1. Objectives
Content: Choose one inventor and defend why his invention was the most important.
Language: List the 3 inventors and their inventions.

2. Inventions

3. The Growth of Industry
After the Civil War, the United States was transformed from an agricultural to an industrial nation.
One reason for growth was new inventions

4. Inventions and Innovations
1.) The Electric Light Bulb (1879)
Thomas Edison “The Wizard of Menlo Park”
Perfected the light bulb
Also either invented or contributed to the first power plants, phonograph, motion picture projector and the storage battery
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5. Inventions and Innovations
2.) Telephone Service (1876)
Alexander Graham Bell
Bell focused on providing education to the deaf his whole life. His work helped him come up with his plan to improve the telegraph

6. Inventions and Innovations
2.) Telephone Service (1876)
Alexander Graham Bell
He opened the Bell telephone company in 1877.
There is controversy over his invention. Italian Antonio Meucci demonstrated a “telefono” in New York City in It is believed that Bell used his work to develop his telephone.

7. Inventions and Innovations
3.) “Model T” (1908)
Henry Ford
Established his first automobile plant in Michigan.
The Model T sold for $850.00
First to use the assembly line

9. Objectives
Content: Determine if the factors leading to immigration were push or pull. Language: List the 4 reasons people immigrated to the United States after the Civil War.

10. IMMIGRATION

11. What is immigration?
Immigration is the movement of people from one country to another

12. What is immigration?
An immigrant is someone who comes into another country.
An emigrant is someone who exits their own country.

13. New Immigration

14. Immigrants have been coming to America since the 1600s
Immigrants have been coming to America since the 1600s. But the immigration we are talking about now took place much later! After the 1880’s!

15. New Immigration
New immigration is the wave of immigration from 1880 to During this time, 23 million immigrants enter the United States.
The peak decade was
Most “new immigrants” came from southern and eastern Europe.

16. Immigration was a combination of Push/Pull factors
Push- reasons they left home country
Pull- reasons they came to the U.S.
Crop Failure/Famine
Land and Job Shortages
Rising Taxes
Religious and/or Political Discrimination
Disease
Freedom
Join Families
Economic Opportunity
Wealth
Jobs

17. So why did Immigration increase after the Civil War?
Because of HEAR!
Hope for better opportunities
Escape from oppressive government
Adventure
Religious freedom

19. Objectives
Content: Discover the difficulties of immigrating to the United States.
Language: Describe the experience of immigrants traveling through Ellis Island.

20. The Journey…
The trip from Europe to America took two weeks and cost about $30.00
Most immigrants traveled in steerage or 3rd class quarters. The conditions were crowded, filthy, and filled with stench.

21. Ellis Island
Immigrants from Europe entered the United States at Ellis Island in New York City.

22. Ellis Island opened in 1892. Here, 5,000 to 10,000 immigrants were processed each day.

23. Once at Ellis Island…
Immigrants had to pass a physical exam and were interviewed.
Most new immigrants were poor and uneducated. One-third were illiterate (couldn’t read). Almost none could speak English.

24. Angel Island
Immigrants from Asia entered the United States at Angel Island in San Francisco, California.

26. Objectives
Content: Create a sensory figure about the immigrants’ experiences.
Language: Explain the conditions immigrants lived and worked in.

27. Discrimination Against Immigrants
Many faced ethnic and religious prejudice and discrimination.
1.) Chinese
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) – Prohibited Chinese workers from entering the United States for 10 years. It was extended many times and lasted until 1943.
Discrimination spread to all Asian immigrants
Why?
Competition for gold and jobs

28. Discrimination Continued
2.) Irish
Irish Catholics were thought to be dirty, stupid, violent, and alcoholic.
They were denied jobs and housing because of the fact that they were Irish.

29. Where Did The Immigrants Live?
Three-fourths of all new immigrants settled in large cities such as New York and Chicago.

31. Immigrants sought out neighborhoods with friends and relatives.
These poor neighborhoods were called slums, or ghettos.

32. Immigrants lived in overcrowded rundown apartments called tenements.

33. Eight or more people would share two rooms.
There was rarely plumbing or heating
There were few windows, hallways had water puddles. There was filth and stench everywhere.
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In most of the apartments only one room had access to outside air, and the inner rooms were always dark and practically unventilated. As often as not pressure was inadequate to carry water above the street floor. In winter the toilets, sink traps and water pipes, which were outside the building, froze solid (1958: 55).

34. Immigrant Labor
The immigrants worked wherever they could get jobs: mines, factories, and railroads.

35. Sweatshops
Crowded factories where men and women labored for hours a day.
They were dark, damp, poorly ventilated, stench filled, and either extremely hot or extremely cold.

36. Life in America was often as difficult as the life they had left behind.
Immigrants faced unemployment, early death, industrial accidents, and typhoid.

38. Objectives Content: Label major cities with what they produced.
Language: List 3 challenges during the Industrial Revolution and explain the solutions.

39. Immigration and The growth of Industry
The Rise of Cities
Immigration and The growth of Industry

40. Why Cities Grew 3 reasons
ABILITY – The United States was changing from a rural to an urban nation (People were leaving the farm and moving to the city)
LABOR - Huge rise in immigration to America led to an abundance of cheap skilled and un- skilled worker

41. 3. JOBS - Factories provide jobs where immigrants would have to work in dangerous and low paying jobs.
Ex 1: Steel Mills of Pittsburgh
Ex 2: Meat Packing plants of Chicago and Kansas City
The Jungle – by Upton Sinclair, was a tell all book exposing the gross conditions in meatpacking plants

42. Urbanization
Industry and cities

43. Cities became major centers for business and industry
For example:
New York City, Boston and Philadelphia were manufacturing centers.
New England states were textiles – a type of cloth or woven fabric
Ex: Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Maine
Pittsburgh was steel (The Steelers)
Detroit was automobiles (The Pistons)
Chicago was meatpacking (The Bulls)

44. Immigration and The growth of Industry
Rapid industrialization and urbanization led to overcrowded immigrant neighborhoods

45. 1st Challenge
Tenements – a run-down, dirty apartment building.

46. Solution
1.) Settlement Houses – provided medical care, playgrounds, nurseries and libraries. Also had classes in English, Music and the Arts
Located in poorer neighborhoods
Ex: Hull House, Founded by Jane Addams

47. 2nd Challenge
2. Ghettos/slums – part of a city that contains poor and rundown neighborhoods

48. Solution 2) YMCA and YWCA - Recreation center for inner city kids
23rd Street YMCA, 1897 Metropolitan Champions

49. 3rd Challenge
3. Political Corruption - the use of power by government officials for private gain

50. Solution
3.) Political machines – group that controls the activities of a political party
Gained power by helping new immigrants
Would provide housing and jobs in exchange for votes!

52. Objectives: Content: Compare and contrast the Captains of Industry
Language: List the Captains and which industry each was responsible for.

53. Rise and Prosperity of Big Business
The captains of industry

54. What led to the rise of big business?
1.) National markets (people willing to buy products) are created by transportation advances
Railroads
Automobiles
2.) Advertising
3.) Lower cost of production
4.) The Captains of Industry

55. Captain of Shipping and Railroads
Cornelius Vanderbilt
Captain of Shipping and Railroads
-Made his fortune by consolidating several small railroad companies into one big empire

56. John D. Rockefeller Captain of OIL
Created the Standard Oil Trust (1882)
Refined oil to make kerosene and gasoline
Monopoly – total control of a type of industry by one person or one company

57. Andrew Carnegie Captain of Steel
- Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania became steel capital of the U.S.
- Created Carnegie Steel Company (1900)

58. Growth of Industry (summary)
Lots of raw materials and energy
Coal
Oil
Large work force due to massive immigration
Inventions and the Captains of Industry
The Railroads
Could move goods all over the country