started on 1 January 2011 and is available across the UK

Plug-in electric vehicles in the UK - Government support
In preparation for the introduction of mass-produced electric vehicles to Britain's roads, trials of electric cars took place from 2009, with further trials in cities across the UK from 2010

London mayor Boris Johnson also announced plans to deliver 25,000 electric car-charging places across the capital by 2015, in order to make London the electric car capital of Europe. His target is to get 100,000 electric vehicles on to London's streets. Mr Johnson has also pledged to convert at least 1,000 Greater London Authority fleet vehicles to electric by There has been criticism that although electric vehicles are available, places to charge them are not.

Nissan's Sunderland, Tyne and Wear|Sunderland plant mdash; the largest car factory in the UK mdash; was granted a grant from the British government and up to from the European Investment Bank

, the UK government had pledged to support the deployment of plug-in vehicles in the five years between March 2010 and March However, , only had been spent and an additional of had been committed for projects up to March 2015, of which, were allocated for research and development; on infrastructure such as public charging points; and in consumer purchase incentives (Plug-in Car Grant). , the UK has around 5,000 public charging points, of which, only 200 are quick chargers.

Plug-in electric vehicles in the UK - Purchase incentives
In January 2009, transport secretary Geoff Hoon said the British government would make £250 million available for consumer incentives to bring electric cars to market in the UK.

The Plug-in Car Grant program started on 1 January 2011 and is available across the United Kingdom|UK The programme reduces the up-front cost of eligible cars by providing a 25% grant towards the cost of new plug-in cars capped at ()

Vehicles eligible for the subsidy must meet the following criteria:

* Vehicle type: Only Ultra Low Emission Vehicle|ultra-low emission cars are eligible (Directive 2001/116/EC#Vehicle categories|vehicle category M1). Motorbikes, quadricycles and vans are not covered.

* Carbon dioxide emission|Carbon dioxide exhaust emissions: Vehicles must emit equal or less than 75 g/km|grams of carbon dioxide (CO2) per kilometre driven.

* Range: Electric vehicles (EVs) must be able to travel a minimum of between charges. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) must have a minimum all-electric range of .

* Minimum top speed: Vehicles must be able to reach a speed of or more.

* Warranty: Vehicles must have a 3-year or vehicle warranty (guarantee) and a 3-year battery and electric drive train warranty, with the option of extending the battery warranty for an extra 2 years(‘drive train’ means the parts that send power from the engine to the wheels. These include the clutch, transmission (gear box), drive shafts, U-joints and differential).

* Battery performance: Vehicles must have either a minimum 5-year warranty on the battery and electric drive train as standard, or extra evidence of battery performance to show reasonable performance after 3 years of use

* Electrical safety: Vehicles must comply with certain regulations (UN-ECE Reg ) that show that they are electrically safe.

* Crash safety: To make sure cars will be safe in a crash, they must either have: EC whole vehicle type approval (EC WVTA, not small series) or evidence that the car has appropriate levels of safety as judged by international standards

, the following 17 cars are eligible for the grant: BMW i3, Chevrolet Volt, Citroen C-Zero, Ford Focus Electric, Mia electric, Mitsubishi i-MiEV, Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV, Nissan Leaf, Peugeot iOn, Porsche Panamera S E-Hybrid , Renault Fluence ZE, Renault Zoe, Smart Fortwo electric drive, Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid, Vauxhall Ampera, Volvo V60 Plug-in Hybrid, and Volkswagen e-Up!

The Plug-In Car Grant was extended to include vans since February Van buyers can receive 20% - up to () - off the cost of a plug-in van. To be eligible for the scheme, vans have to meet performance criteria to ensure safety, range, and ultra-low tailpipe emissions. Consumers, both business and private can receive the discount at the point of purchase. The eligibility criteria are:

* Vehicle type: only new vans are eligible (vehicle category ‘N1’ with a gross weight of 3.5 tonnes or less). This includes pre-registration conversions (normal, internal combustion engine vans that were converted to battery or hybrid versions by specialist converters before the car’s first registration).

* Carbon dioxide exhaust emissions: vehicles must emit less than 75 grams of carbon dioxide (CO2) per kilometre driven.

* Range: eligible fully electric vans must be able to travel a minimum of 60 miles between charges. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) must have a minimum electric range of 10 miles.

* Warranty: Vehicles must have a 3-year or 60,000-miles vehicle warranty (guarantee) and a 3-year battery and electric drive train warranty, with the option of extending the battery warranty for an extra 2 years

* Crash safety To make sure cars will be safe in a crash, they must either have EC whole vehicle type approval (EC WVTA, not small series) or evidence that the car has appropriate levels of safety as judged by international standards.

, a total of 364 claims had been made through the Plug-in Van Grant scheme. the following 9 vans are eligible for the grant: BD Otomotive eTraffic, Peugeot ePartner|Citroën Berlingo, Mercedes-Benz Vito E-Cell, Faam Ecomile, Faam Jolly 2000, Mia electric|Mia U, Peugeot ePartner, Renault Kangoo Z.E., and Smith Electric Edison.

Plug-in electric vehicles in the UK - Plugged-in Places
On 19 November 2009, Andrew Adonis, the Secretary of State for Transport, announced a scheme called Plugged-in-Places, making available £30 million to be shared between three and six cities to investigate further the viability of providing power supply for electric vehicles, and encouraging local government and business to participate and bid for funds

Plug-in electric vehicles in the UK - Plugged-in Places

Plug-in electric vehicles in the UK - London congestion charge
Battery electric vehicles|All-electric vehicles (BEVs) and eligible plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) qualify for a 100% discount from the London congestion charge

Plug-in electric vehicles in the UK - Field testing programmes
Field testing with 100 Smart EDs began in London in On 30 April 2009, the Electric Car Corporation put on sale the Citroën C1 ev'ie, an adapted Citroën C1 intended for city driving. On that date, it had a list price of £16,850 ($24,989 US).

A demonstration trial with the Mini E took place between December 2009 and March 2011 with 40 Mini E cars leased to private users for a two consecutive six-month field trial periods

The 40 Mini E electric cars were kept in use after the trial was completed in March 2011, participating in activities to promote awareness and understanding of electric vehicles. These cars were part of the BMW Group UK’s official vehicle fleet of 4,000 low-emission luxury vehicles deployed for the 2012 Summer Olympics|London 2012 Olympic Games. The fleet also included 160 BMW ActiveE electric cars.

Plug-in electric vehicles in the UK - Sales
A total of 1,096 electric vehicles were registered in the country between 2006 and December 2010, Download the pdf report

During 2012, a total of 2,254 plug-in electric cars were registered in the UK, of which, 1,262 were pure electrics, and sales were led by the Nissan Leaf with 699 units, followed by the Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid with 470 units, and the Vauxhall Ampera with 455 units sold in 2012.A total of 470 Prius PHV were sold in 2012

During the first nine months of 2013, a total of 2,543 plug-in electric cars were registered, of which, 1,814 were pure electric cars and 729 plug-in hybrids

The following table presents registrations of highway-capable plug-in electric cars by model between 2010 and June 2013.

Plug-in electric vehicles in the UK - Cost-effectiveness of carbon reductions
Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) can deliver strong CO2 savings with a decarbonised electric grid, but are expected to have significantly higher costs than internal combustion engine vehicles and hybrid cars to 2030, as the latter are expected to be the most popular models by 2030

Plug-in electric vehicles in the UK - Cost-effectiveness of carbon reductions
emissions than using BEVs in the timeframe to 2030, as an E20 blend in a HEV can achieve a 10% emission savings compared to an HEV running on E5, for an annual fuel cost premium of compared to an annual cost of for an all-electric car. The study also concluded that advanced biofuels address emissions of both new and existing vehicles, thus reducing emissions earlier than new powertrains and abating the risk of relying solely on longer term deployment of new technology.

Project Get Ready - Electric vehicles
In January 2008, led by John E. Waters, Bright Automotive launched from RMI with the goal of building on the work of a consortium of organizations, including Alcoa, Google.org, Johnson Controls and the Turner Foundation.

The Bright IDEA is a brand-new, plug-in hybrid electric (PHEV) fleet vehicle It has launched Bright eSolutionshttp:// to consult on engineering, design, powertrain, battery technology and plug-in hybrid conversion technology services

Advanced Energy, in partnership with Rocky Mountain Institute has announced a Request for Information (RFI) for Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE) specific to charging stations for plug-in electric vehicles (EV).

Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles
'Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles' have been established by several national and local governments around the world as a financial incentive for consumers to purchase a plug-in electric vehicle.

Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles
The amount of these incentives usually depends on battery size and the vehicle all-electric range, and some countries extend the benefits to fuel cell vehicles, and electric vehicle conversions of hybrid electric vehicles and conventional internal combustion engine vehicles.

Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles - Canada
The province also introduced green-coloured Vehicle registration plates of Ontario|licence plates for exclusive use of plug-in hybrids and battery electric vehicles

, according to the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario, eligible plug-in electric vehicles in the province are the Nissan Leaf, Mitsubishi i-MiEV, Tesla Model S, Smart electric drive, Fisker Karma, Ford Focus Electric, Chevrolet Volt, Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid, Ford C-Max Energi, Ford Fusion Energi, and Azure Transit Connect Electric.

There is also a ceiling for the maximum number of eligible vehicles: 10,000 for all-electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids, and 5,000 for conventional hybrids

Battery electric vehicles, fuel cell vehicles and plug-in hybrids with battery capacity of 15.0 kWh and above are eligible for a incentive

Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles - China
On June 1, 2010, the People's Republic of China|Chinese government announced a trial program to provide incentives up to 60,000 Chinese yuan|yuan (~ in June 2011) for private purchase of new battery electric vehicles and 50,000 yuan (~ in June 2011) for plug-in hybrids in five cities

In addition to the subsidy, the Chinese government is planning to introduce, beginning on January 1, 2012, an exemption from annual taxes for pure electric, fuel-cell, and plug-in hybrid vehicles. Hybrid vehicles will be eligible for a 50% reduction only.

A mid-September joint announcement in 2013 by the National Development and Reform Commission and finance, science, and industry ministries confirmed that the central government will provide a maximum of toward the purchase of an all-electric passenger vehicle and up to for an electric bus. The subsidies are part of the government's efforts to address China's problematic air pollution.

Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles - Europe
As of April 2011, 15 of the 27 European Union member states provide tax incentives for plug-in electric vehicle|electrically chargeable vehicles, which includes all Western European countries plus the Czech Republic and Romania

Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles - Austria
Electric vehicles are exempt from the fuel consumption tax, levied upon the first registration, and from the monthly vehicle tax. In addition to tax breaks, hybrid electric vehicle|hybrid vehicles and other alternative fuel vehicles benefit from a fuel consumption tax that pays bonuses to passenger cars with low carbon dioxide output. Alternative fuel vehicles, including hybrids, qualify for as much as (around ) in annual bonuses. This bonus is valid from 1 July 2008 until 31 August 2012.

Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles - Belgium
The Belgian government established a personal income tax deduction of 30% of the purchase price including VAT of a new electric vehicle, up to €9,190. Plug-in hybrids are not eligible. This tax incentive will end on December 31, There is also available a tax deduction up to 40% for investments in external recharging stations publicly accessible, to a maximum of €250. The Wallonia regional government has an additional eco-bonus for cars registered before December 31, 2011.

Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles - Czech Republic
Electric, hybrid and other alternative fuel vehicles used for business purposes are exempt from the road tax.

Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles - Denmark
This exemption does not apply to hybrid electric vehicles.

Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles - Estonia
Estonia has allocated a total of in grants towards the purchase of battery electric vehicles. Each vehicle is subsidised with up to .

Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles - France
Until July 31, 2012, a premium, under a Bonus-Malus system, was granted in France up to €5,000 for the purchase of new cars with CO2 emission| emissions of 60 g/km or less which benefited battery electric vehicle|all-electric cars and any plug-in hybrid with such low emissions

Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles - France
Effective on August 1, 2012, the government increased the bonus for electric cars up to but capped at 30% of the vehicle price including VAT

Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles - Germany
Electric vehicles and plug-ins are exempt from the annual circulation tax for a period of five years from the date of their first registration. Click under Overzicht stimuleringsprogrammas elektrische voertuigen (Overview incentive programs electric vehicles) to download the report in pdf format (website in Dutch). In May 2010 the German government announced that it will not provide subsidies to the sales of electric cars but instead it will only fund research in the area of electric mobility.

Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles - Germany
The private use of a company car is treated as taxable income in Germany and measured at a flat monthly rate of 1% of the vehicle's gross list price

Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles - Ireland
Ireland offers a government grant of €5,000 for the purchase of a new electric cars. Electric and hybrid vehicles had a reduction of up to off the registration tax between July 2008 and December 2010.

Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles - Italy
Electric vehicles are exempt from the annual circulation tax or ownership tax for five years from

Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles - Italy
the date of their first registration. Thereafter, EVs benefit from a 75% reduction of the tax rate applied to equivalent gasoline-powered vehicles.

Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles - Luxembourg
Buyers of electric vehicles and other vehicles emitting 60 g/km or less of carbon dioxide are eligible to receive a premium of (around ) until 31 December In order to qualify for the rebate, the owner must have concluded an agreement to buy electricity from renewable energy.

Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles - Monaco
Buyers of electric vehicles and plug in hybrids are eligible to receive (around ) from the Government of Monaco|Monegasque Government. In addition vehicles owners are allowed to park free at any public parking facility.

Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles - Netherlands
There are no direct purchase subsidies for electric vehicles, but other existing incentives include total exemption of the registration fee and road taxes, which result in savings of approximately for private car owners over four years and for corporate owners over five years. Other

vehicles including hybrid vehicles are also exempt from these taxes if they emit less than 95 g/km for diesel-powered vehicles, or less than 110 g/km for gasoline-powered vehicles.

Buyers will also have access to parking spaces in Amsterdam reserved for battery electric vehicles, so they will avoid the current wait for a parking place in Amsterdam, which can reach up to 10 years in some parts of the city.

Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles - Norway
All-electric cars are exempt in Norway from all non-recurring vehicle fees, including sales tax. Electric vehicles are also exempt from the annual road tax, all public Free parking|parking fees, and toll road|toll payments, as well as being able to use bus lanes. These incentives are in effect until 2018 or until the 50,000 EV target is achieved.

Until June 2013, plug-in hybrids have not been eligible for these benefits. Because the Norwegian tax system levies higher taxes to heavier vehicles, plug-in hybrids are more expensive than similar conventional cars due to the extra weight of the battery pack and its additional electric components. Beginning on 1 July 2013, the existing weight allowance for hybrid electric vehicle|conventional hybrids and plug-in hybrids of 10% will be increased to 15% for PHEVs.

According to a study by an analyst of Statistics Norway, the tax exemptions on the purchase of an electric car are worth almost in comparison to the fully taxed price of a regular internal combustion engine car, which is equivalent to a year over a car's lifetime (8 years)

The Norwegian project Grønn bil (Green Car) disputed these figures because they consider the analysis is based on unrealistic assumptions

Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles - Portugal
Portugal established a government subsidy of €5,000 for the first 5,000 new electric cars sold in the country. In addition, there is in place a €1,500 incentive if the consumer turn in a used car as part of the down payment for the new electric car. Electric cars are also exempt from the registration tax.

Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles - Romania
Romania offers a government grant of up to 25% of the price (or max. €5,000) for the purchase of a new electric car. Furthermore, through the cash-for-clunkers program (scrappage program), those who wish to purchase an electric car will receive six vouchers of over €5,000 (as of 2011) in return for their used car.

Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles - Spain
In Aragón, Asturias, Balearic Islands|Baleares, Madrid, Navarra, Valencia, Spain|Valencia, Castilla-La Mancha, Murcia, Castilla y León electric vehicles are eligible to a €6,000 tax incentive and hybrids to €2,000.

Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles - Sweden
In September 2011 the Swedish government approved a program, effective starting in January 2012, that will provide subsidies for the purchase of electric cars and other super green cars with ultra-low carbon emissions (below 50 grams of carbon dioxide per km).

Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles - Sweden
There is also an exemption from the annual circulation tax for the first five years from the date of their first registration that benefits owners of electric vehicles with an energy consumption of 37 kWh per 100km or less, and hybrid vehicles with emissions of 120 g/km or less

Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles - United Kingdom
The 'Plug-in Car Grant' started on 1 January 2011 and is available across the U.K

, the following 17 cars are eligible for the grant: BMW i3, Chevrolet Volt, Citroen C-Zero, Ford Focus Electric, Mia electric, Mitsubishi i-MiEV, Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV, Nissan Leaf, Peugeot iOn, Porsche Panamera S E-Hybrid, Renault Fluence ZE, Renault Zoe, Smart Fortwo electric drive, Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid, Vauxhall Ampera, Volvo V60 Plug-in Hybrid, and Volkswagen e-Up!

The Plug-In Car Grant was extended to include vans since February Van buyers can receive 20% - up to £ off the cost of a plug-in van. To be eligible for the scheme, vans have to meet performance criteria to ensure safety, range, and ultra-low tailpipe emissions. Consumers, both business and private can receive the discount at the point of purchase. The eligibility criteria are:

, a total of 310 claims had been made through the Plug-in Van Grant scheme. the following 9 vans are eligible for the grant: BD Otomotive eTraffic, Peugeot ePartner|Citroën Berlingo, Mercedes-Benz Vito E-Cell, Faam Ecomile, Faam Jolly 2000, Mia electric|Mia U, Peugeot ePartner, Renault Kangoo Z.E., and Smith Electric Edison.

Battery electric vehicles|All-electric vehicles (BEVs) and eligible plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) qualify for a 100% discount of the London congestion charge

Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles - India
The Central Government, through the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), provides a subsidy of 20% on the ex-factory price or , whichever is less, typically amounting to – . The Government of Delhi|Government of NCT – Delhi provides a 15% subsidy on the purchase of the Reva car in New Delhi. This subsidy ended on 31 March 2012.

In January 2013, the Indian government announced a new plan to provide subsidies for hybrid and electric vehicles. The plan will have subsidies up to for cars and on two wheelers. India aims to have seven million electric vehicles on the road by 2020.

*New Delhi exemption of VAT up to 12.5% and refund of road tax and registration charges up to 2%.

Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles - Japan
The Japanese government introduced the first electric vehicle incentive program in 1996, and it was integrated in 1998 with the Clean Energy Vehicles Introduction Project, which provided subsidies and tax discounts for the purchase of electric vehicle|electric, natural gas vehicle|natural gas, methanol fuel|methanol and hybrid electric vehicles

Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles - Japan
In May 2009 the Japanese Diet passed the Green Vehicle Purchasing Promotion Measure that went into effect on June 19, 2009, but retroactive to April 10, 2009

Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles - Tonnage and acquisition tax reductions
New next generation vehicles, including electric and fuel cell vehicles, plug-in hybrids, hybrid electric vehicles, clean diesel and natural gas vehicles are exempted from both the acquisition tax and the tonnage tax

Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles - Tonnage and acquisition tax reductions
These incentives are in effect from April 1, 2009 until March 31, 2012 for the acquisition tax which is paid once at the time of purchase

Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles - Automobile tax reductions
Consumers purchasing new next generation electric vehicles, including fuel cell, benefit of a 50% reduction of the annual automobile tax, and natural gas vehicles benefit only if their certified emissions are 75% down from 2005 standards. These incentives were in effect from April 1, 2009 until March 31, 2010, applicable only once.

Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles - Incentives for purchasing new green vehicles
Subsidies for purchases of new environmentally friendly vehicles without scrapping a used car are 100,000 yen (~US$1,100) for the purchase of a standard or small car, and 50,000 yen (~US$550) for the purchase of a kei car|mini or kei vehicle. Subsidies for purchasing trucks and buses meeting the stipulated fuel efficiency and emission criteria vary between 200,000 yen (~US$2,100) to 900,000 yen (~US$9,600).

Subsidies for purchases of new environmentally friendly vehicles in the case of owners scrapping a 13 year or older vehicle are 250,000 yen (~US$2,700) for the purchase of a standard or small car, and 125,000 yen (~US$1,300) for the purchase of a mini or kei vehicle. Subsidies for purchasing trucks and buses meeting the stipulated fuel efficiency and emission criteria vary between 400,000 yen (~US$4,300) to 1,800,000 yen (~US$19,000).

All incentives for new purchases with or without trading were applicable in Japan's fiscal year 2009, from April 1, 2009 through March 31, 2010.

Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles - Federal government
First the Energy Improvement and Extension Act of 2008, and later the American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009 (ACES) granted tax credits for new qualified plug-in electric drive motor vehicles. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA) also authorized federal tax credits for converted plug-ins, though the credit is lower than for new PEVs.

Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles - New plug-in electric vehicles
As defined by the 2009 ACES Act, a PEV is a vehicle which draws propulsion energy from a traction battery with at least 4 kwh of capacity and uses an offboard source of energy to recharge such battery. The tax credit for new plug-in electric vehicles is worth $2,500 plus $417 for each kilowatt-hour of battery capacity over 4 kwh, and the portion of the credit determined by battery capacity cannot exceed $5,000. Therefore, the maximum amount of the credit allowed for a new PEV is $7,500.

The new qualified plug-in electric vehicle credit phases out for a PEV manufacturer over the one-year period beginning with the second calendar quarter after the calendar quarter in which at least 200,000 qualifying vehicles from that manufacturer have been sold for use in the United States

A 2013 study published in the journal Energy Policy determined that current federal subsidies are not aligned with the goal of decreased gasoline consumption in a consistent and efficient manner

Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles - Charging Equipment
There was (through 2010) a federal tax credit equal to 50% of the cost to buy and install a home-based charging station with a maximum credit of for each station. Businesses qualified for tax credits up to $50,000 for larger installations. These credits expired on December 31, 2010, but have now been extended through 2013 with a reduced tax credit equal to 30% with a maximum credit of up to for each station for individuals and up to for commercial buyers.

Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles - New proposals
The bill will turn the tax credit into a rebate worth up to $7500 for plug-in electric vehicles and also provide businesses with a tax credit for purchasing medium or heavy duty plug-in hybrid trucks

Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles - New proposals
Another change to the law governing the plug-in tax credit was introduced by Senator Carl Levin and Representative Sander Levin who are proposing to raise the existing cap on the number of plug-in vehicles eligible for the tax credit. The proposal raises that limit from the existing 200,000 PEVs per manufacturer to 500,000 units.

Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles - California
The Clean Vehicle Rebate Project (CVRP), initially funded with a total of million by the California Environmental Protection Agency’s Air Resources Board (ARB), was established in order to promote the production and use of zero-emission vehicles (ZEVs), including plug-in electric and fuel cell vehicles

Eligible vehicles include only new ARB-certified or approved zero-emission or plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. A list of eligible vehicles can be found on the California Center for Sustainable Energy web site.

Among the eligible vehicles are neighborhood electric vehicles, battery electric vehicle|battery electric, plug-in hybrid|plug-in hybrid electric, and fuel cell vehicles including cars, trucks, medium- and heavy-duty commercial vehicles, and zero-emission motorcycles

In February 2012, the California Energy Commission approved an additional million to support purchases of light-duty zero-emission electric vehicles and light-duty plug-in hybrid electric vehicles

The 2011 Chevrolet Volt was not submitted for application to the Clean Vehicle Rebate Project rebate and therefore was not eligible for the state rebate

As a result of the rebate and other existing incentives, such as allowing solo drivers in HOV lanes, California is the leading PEV market in the United States with about 40% of all new plug-in electric vehicles sold nationwide during 2011 and 2012, while the state represents about 10% of all new car sales in the country.

Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles - Other states
Several states have established incentives and tax exemptions for battery electric vehicle|BEVs and Plug-in hybrid|PHEVs, and other non-monetary incentives, as detailed in the following table:

Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles - Other states
Other states considering similar incentives are Connecticut, Massachusetts, New York, and Texas.

Smith Electric Edison - Smith Electric Vehicles US Corp
Tanfield Group|Tanfield announced the formation of Smith Electric Vehicles US Corp (Smith US) in February 2009 and the company opened for business later that year. It has since grown to become America’s leading manufacturer of electric trucks.

Plug-in electric vehicles in the United States
The fleet of 'plug-in electric vehicles in the United States' is the largest in the world

, there are 16 plug-in models available in the American market from nine major car manufacturers, plus several models of electric motorcycles, utility vans and neighborhood electric vehicles (NEVs)

Several states have established Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles#Other states|incentives and tax exemptions for battery electric vehicle|BEVs and Plug-in hybrid|PHEV, and other non-monetary incentives.

to become the first country to have 1 million electric vehicles on the road by 2015

Plug-in electric vehicles in the United States - Government support
to become the first country to have 1 million electric vehicles on the road by 2015

Plug-in electric vehicles in the United States - American Recovery and Reinvestment Act
based manufacturers to produce other components needed for electric vehicles, such as electric motors and other components; and up to $400 million to demonstrate and evaluate Plug-In Hybrids and other electric infrastructure concepts—like truck stop charging station, electric rail, and training for technicians to build and repair electric vehicles (greencollar jobs).

Qualifying electric vehicles purchased new are eligible for a one-time federal tax credit that equals 10% of the cost of the vehicle up to $4,000, provided under Section 179A of the Energy Policy Act of 1992; it was extended through 2007 by the Working Families Tax Relief Act of A tax deduction of up to $100,000 per location is available for qualified electric vehicle recharging property used in a trade or business.

This announcement will also help meet President Barack Obama's goal of putting one million plug-in electric vehicles on the road by 2015.

In 2008, San Francisco Mayor Gavin Newsom, San Jose Mayor Chuck Reed and Oakland Mayor Ron Dellums announced a nine-step policy plan for transforming the Bay Area into the Electric Vehicle (EV) Capital of the U.S.. Other local and state governments have also expressed interest in electric cars.

Across the battery-capacity and charging-infrastructure scenarios examined, the lowest-cost solution is for more drivers to switch to traditional hybrid electrics or low-capacity plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs)

Plug-in electric vehicles in the United States - Other legislation
The bill also provides for “smart grid integration,” allowing for more efficient, effective delivery of electricity to accommodate the additional demands of plug-in electric vehicles

Plug-in electric vehicles in the United States - Other legislation
The new credits will only apply to plug-in EVs and all-electric vehicles.

Plug-in electric vehicles in the United States - EV Everywhere Challenge
On March 7, 2012, President Barack Obama launched the EV Everywhere Challenge as part of the U.S

The key goals to be met over the next five years to make plug-in electric vehicles competitive with conventional fossil fuel vehicles are:

*Cutting battery costs from their current /kWh to /kWh
Plug-in electric vehicles in the United States - EV Everywhere Challenge *Cutting battery costs from their current /kWh to /kWh

*Eliminating almost 30% of vehicle weight through lightweighting
Plug-in electric vehicles in the United States - EV Everywhere Challenge *Eliminating almost 30% of vehicle weight through lightweighting

The DoE expects than even before the latter goals are met, the 5-year total cost of ownership|cost of ownership of most plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and of all-electric vehicles with shorter ranges, such as , will be comparable to the same cost of ICE vehicles of similar size.

In order to achieve these goals, the DoE is providing up to million over the next five years to fund the new Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), a research center led by the Argonne National Laboratory in Chicago. JCESR is a consortium of five DOE national labs, five universities, and four private-sector enterprises, and it is being likened to the Manhattan Project of battery technology.

In January 2013, during the Washington Auto Show, Secretary of Energy Steven Chu announced an initiative to expand the EV Everywhere program with the “Workplace Charging Challenge.” This initiative is a plan to install more electric vehicle charging stations in workplace parking lots

Plug-in electric vehicles in the United States - International cooperation
Both nations said they share an interest in accelerating the deployment of electric vehicles in order to reduce oil dependence, cut greenhouse gas emissions, and promote economic growth.

Plug-in electric vehicles in the United States - Operating costs and fuel economy
The following table shows the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) official ratings for fuel economy in automobiles|fuel economy (miles per gallon gasoline equivalent) and EPA's estimated out-of-pocket expenses|out-of-pocket fuel costs for all plug-in electric passenger vehicles rated by EPA and/or available in the United States by April 2013.

Plug-in electric vehicles in the United States - Air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions
In a similar manner, plug-in electric vehicles operating in all-electric mode do not emit greenhouse gases from the onboard source of power, but from the point of view of a Tank-to-wheel|well-to-wheel assessment, the extent of the benefit also depends on the fuel and technology used for electricity generation

Plug-in electric vehicles in the United States - Air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions
Total emissions include the emissions associated with the production of electricity used to charge the vehicle, and for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, it also includes emissions associated with the production of gasoline and tailpipe emissions.

Plug-in electric vehicles in the United States - Charging infrastructure
, the United States had 5,678 charging stations across the country, a third of which were located in the three West Coast of the United States|westernmost continental states

Plug-in electric vehicles in the United States - Highway-capable plug-in electric vehicles
, the United States has the largest fleet of highway-capable plug-in electric vehicles in the world, with over 170,000 plug-in electric cars sold since 2008, of which, 17,800 units were delivered during 2011, See Table 6.4: Hybrid and Plug-in Vehicle Sales, , pp

, cumulative sales are led by the Chevrolet Volt plug-in hybrid with 54,552 units, followed by the Nissan Leaf electric car with 42,122 units

During 2013 sales were led by the Chevrolet Volt with 23,094 units, followed by the Nissan Leaf with 22,610 cars, and the Tesla Model S with almost 18,000 units

The U.S

Despite this trend, during the first half of 2013, all-electric vehicle sales outsold plug-in hybrids in California, out of 15,444 new plug-in electric vehicles old in the state, plug-in hybrids represented a market share of 0.7% of new vehicle sales, while battery electric vehicle market share was 1.1%

In another forecast made in a white paper by Navigant Research published in January 2014, the firm predicted that the stock of plug-in electric vehicles on the U.S

* [ AAA Electric Vehicle webpage] (American Automobile Association)

* [ Clean Car Calculator] (Institute for Energy Efficiency)

* [ Clean Cities Vehicle Buyer's Guide], National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), U.S. Department of Energy, December 2013.

* [ Early Plug-in Electric Vehicle Sales: Trends, Forecasts, and Determinants], Luskin Center for Innovation, UCLA, July 2012

*[ Effects of Federal Tax Credits for the Purchase of Electric Vehicles] Congressional Budget Office, September 2012

* [ eGallon Calculator: Compare the costs of driving with electricity], U.S. Department of Energy

* [ Electric drive vehicle sales figures (U.S. Market) - EV sales], Electric Drive Transportation Association

* [ Electric Vehicles and Public Charging Infrastructure: Impediments and Opportunities for Success in the United States], Texas AM Transportation Institute, July 2013

* [ Electric Vehicle Guide], Sierra Club

* [ Electric Vehicle Paradise: How Hawai'i Can Lead the World in Deployment], Center for Law, Energy and the Environment at the University of California, Berkeley, September 2013

* [ Electric Vehicle Sales Analysis], Luskin Center for Innovation, UCLA, August 2013

*[ Electric Vehicle Timeline: Electric Cars, Plug-In Hybrids, and Fuel Cell Vehicles ( )], Union of Concerned Scientists

* [http://www.epa.gov/greenvehicles/ EPA Green Vehicle Guide]
Plug-in electric vehicles in the United States - Highway-capable plug-in electric vehicles * [ EPA Green Vehicle Guide]

* [ EV Everywhere Grand Challenge Blueprint], U.S. Department of Energy, January 2013.

* [ Global EV Outlook - Understanding the Electric Vehicle Landscape to 2020], International Energy Agency (IEA), April 2013

* [ Inﬂuence of driving patterns on life cycle cost and emissions of hybrid and plug-in electric vehicle powertrains], Carnegie Mellon University|Carnegie MellonVehicle Electrification Group

* [ List of vehicles eligible for California's single occupant carpool lane stickers]

* [ Overcoming Barriers to Electric-Vehicle Deployment: Interim Report (2013)], Transportation Research Board, United States National Research Council|U.S National Research Council

* [ Plug-In Electric Vehicle Handbook for Workplace Charging Hosts], Clean Cities, U.S. Department of Energy, August 2013

* [ Plug-in Electric Vehicles: the First Three Years (of the post-modern electric-vehicle era) Dec 2010 — Nov 2013], Luskin Center for Innovation, UCLA, December 2013

* [ Roadmap to Climate-Friendly Cars: 2013], Climate Central, August 2013.

* [ State of the Plug-in Electric Vehicle Market], Electrification Coalition, July 2013.

* [ Top Ten EPA-Rated Fuel Sippers (2012) - including BEVs and PHEVs]

* [ U.S. PEV Sales by Model], Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicle Data Center, U.S. Department of Energy

Miguel Sebastián - Electric vehicles
Spain intends aims to put 1 million electric cars on the road by 2014 as part of the government's plan to save energy and boost energy efficiency. The Minister of Industry Miguel Sebastián said that the electric vehicle is the future and the engine of an industrial revolution.

Plug-in electric vehicles in Japan
Electric vehicles represented a market share of 0.16% of total new car sales in the country in 2012

, the Nissan Leaf all-electric car is the top selling plug-in electric vehicle in the country, with over 30,000 units sold since December Ranking second is the Toyota Prius PHV with 12,600 units sold through March According to a June 2013 forecast by Navigant Consulting, Japan is expected to be the leading market for plug-in electric vehicles sales in 2020, with an estimate of about 900,000 vehicles sold that year.

Japan also is the country with the highest ratio of quick charging points to electric vehicles (EVSE/EV), with a ratio of 0.030

Plug-in electric vehicles in Japan - Introduction and sales
The first electric car available in the Japanese market was the Mitsubishi i MiEV, launched for fleet customers in Japan in late July 2009, after Mitsubishi's more than 40 years in development of electric vehicles

Sales of the Nissan Leaf began on December 22, 2010, when the first 10 Leaf were delivered at the Kanagawa Prefecture

The first prototype battery switch station from Better Place was demonstrated in Yokohama on May 14, On April 2010, a 90-day switchable-battery electric taxi demonstration project was launched in Tokyo, using three Nissan Rogue

crossover utility vehicles, converted into electric cars with switchable batteries provided by A123 Systems

The following table presents sales for the top selling highway-capable plug-in electric vehicles since 2009 through September 2013, with total sales of 62,590 plug-in electric vehicles, of which 70.5% are all-electric vehicles.

Automobile industry in China - Electric vehicles
At the 2010 Beijing Motor Show, more than 20 electric vehicles were on display, most of which came from native automakers

China subsidy|subsidies oil[ China's fuel subsidy costs the world] reuters.com, Wed Jun 4, :08am EDT]

[ A rounder world threatens Asia's economies] reuters.com, Fri Jul 4, :13am EDT

[ China to raise the price of fuel] bbc.co.uk, 18:04 GMT, Thursday, 19 June 2008 and some Chinese automakers see opportunities in less mature electric vehicles because Western companies have yet to develop much of a lead in the technology.[ Mr

Inductive charging - Electric vehicles
As mentioned above, Magne Charge inductive charging was employed by several types of electric vehicles around 1998, but was discontinued

after the California Air Resources Board selected the SAE J , or Avcon, conductive coupling|conductive charging interface

for electric vehicles in California in June 2001.

In 2009, Evatran, a subsidiary of MTC Transformers, formally began development of Plugless Power, an inductive charging system they claim is the world’s first hands-free, plugless, proximity charging system for Electric Vehicles. With the participation of the local municipality and several businesses, field trials were begun in March 2010, on the system scheduled to be available in fourth quarter 2010.

Researchers at the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) have developed an electric transport system (called Online Electric Vehicle, OLEV) where the vehicles get their power needs from cables underneath the surface of the road via non-contact magnetic charging (where a power source is placed underneath the road surface and power is wirelessly picked up on the vehicle itself)

In one inductive charging system, one winding is attached to the underside of the car, and the other stays on the floor of the garage.

The major advantage of the inductive approach for vehicle charging is that there is no possibility of electric shock as there are no exposed conductors, although interlocks, special connectors and Residual-current device|RCDs (ground fault interruptors - GFI) can make conductive coupling nearly as safe

In 2010 onwards, car makers are signalling their interest in wireless charging as another piece of the digital cockpit

Daimler’s Head of Future Mobility, Professor Herbert Kohler, however have expressed caution and said the inductive charging for EVs is at least 15 years away and the safety aspects of inductive charging for EVs have yet to be looked into in greater detail. For example, what would happen if someone with a pacemaker is inside the vehicle? Another downside is that the technology requires a precise alignment between the battery and the charging facility.

In November 2011, the Mayor of London, Boris Johnson, and Qualcomm announced a trial of 13 wireless charging points and 50 EVs in the Shoreditch area of London's East London Tech City|Tech City, due to be rolled out in early 2012.

List of modern production plug-in electric vehicles
Conventional hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are not included.

Neighborhood electric vehicles
A 'Neighborhood Electric Vehicle' (NEV) is a U.S. denomination for battery electric vehicles that are legally limited to roads with posted speed limits as high as depending on the particular laws of the state, usually are built to have a top speed of , and have a maximum loaded weight of . NEVs fall under the United States Department of Transportation classification for low-speed vehicles.

In the state of California NEVs are classified by the California Air Resources Board (CARB) as zero emissions vehicles (ZEV) and are eligible for a Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles#California|purchase rebate of up to $1,500 if purchased or leased on or after March 15, 2010.

Pike Research estimated there were 478,771 NEVs on the world roads in 2011

Hydrogen (car) - All-electric vehicles
A 2008 Technology Review article stated, Electric cars—and plug-in hybrid cars—have an enormous advantage over hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles in utilizing low-carbon electricity

A 2013 comparison of hydrogen and battery electric vehicles agreed with the 25% figure from Ulf Bossel in 2006 and stated that the cost of an electric vehicle battery is rapidly coming down, and the gap will widen further, while there is little existing infrastructure to transport, store and deliver hydrogen to vehicles and would cost billions of dollars to put into place, everyone's household power sockets are electric vehicle refueling station and the cost of electricity (depending on the source) is at least 75% cheaper than hydrogen.Dansie, Mark

Many electric car designs offer limited driving range causing range anxiety

In 2013 John Swanton of the California Air Resources Board, who sees them as complementary technologies, stated that EVs have the jump on fuel-cell autos, which are like electric vehicles were 10 years ago

Battery electric vehicles
A 'battery electric vehicle' ('BEV') is a type of electric vehicle (EV) that uses chemical energy stored in rechargeable battery battery pack|packs. BEVs use electric motors and motor controllers instead of internal combustion engines (ICEs) for propulsion.

Battery electric vehicles
A 'battery-only electric vehicle' or 'all-electric vehicle' derives all its power from its battery packs and thus has no internal combustion engine, fuel cell, or fuel tank.

Battery electric vehicles - Vehicles
The concept of battery electric vehicles is to use charged electric vehicle battery|batteries on board vehicles for propulsion. Battery electric cars are becoming more and more attractive with the advancement of new battery technology (Lithium Ion) that have higher power and energy density (i.e. greater possible acceleration and more range with fewer batteries) and higher oil prices.[ ,2008]

Battery electric vehicles - Vehicles
BEVs include automobiles, Truck#Light trucks|light trucks, and neighborhood electric vehicles.

Battery electric vehicles - Electric bus
Chattanooga, Tennessee operates nine zero-fare electric buses, which have been in operation since 1992 and have carried 11.3 million passengers and covered a distance of , They were made locally by Advanced Vehicle Systems. Two of these buses were used for the 1996 Atlanta Olympics.[ Downtown Electric Shuttle]. Retrieved 18 August 2008.[ Success Stories]. Retrieved 18 August 2008.

Beginning in the summer of 2000, Hong Kong Airport began operating a 16-passenger Mitsubishi Rosa electric shuttle bus, and in the fall of 2000, New York City began testing a 66-passenger battery-powered school bus, an all electric version of the Blue Bird TC/2000.[ Solectria Develops an All Electric Version of the Blue Bird TC2000]

The 2008 Summer Olympics|2008 Beijing Olympics used a fleet of 50 electric buses, which have a range of with the air conditioning on

In France, the bus electric phenomenon is in development, but we already can find some of them in operation in numerous cities of France. PVI, a medium company located in the Paris region, is one of the leader of the market with its brand Gepebus (offering Oreos 2X and Oreos 4X).

In the United States, the first battery-electric, fast-charge bus has been in operation in Pomona, California since September 2010 at Foothill Transit

Battery electric vehicles - Thunder Sky
Thunder Sky (based in Hong Kong) builds lithium-ion batteries used in submarines and has three models of electric buses, the 10/21 passenger EV-6700 with a range of under 20 mins quick-charge, the EV-2009 city buses, and the 43 passenger EV-2008 highway bus, which has a range of under quick-charge (20 mins to 80%), and under full charge (25 mins). The buses will also be built in the United States and Finland.[ Thunder Sky website]

Battery electric vehicles - Free Tindo
Tindo is an all-electric bus from Adelaide, Australia. The Tindo (aboriginal word for sun) is made by Designline International in New Zealand and gets its electricity from a photovoltaics|solar PV system on Adelaide's central bus station. Rides are zero-fare as part of Adelaide's public transport system.[ All-Electric, Solar-Powered, Free Bus!!!]

Battery electric vehicles - First Fast-Charge, Battery-Electric Transit Bus
Proterra Inc|Proterra's EcoRide BE35 transit bus, called the Ecoliner by Foothill Transit in West Covina, California, is the world’s first heavy duty, fast charge, battery-electric bus

Battery electric vehicles - Semi-trailer trucks
The Port of Los Angeles and South Coast Air Quality Management District have demonstrated a short-range heavy-duty all electric truck capable of hauling a fully loaded cargo container. The current design is capable of pulling a cargo container at speeds up to and has a range of between . It uses , compared to for the hostler#Other uses|hostler semi-trailer truck|semi tractors it replaces.

Battery electric vehicles - Electric tractors
Electric tractors have been built since the 1990s.[ Electric tractors][ Steve Heckeroth's tractors][ Yanmar tractor conversion]

Battery electric vehicles - Milk float
A common example of the battery electric trucks is the milk float. Since it makes many stops in delivering milk it is more practical to use an electric vehicle than a combustion truck, which would be idling much of the time; it also reduces noise in residential areas. For most of the 20th century, the majority of the world's battery electric road vehicles were British milk floats.[ Escaping Lock-in: the Case of the Electric Vehicle]

Battery electric vehicles - Garbage truck
With a similar driving pattern of a delivery vehicle like the milk float above, garbage trucks are excellent candidates for electric drive

Battery electric vehicles - Pickup trucks
In early 2009, Phoenix Motorcars will be shipping a test fleet of their all-electric SUT (Sports Utility Truck) to Maui. One of the surviving electric vehicles from the late 1990s is the Chevrolet S-10 EV|Chevy S-10 electric pickup truck. Many other vehicles from this era, such as the General Motors EV1 were recalled and destroyed. A newcomer is the Miles Electric Vehicles ZX40ST electric truck now available in the United States. Miles Electric Vehicles is based in Santa Monica, California.

Battery electric vehicles - Pickup trucks
'The Big Bike Company Limited', in Gloucestershire, England, is now offering fully electric pick up trucks for sale

Battery electric vehicles - Special-purpose vehicles
Special-purpose vehicles come in a wide range of types, ranging from relatively common ones such as golf carts, things like electric golf trolleys, milk floats, all-terrain vehicles, neighborhood electric vehicles, and a wide range of other devices. Certain manufacturers specialize in electric-powered in plant work machines.

Battery electric vehicles - Motors
More recent electric vehicles have made use of a variety of AC motor types, as these are simpler to build and have no brushes that can wear out

Battery electric vehicles - Motor controllers
The motor controller regulates the power to the motor, supplying either variable pulse width DC or variable frequency variable amplitude AC, depending on the motor type, DC or AC.

In sixth place is Ford Motor Company with more than 14,500 plug-in electric vehicles sold since January 2012 up to October 2013, including about 2,200 Ford Focus Electric cars, around 7,900 Ford C-Max Energi plug-in hybrids, and over 4,400 Ford Fusion Energi plug-in hybrids.

Tata Motors - Electric vehicles
Tata Motors has unveiled electric versions of the Tata Indica EV|Tata Indica passenger car and the Tata Ace commercial vehicle, both of which run on lithium batteries. The company has indicated that the electric Indica would be launched locally in India in about 2010, without disclosing the price. The vehicle would be launched in Norway in

Tata Motors - Electric vehicles
Tata Motors' UK subsidiary, Tata Motors European Technical Centre, has bought a 50.3% holding in electric vehicle technology firm Miljøbil Grenland/Innovasjon of Norway for 1.93 million, which specialises in the development of innovative solutions for electric vehicles, and plans to launch the electric Indica hatchback in Europe next year

General Motors Corporation - Hybrid electric vehicles
In May 2004, GM delivered the world's first full-sized hybrid pickups, the 1/2-ton Silverado/Sierra

General Motors Corporation - All-electric vehicles
General Motors was the first company (in the modern era) to release an all-electric automobile

General Motors Corporation - All-electric vehicles
In October 2011, General Motors announced the production of the Chevrolet Spark EV, an all-electric car|all-electric version of the third generation Chevrolet Spark, with availability limited to select U.S

United Nations Environment Programme - Electric vehicles
At the fifth Magdeburg Environmental Forum held from 3–4 July 2008, in Magdeburg, Germany, UNEP and car manufacturer Daimler AG|Daimler called for the establishment of infrastructure for electric vehicles. At this international conference, 250 high-ranking representatives from ce, politics and non-government organizations discussed solutions for future road transportation under the motto of Sustainable Mobility–United Nations Climate Change Conference 2009|the Post-2012 CO2 Agenda.

Magna International - Electric vehicles
In October 2008, Magna Electronics acquired BluWav Systems LLC, a Michigan-based company that focused on propulsion and energy management for electric vehicles and trains. Together with the electric- and hybrid-vehicle capabilities of other Magna groups, the company began to assemble all of its electric and hybrid propulsion activities into one entity. On August 31, 2010, Magna E-Cars Systems was formed as a joint venture between Magna and its founder's enterprise.

One of Magna E-Car Systems' early successes is supplying the powertrain on the upcoming Ford Focus Electric vehicle

The risk behind the initiative is that only a few so called compliance cars will be sold to cope with Corporate Average Fuel Economy-regulations.

Lotus Cars - Electric vehicles
Lotus Engineering has established a group dedicated to hybrid and electric vehicles.[ Lotus Engineering establishes group dedicated to hybrid electric vehicle|hybrid electric and all-electric vehicles – AutoblogGreen]

Lotus plans to enter the electric vehicle race, CEO Michael Kimberley told the Financial Times Don't be surprised to see an electric Lotus shortly,” he said, adding that a concept version could debut as early as March 2009, at Geneva Motor Show. Lotus is now front and center in the electric-car arena.

Lotus did not reveal details about the car or the engine but claims that it will go for 300 to 400 miles (483 to 644 km) and it will really live up to the expectations of being one of the best electric cars in the world.

Lotus joined Jaguar Cars, MIRA Ltd and Caparo on a luxury hybrid electric vehicle|hybrid executive sedan project called Limo-Green—funded by the UK Government Technology Strategy Board. The vehicle will be a series plug-in hybrid.

Tesla Motors, a likely rival for Lotus if its plans go through, has also turned to contractors for parts of the all-electric Tesla Roadster|Roadster

Porsche - Hybrid and electric vehicles
In 2010 Porsche launched the Porsche Cayenne S Hybrid|Cayenne S Hybrid and announced the Porsche Panamera S Hybrid|Panamera S Hybrid, and launched the Porsche 918 hypercar in 2014, which also features a hybrid system. Also a plug-in hybrid model called the Porsche Panamera S E-Hybrid|Panamera S E-Hybrid was released in October 2013 in the United States, and during the fourth quarter of 2013 in several European countries.

Porsche - Hybrid and electric vehicles
In July 2014 Porsche announced the launch by the end of 2014 of the Porsche Porsche Cayenne S E-Hybrid|Cayenne S E-Hybrid a plug-in hybrid, which will displaced the Cayenne S Hybrid from the line up. The S E-Hybrid will be the first plug-in hybrid in the premium SUV segment and will allow Porsche to become the first automaker with three production plug-in hybrid models.

Lithium-ion polymer - Electric vehicles
Lithium-ion cells in pouch format are being investigated to power battery electric vehicles

Lithium-ion polymer - Electric vehicles
Hyundai Motor Company uses this type of battery in some of their hybrid electric vehicle|hybrid vehicles and Kia uses this type of battery in their new Kia Soul EV|battery electric Kia Soul.

Renewable energy in Nepal - Electric vehicles
Electric powered public three wheeler have been in use to reduce Carbon dioxide|carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions.

DEKA (company) - Electric vehicles
Dean Kamen has developed a series plug-in hybrid car using a Ford Think and a Stirling engine. DEKA has shown off its new electric car, the DEKA Revolt, a zippy two-seat hatchback that can go about on a single charge of its lithium battery. The Stirling engine is used for cabin heat, windshield defrosting and Rechargeable battery|battery recharging.

Stirling engines can use any fuel and are affordable for the average consumer.

In 2009, development of the two-wheeled Personal Urban Mobility and Accessibility (PUMA) vehicle was announced in cooperation with General Motors.

Smith Electric Vehicles
'Smith Electric Vehicles' (also known as 'Smith's') is a manufacturer of zero emission commercial electric vehicles. The company was founded in 1920 in the North of England but in 2011 moved its headquarters to Kansas City, MO.

Smith manufactures the largest range of zero-emission commercial electric vehicles in the world, with Gross Vehicle Weights (GVWs) from 3,500kg – 12,000kg.

It was formerly based in Washington, Tyne and Wear, Smith produces vehicles for the US, Canadian, European and South-East Asia markets. It was formerly part of The Tanfield Group Plc, which trades on the Alternative Investment Market|AIM market of the London Stock Exchange.

Tanfield established a separate company, Smith Electric Vehicles US Corp (SEV US Corp) in 2009 to penetrate the North American market. A Delaware corporation, Its headquarters is in Kansas City, Missouri. The United States company in March 2010 indicated it wanted to buy out the UK company.

Smith Electric Vehicles - Early years
The company was founded in 1920 as Northern Coachbuilders in Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. After making a name as a producer of electric trams and trolley buses, it moved into road-going electric delivery vehicles. Smith Electric Vehicles was born.

The name comes from the Smith family that founded the business and ran it until The family remains in North East England and it still owns Ringtons Tea, engaged in the importation, blending and distribution of tea.

The Smith Electric Vehicles business in the 1950s and 60s focussed on the milk float, a vehicle solely engaged in the doorstep delivery of milk and other dairy products. As the dairies phased out delivery by horse and cart, they opted for near-silent electric vehicles for their early morning deliveries, instead of the noisier Internal combustion engine|ICE-powered vans and trucks.

In the mid-1960s, Smith launched the Smith Cabac, the first float to have a rear entry cab so the milkman could exit the vehicle on either side. Smith produced four series of the Cabac; the 65, 75, Jubilee 77 and 85.

In 1989, the company acquired Wales Edwards.

Smith Electric Vehicles - North America
The company also took its first steps into North America in Smith Delivery Vehicles Ltd, by then based in Gateshead, signed a partnership with coachbuilder Boyertown and the Exide Division of the Electric Storage Battery of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in order to produce an electric-powered route delivery truck.

The Boyertown-Smith connection had been made in the late 1950s, when the British firm’s managing director was in the United States exploring a partnership with William and James Conway, the owners of Mister Softee, whose mobile ice-cream trucks were built by Boyertown.

Smith eventually secured the United Kingdom rights to the Mister Softee brand from the Conways and started producing Mister Softee electric ice cream floats in 1959, in partnership with a J. Lyons Co. subsidiary named Glacier Foods Ltd.

The Smith family approached the firm with the Battronic proposal in At that time, there were over 14,000 Smith Electrics in service across the United Kingdom and Western Europe.

The new company was organized as the Battronic Truck Corporation. Exide’s parent company was a producer of motor vehicle traction batteries and Smith was a producer of electric delivery vehicles. Boyertown’s contribution was its high-strength, lightweight Multalloy body.

Early Battronics had a top speed of and could carry a payload up to on a single charge. The Potomac Edison Company of Hagerstown, Maryland, took delivery of the first production Battronic in March 1964.

Smith withdrew from the partnership in 1966, and Battronic ultimately produced and sold fewer than 200 vehicles in its entire 20year life (1963–1983).

Smith Electric Vehicles - Diversification
Back in the UK, the rise of the supermarket coincided with the end of around half of all milk rounds during the 1990s

The company rebranded itself as SEV Group Ltd and diversified into fleet management, mobile vehicle repair and the sale, hire and maintenance of fork lift trucks and materials handling equipment.

The Tanfield Group Plc, an engineering company also based in North East England, acquired SEV Group Ltd in October 2004, for £2.2m and 1million new ordinary shares. Tanfield immediately restored the historic Smith Electric Vehicles brand name and initiated RD work to develop new electric delivery vehicles.

Smith Electric Vehicles - 2005
The Smith Faraday proof of concept vehicle was launched in October 2005, with a top speed of , a range of up to in urban operations and payload capabilities of up to 2,000kg.

Built on Smith’s own all-steel chassis, Faraday had a Gross Vehicle Weight (Gross vehicle weight rating|GVW) in excess of 5,000kg. Early adopters such as TNT N.V. and Sainsbury’s wanted an electric vehicle that better matched UK driving licence restrictions. In the UK, anyone with a valid licence can drive a light commercial vehicle up to 3,500kg Gross vehicle weight rating|GVW. For vehicles between 3,500kg and 12,000kg, the driver requires a C1 commercial vehicle licence.

Based on this feedback, Smith launched the Newton 7.5t truck in 2006, which housed the electric drive line technology in an established truck chassis from Avia in the Czech Republic.

A few months later, in February 2007, Prime Minister Tony Blair officially opened the new Smith Electric Vehicles production facility in Washington, Tyne Wear. He said: This will be a company that will really make its presence felt not just in the North East, but actually throughout the world. EAST (Environment and Sustainable Technology) Journal, February 2007 Vol 5 number 1, page 34

In April the same year, Smith Electric Vehicles unveiled the Smith Edison. Based on the Ford Transit, this was the first electric light commercial vehicle to have a Gross vehicle weight rating|GVW of less than 3,500kg – meeting the everyman driving licence requirement of UK fleet operators.[ ] First movers to deploy Edison included the retailer Sainsbury’s and utility company Scottish Southern Energy.

Also in April, TNT N.V. ordered a fleet of 50 Smith Newton trucks, following its successful trial of the first Smith Newton.

Smith was one of several electric commercial vehicle companies invited to the Department for Transport (DfT) in London, for discussions on how the UK Government might help stimulate the market for commercial electric vehicles. This led to the announcement of the Low Carbon Vehicle Procurement Programme, in the Government’s Energy White Paper of May 2007.

During the summer, Smith produced its first vehicles for export, which were delivered to TNT N.V. in the Netherlands.Volksrant newspaper, 22 August 2007, p9

In December, the company also showed its Newton truck in North America and announced plans to establish a US production facility.

After restructuring its operations in line with the downturn in demand, in February 2009, Tanfield announced the formation of Smith Electric Vehicles US Corp (Smith US), a joint venture that is 49% owned by Tanfield, with the 51% majority share owned by private investors and Smith US management.

Along with establishing an associate company in the USA, Smith adopted a policy of appointing full-service distributors in all foreign markets that were offering incentives for EVs. The company defines a full-service distributor as one who can sell products and also has the technical expertise to provide after-sales service and spare parts.

In March 2009, Smith delivered its first Newton electric truck to Electric Vehicles Ireland, its official distributor for the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. The 10,000kg vehicle was purchased by building materials retailer Grange Builders Providers, of Dublin.

This was followed by the appointment of AllGreenVehicles in The Netherlands as the full-service distributor for the Benelux region.

At the Geneva Motor Show, Ford displayed a concept pure electric people-carrier called Ford Tourneo Connect|Ford_Tourneo_Connect#Electric, a version of the Ford Transit Connect. This prototype was produced by Smith Electric Vehicles.

2009 was also the year that the UK Government began funding electric vehicles

The same month, the UK Government confirmed that Smith was one of three electric van manufacturers in the final shortlist of suppliers into the Low Carbon Vehicle Procurement Programme.

In November, Tanfield announced it was terminating its involvement in the electric Ford Transit Connect project in both North America and Europe, by mutual consent with Ford. Smith cited the unexpected early success of its Newton all-electric truck in the US market; Smith US already had an order book for 255 units and therefore decided to focus its resources on the Newton product. In Europe, Tanfield felt the market for smaller vans was becoming too competitive.

Meanwhile, Smith UK appointed Sime Darby Motors as its distributor for Hong Kong and Macau.

Smith UK secured repeat business from Sainsbury’s, which ordered an additional 50 Smith Edison electric vans. Combined with Sainsbury’s existing 20 electric vans, this created the largest fleet of new technology electric commercial vehicles in the world.

Both the Smith Edison and Smith Newton vehicles took part in a parade of low carbon vehicles as part of the 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen.

Sales of electric vehicles declined in 2009 to £15.1m (2008: £25.1m). However, Smith Electric Vehicles grew its customer base over the year and increased export sales, from less than 1% of sales in 2008 to more than 15% of sales in 2009.

In 2010 the company supplied 10 Smith Edison vans to Ford of Europe for the colognE-mobil project in Cologne, Germany. The first phase of the project was to examine the potential benefits of electric commercial vehicles in Cologne, then forecast how they might affect Germany's plans to deploy 1million zero emission vehicles by 2020.

In March ElecTruckCity was appointed as its distributor in France.

In April Phase One was initiated of the UK's Low Carbon Vehicle Procurement Programme. Smith received 67% of the orders for electric vans; more than double the combined number of orders won by the other two electric van suppliers in the programme, (Modec and Allied Electric).

At the Commercial Vehicle Operator Show in the UK, Smith celebrated its 90th anniversary. The company also announced SmithLink, the first telematics system for electric commercial vehicles. This provided real-time data on battery state-of-charge and vehicle location, along with the data-monitoring required for government-funded projects such as the United States Department of Energy|DOE programme in the USA and the Department for Transport programme in the UK.

The company also launched of the UK’s first all-electric, 17-seat minibus at the CV Operator Show, held in Birmingham NEC, . The Smith Edison minibus is based on the Ford Transit minibus chassis.

In 2011 its subsidiary in Kansas City, Missouri acquired its parent for $15 million and moved its headquarters to Kansas City International Airport. The new company announced that it was exploring the potential for an initial public offering (IPO). Tanfield maintains 49% ownership in the new company. Bryan Hansel is the CEO.

In June Smith announced in June that it has passed 700 deployed vehicles and over 5 million miles of operation.

In August Smith signed a letter of intent to form a joint venture with Taikang Technology Corp. in Taiwan. The agreement covers assembly and distribution of all-electric vehicles in Taiwan with the Smith brand.

In September Smith deployed its first V2g|vehicle-to-grid (V2G) vehicles at Fort Carson|Fort Carson, Colorado. The deployment is part of the Smart Power Infrastructure Demonstration for Energy Reliability and Security (SPIDERS) project.

In October Smith entered into a Letter of Intent with Sinopoly, an internationally renowned battery supplier with a strategic goal to develop markets in Mainland China and Taiwan.

In May Smith reached an agreement with Sinopoly Battery Limited, a Hong Kong based battery manufacturer which aims to raise $40 million for the firm.

On 9 June Smith launched the first all electric commercial truck in Italy. This Italian version of the Newton was delivered to Niinivirta Transport S.p.A. at a ceremony in Milan.

Smith Electric Vehicles - Newton
Launched in 2006, the Newton electric truck was the first fully productionised, new technology, electric commercial vehicle from Smith. Smith offers Newton in three Gross vehicle weight rating|GVW configurations: 7,500kg, 10,000kg and 12,000kg. Each is available in short, medium or long wheelbase.

The truck is currently powered by a 120kilowatt electric induction motor from Enova Systems, driven by Lithium-Ion Iron Phosphate batteries supplied by Valence Technology. Smith offers the battery pack in either 80kWh or 120kWh configurations.

Customers in Europe include TNT Express, TK Maxx, DHL, Balfour Beatty, Bunzl, AG Barr, the Office of Public Works in Ireland and Celtic Linen in Dublin.

In the United States, Frito-Lay is one of the main customers, with 176 Newton delivery trucks in operation by January 2011, representing about 1 percent of Frito-Lay's total fleet. Other American customers include The Coca-Cola Company, ATT, Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PGE), Staples Inc.|Staples and the U.S. Marine Corps.

Newton was named Green Commercial of the Year in the electric vehicle section of Fleet Transport magazine’s Irish Truck of the Year Awards 2010, sponsored by Castrol.

, the Newton is sold worldwide and available with three different payload capacities from . The lithium-ion battery pack is available in varying sizes that deliver a range from and a top speed of . Pricing starts at .

Smith Electric Vehicles - Step-Van
In March 2012 Smith announced the release of the Newton Step-Van, an all-electric, zero-emission vehicle built on the versatile Newton platform that features a walk-in body produced by Indiana-based Utilimaster.

Smith Electric Vehicles - Edison
The Smith Edison was the world’s first electric van with a Gross Vehicle Weight of under 3,500kg – a critical factor because vehicles over 3,500kg require a commercial vehicle driving licence. Edison, like any normal van under 3,500kg, can be driven by anyone with a regular UK licence.

The Smith Edison was sold worldwide except in the U.S. The Smith Edison was available as a chassis cab, delivery van and minibus, with payload capacity varying from . The cargo van model started at and the minibus at . The delivery van was sold with different lithium-ion battery packs that deliver ranges from 55 to 100mi / 90 to 160km, with a top speed of .

The Smith Edison was based on the Ford Transit chassis and powered by a 90kW induction motor from Enova Systems and a 40kWh or 51kWh Lithium-Ion Iron Phosphate battery pack from Valence Technology.

In 2012 the Smith Edison was upgraded to use the Ford Transit Stage 5 variant. Customers span the world including Russia (Revolta), Netherlands (Spijkstaal), Taiwan (Taikang), Hong Kong (CLP, FedEx), UK, Sweden (FuelReduce) and Abu Dhabi.

Smith Electric Vehicles - London Taxi
Manganese Bronze Holdings|LTI and Smith produced an all-electric version of Manganese Bronze Holdings|LTI's TX4 black cab, branded the TX4E. Smith built the first 10 TX4E taxis under the UK Government’s Ultra Low Carbon Vehicle Demonstrator Programme.

Smith Electric Vehicles - London Taxi
The vehicles were not a commercial success. There has been some debate over the efficacy of an electric taxi. Bob Oddy, the general secretary of the Licensed Taxi Drivers' Association was quoted saying that only about 40 percent of London cabbies will be able to work a full eight-hour shift on a 100-mile charge.

Smith Electric Vehicles - Ampere
The Smith Ampere was based on the Ford Transit Connect chassis. Smith produced a European prototype in 2008 and a US version the following year, after Smith US signed a deal with Ford Motor Company in February 2009.

The van was to be assembled for the North American market in the former Trans World Airlines overhaul hangar at Kansas City International Airport in Kansas City, Missouri in the United States and also in the UK for the European market.

However the company terminated this project, by mutual agreement with Ford in November Smith cited the unexpected early success of its Newton all-electric truck in the US market; Smith US already had an order book for 255 units and therefore decided to focus its resources on the Newton product.

Also in February 2009, Smith US announced it was partnering with Humvee manufacturer AM General to produce a prototype electric delivery vehicle for the United States Postal Service.

Ford subsequently partnered with powertrain company Azure Dynamics to produce the electric Transit Connect. Ironically, Azure then selected AM General to facilitate the vehicle integration work on this project.

However in 2010, but Ford later announced it would partner with Azure Dynamics Corporation instead.

Smith Electric Vehicles - Further research and development
Smith Electric Vehicles is developing new drive line enhancements and ancillary systems for commercial electric vehicles, including heating and air conditioning. The company estimates the new technology could increase electric vehicle range by up to 20%.

Smith Electric Vehicles - Further research and development
In February 2010, Smith announced it was working with Proton Power Systems Plc of Germany, to incorporate a hydrogen fuel cell into its Smith Newton vehicle. The small fuel cell will act as a mini-generator, topping up the traction batteries and increasing vehicle range by up to 100%.

Smith Electric Vehicles - SmithLink
SmithLink was born out of a desire to understand how a fleet of all electric vehicles perform under many varying conditions (topology, temperature and driver style to name a few). In 2010 a small team was formed to design a system that would allow the collection and processing of key data to aid prognostics and continual product development.

SmithLink was born in 2009 and was rolled out to a few key UK and US fleets in 2010.

When SmithLink first started out there wasn't a secure and reliable transmission protocol for high volume data transmission over public networks (the data portions of the mobile GPRS spectrum). Smith worked with the AMQP|AMQP Working Group and OASIS (organization)|OASIS to define a new messaging protocol with an aim to make it the standard protocol for messaging interoperability. SmithLink was one of the first heavy users of theAMQP protocol for telemetry transmission.

By 2014 this system has been installed in over 800 vehicles around the world and in March 2014 the SmithLink had recoded over of 8.5 million miles of data for all electric trucks.

Smith Electric Vehicles - Corporate structure
Tanfied owns 49% of Smith US. The remaining 51% is in the hands of private investors.

Being majority-owned by US investors means that Smith US qualifies for the significant funding and incentive opportunities for electric trucks, which are available at both State and Federal level.

Smith US owns the exclusive rights to produce and market Tanfield’s commercial electric vehicles under the Smith brand. Tanfield licencese its electric vehicle technology to Smith, in exchange for a royalty fee per vehicle sold by Smith US.

Smith Electric Vehicles - Vehicles
Smith US produces the Smith Newton all-electric truck, in Classes [ Smith Electric Extends Industry Lead Newton Platform - ser-us.com - Retrieved August 3, 2010] The Newton has a top speed of , a range of up to on a single charge and is powered by lithium-ion batteries.

In July 2009, Smith US delivered its first Smith Newton trucks, at a ceremony on Capitol Hill, presided over by Missouri Senator Kit Bond. The first six customers were Coca-Cola, Frito-Lay, ATT, Staples Inc.|Staples, Pacific Gas Electric and Kansas City Power Light.

These initial six vehicles were produced at Smith UK’s facility in Washington,Tyne Wear and shipped to Missouri in kit form, for final assembly. However, by October, Smith US had recruited and trained the nucleus of its own workforce; Newton trucks started rolling off the production line in Kansas City, Missouri|Kansas City.

Smith Electric Vehicles - Government support
In July 2009, the United States Department of Energy|Department of Energy awarded $10m to Smith US, to facilitate a fleet of trial vehicles for major US corporations.[ U.S

In January 2010, the Smith Newton became the first ever all-electric truck on the US General Services Administration (GSA) schedule. The schedule is a list of products approved for purchase by all Federal agencies and the US military. These agencies spend a combined $1billion every year on General Services Administration|GSA-approved vehicles and automotive services.

Right at the end of March 2010, Smith US received further validation from the Obama administration. US Senator Claire McCaskill announced that the United States Department of Energy|DOE was awarding an additional $22m, allowing Smith US to increase its build program to in excess of 500 Smith Newton trucks.

Smith Electric Vehicles - Locations
Smith has its corporate headquarters in Kansas City, Missouri|Kansas City, Missouri. The company also has its engineering centre of excellence in Washington, Tyne and Wear, United Kingdom

Smith Electric Vehicles - March 2010: Smith US bids for independence
Smith US launched a bid to buy out the Smith UK operation, in order to create a totally separate company to Tanfield Group|Tanfield.

Smith Electric Vehicles - March 2010: Smith US bids for independence
Smith US made a £37m conditional offer, equating to 50p per Tanfield Group|Tanfield share, plus a free share in Smith US if it subsequently undergoes an Initial Public Offering|IPO and joins the stock market in the near future

However, , most electric vehicles in the world roads were low-speed, low-range neighborhood electric vehicles (NEVs) or electric heavy quadricycle|quadricycles

Mitsubishi Motors ranks third, with global sales of more than 70,000 plug-in electric vehicles since 2009 up to June 2014, consisting of over 37,000 all-electric vehicles (32,000 cars of the Mitsubishi i-MiEV family and over Mitsubishi Minicab MiEV utility vans and trucks) and about 33,000 plug-in hybrids.

TATA Engineering and Locomotive Company - Electric vehicles
Tata Motors has unveiled electric versions of the Tata Indica EV|Tata Indica passenger car powered by TM4 electric motors and inverters as well as the Tata Ace commercial vehicle, both of which run on lithium batteries

Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology - Electric vehicles
Researchers at KAIST have developed an electric transport system called Online Electric Vehicle (OLEV), where the vehicles get their power from cables underneath the surface of the road via non-contact magnetic charging (a power source is placed underneath the road surface and power is wirelessly picked up on the vehicle itself)

AVL (engineering company) - Electric vehicles
AVL is introducing a new energy management and systems integration facility, the AVL California Technology Center (CTC), to support the market's advanced technology initiatives. Located in the epicenter of green initiatives—southern California—the facility showcases ample capabilities not currently consolidated in any other North American facility.

Hybrid electric vehicles
A 'hybrid electric vehicle' ('HEV') is a type of hybrid vehicle and electric vehicle which combines a conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) ground propulsion|propulsion system with an Electric power|electric propulsion system

Modern HEVs make use of efficiency-improving technologies such as regenerative braking, which converts the vehicle's kinetic energy into electric energy to charge the battery, rather than wasting it as heat energy as conventional brakes do

In 1901 Ferdinand Porsche developed the Lohner-Porsche Mixte Hybrid, the first gasoline-electric hybrid automobile in the world

About 9million hybrid electric vehicles have been sold worldwide by October 2014, led by Toyota Motor Company (TMC) with more than 7million Lexus and Toyota hybrids sold , followed by Honda Motor Co., Ltd

Hybrid electric vehicles - Types of powertrain
Hybrid electric vehicles can be classified according to the way in which power is supplied to the drivetrain:

*In parallel hybrids, the ICE and the electric motor are both connected to the mechanical transmission (mechanics)|transmission and can simultaneously transmit power to drive the wheels, usually through a conventional transmission

An HFEV is an all-electric car featuring an open-source battery in the form of a hydrogen tank and the atmosphere. HFEVs may also comprise closed-cell batteries for the purpose of power storage from regenerative braking, but this does not change the source of the motivation. It implies the HFEV is an electric car with two types of batteries. Since HFEVs are purely electric, and do not contain any type of heat engine, they are not hybrids.

Hybrid electric vehicles - Motorcycles
Companies such as Zero Motorcycles and Vectrix have market-ready all-electric motorcycles available now, but the pairing of electrical components and an internal combustion engine (ICE) has made packaging wikt:cumbersome|cumbersome, especially for niche brands.[

Also, eCycle Inc produces series diesel-electric motorcycles, with a top speed of and a target retail price of $ ,

Peugeot HYmotion3 compressor,[ a hybrid scooter (motorcycle)|scooter is a three-wheeler that uses two separate power sources to power the front and back wheels

SEMA has announced that Yamaha is going to launch one in 2010, with Honda following a year later, fueling a competition to reign in new customers and set new standards for mobility

For More Information, Visit:
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