1. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. PowerPoint ® Lecture Presentations prepared by Jason LaPres Lone Star College—North Harris 1 - Lab An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology 1

2. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. An Introduction to Studying the Human Body Learning Outcomes 1-5 Identify the major levels of organization in organisms, from the simplest to the most complex, and identify major components of each organ system. 1-8 Use anatomical terms to describe body sections, body regions, and relative positions. 1-9 Identify the major body cavities and their subdivisions, and describe the functions of each. 2

3. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 1-3 Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy Describes the structures of the body What they are made of Where they are located Associated structures Physiology Is the study of: Functions of anatomical structures Individual and cooperative functions 3

4. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 1-5 Levels of Organization The Chemical (or Molecular) Level Atoms are the smallest chemical units Molecules are a group of atoms working together The Cellular Level Cells are a group of atoms, molecules, and organelles working together The Tissue Level A tissue is a group of similar cells working together The Organ Level An organ is a group of different tissues working together 4

5. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 1-5 Levels of Organization The Organ System Level An organ system is a group of organs working together Humans have 11 organ systems The Organism Level A human is an organism 5

6. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1-1 Levels of Organization Chemical and Molecular Levels Cellular Level Atoms in combination Complex protein molecule Protein filaments Heart muscle cell 6

7. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1-1 Levels of Organization Tissue Level Organ Level Cardiac muscle tissue The heart The cardiovascular system Organ system level Organism level 7

8. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 1-5 Levels of Organization The Organ Systems Integumentary Major Organs Skin Hair Sweat glands Nails Functions Protects against environmental hazards Helps regulate body temperature Provides sensory information 8

9. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 1-5 Levels of Organization The Organ Systems Skeletal Major Organs Bones Cartilages Associated ligaments Bone marrow Functions Provides support and protection for other tissues Stores calcium and other minerals Forms blood cells 9

10. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 1-5 Levels of Organization The Organ Systems Muscular Major Organs Skeletal muscles and associated tendons Functions Provides movement Provides protection and support for other tissues Generates heat that maintains body temperature 10

11. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 1-5 Levels of Organization The Organ Systems Nervous Major Organs Brain Spinal cord Peripheral nerves Sense organs Functions Directs immediate responses to stimuli Coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems Provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions 11

12. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Organ Systems Endocrine Major Organs Pituitary gland Pancreas Gonads Endocrine tissues in other systems Functions Directs long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems Adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by the body Controls many structural and functional changes during development Thyroid gland Adrenal glands 1-5 Levels of Organization 12

13. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 1-5 Levels of Organization The Organ Systems Cardiovascular Major Organs Heart Blood Blood vessels Functions Distributes blood cells, water and dissolved materials including nutrients, waste products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide Distributes heat and assists in control of body temperature 13

14. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 1-5 Levels of Organization The Organ Systems Lymphatic Major Organs Spleen Thymus Lymphatic vessels Lymph nodes Tonsils Functions Defends against infection and disease Returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream 14

15. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 1-5 Levels of Organization The Organ Systems Respiratory Major Organs Nasal cavities Sinuses Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs Alveoli 15

16. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 1-5 Levels of Organization The Organ Systems Respiratory Functions Delivers air to alveoli (sites in lungs where gas exchange occurs) Provides oxygen to bloodstream Removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream Produces sounds for communication 16

17. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 1-5 Levels of Organization The Organ Systems Digestive Major Organs Teeth Tongue Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Liver Gallbladder Pancreas 17

18. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 1-5 Levels of Organization The Organ Systems Digestive Functions Processes and digests food Absorbs and conserves water Absorbs nutrients Stores energy reserves 18

19. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 1-5 Levels of Organization The Organ Systems Urinary Major Organs Kidneys Ureters Urinary bladder Urethra Functions Excretes waste products from the blood Controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced Stores urine prior to voluntary elimination Regulates blood ion concentrations and pH 19

20. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 1-5 Levels of Organization The Organ Systems Male Reproductive Major Organs Testes Epididymides Ductus deferentia Seminal vesicles Prostate gland Penis Scrotum 20

21. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 1-5 Levels of Organization The Organ Systems Male Reproductive Functions Produces male sex cells (sperm), suspending fluids, and hormones Sexual intercourse 21

22. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 1-5 Levels of Organization The Organ Systems Female Reproductive Major Organs Ovaries Uterine tubes Uterus Vagina Labia Clitoris Mammary glands 22

23. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 1-5 Levels of Organization The Organ Systems Female Reproductive Functions Produces female sex cells (oocytes) and hormones Supports developing embryo from conception to delivery Provides milk to nourish newborn infant Sexual intercourse 23

24. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 1-8 Anatomical Terminology Superficial Anatomy Locating structures on or near the body surface Anatomical Landmarks Anatomical position: hands at sides, palms forward Supine: lying down, face up Prone: lying down, face down 24

25. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 1-8 Anatomical Terminology Superficial Anatomy Anatomical Landmarks References to palpable structures Anatomical Regions Body regions Abdominopelvic quadrants Abdominopelvic regions Anatomical Directions Reference terms based on subject 25

26. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1-5a Anatomical Landmarks Cephalic or head Frontal or forehead Cranial or skull Facial or face Oral or mouth Mental or chin Axillary or armpit Brachial or arm Antecubital or front of elbow Umbilical or navel Trunk Abdominal (abdomen) Mammary or breast Thoracic or thorax, chest Cervical or neck Buccal or cheek Otic or ear Nasal or nose Ocular, orbital or eye Anterior view 26

27. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1-5a Anatomical Landmarks Antebrachial or forearm Carpal or wrist Palmar or palm Pollex or thumb Digits (phalanges) or fingers (digital or phalangeal) Patellar or kneecap Crural or leg Digits (phalanges) or toes (digital or phalangeal) Tarsal or ankle Anterior view Hallux or great toe Pedal or foot Femoral or thigh Pubic (pubis) Inguinal or groin Manual or hand Pelvic (pelvis) Trunk 27

28. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1-5b Anatomical Landmarks Acromial or shoulder Olecranal or back of elbow Dorsal or back Upper limb Cervical or neck Cephalic or head Posterior view 28

29. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1-5b Anatomical Landmarks Posterior view Lumbar or loin Gluteal or buttock Popliteal or back of knee Sural or calf Calcaneal or heel of foot Plantar or sole of foot Lower limb Upper limb 29

30. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1-6a Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions Abdominopelvic quadrants. The four abdominopelvic quadrants are formed by two perpendicular lines that intersect at the navel. The terms for these quadrants, or their abbreviations, are most often used in clinical discussions. Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) 30

31. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1-6b Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions Right hypochondriac region Right lumbar region Right inguinal region Abdominopelvic regions. The nine abdominopelvic regions provide more precise regional descriptions. Left hypochondriac region Left lumbar region Left inguinal region Epigastric region Umbilical region Hypogastric (pubic) region 31

32. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1-6c Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions Stomach Spleen Urinary bladder Liver Gallbladder Large intestine Small intestine Appendix Anatomical relationships. The relationship between the abdominopelvic quadrants and regions and the locations of the internal organs are shown here. 32

33. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1-7 Directional References Cranial Posterior or dorsal Anterior or ventral Caudal A lateral view. Superior Right Left Lateral Proximal Medial Proximal Distal Inferior An anterior view. Arrows indicate important directional terms used in this text; definitions and descriptions are given in Table 1  2. 33

34. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1-2 Directional Terms 34

35. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 1-8 Anatomical Terminology Sectional Anatomy Planes and sections Plane: a three-dimensional axis Section: a slice parallel to a plane Used to visualize internal organization and structure Important in radiological techniques MRI PET CT 35

36. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1-8 Sectional Planes Frontal plane Transverse plane Sagittal plane 36

37. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1-3 Terms That Indicate Sectional Planes 37

38. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 1-9 Body Cavities Essential Functions of Body Cavities 1. Protect organs from accidental shocks 2. Permit changes in size and shape of internal organs Ventral body cavity (coelom) Divided by the diaphragm Thoracic cavity Abdominopelvic cavity 38

39. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1-9 Relationships among the Subdivisions of the Ventral Body Cavity Provides protection Allows organ movement Linings prevent friction Ventral Body Cavity Thoracic Cavity Surrounded by chest wall and diaphragm Surrounds right lung Contains the trachea, esophagus, and major vessels Mediastinum Right Pleural Cavity Peritoneal Cavity Surrounds left lung Subdivides during development into Surrounds heart Pericardial Cavity Contains many digestive glands and organs Abdominal Cavity Abdominopelvic Cavity Extends throughout abdominal cavity and into superior portion of pelvic cavity Pelvic Cavity Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, last portion of digestive tract Left Pleural Cavity 39

40. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 1-9 Body Cavities Serous Membranes Line body cavities and cover organs Consist of parietal layer and visceral layer Parietal layer — lines cavity Visceral layer — covers organ 40

41. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 1-9 Body Cavities The Thoracic Cavity Right and left pleural cavities Contain right and left lungs Mediastinum Upper portion filled with blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, and thymus Lower portion contains pericardial cavity The heart is located within the pericardial cavity 41

42. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1-10a The Ventral Body Cavity and Its Subdivisions POSTERIORANTERIOR Pleural cavity Pericardial cavity Thoracic cavity Peritoneal cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity Diaphragm Abdominopelvic cavity 42

43. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1-10b The Ventral Body Cavity and Its Subdivisions Visceral pericardium Pericardial cavity Parietal pericardium Heart Air space Balloon 43

44. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1-10c The Ventral Body Cavity and Its Subdivisions Spinal cord Mediastinum Parietal pleura Pleural cavity Pericardial cavity Right lung POSTERIOR Left lung ANTERIOR 44

45. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 1-9 Body Cavities The Abdominopelvic Cavity Peritoneal cavity: chamber within abdominopelvic cavity Parietal peritoneum: lines the internal body wall Visceral peritoneum: covers the organs 45

46. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 1-9 Body Cavities The Abdominopelvic Cavity Abdominal cavity — superior portion Diaphragm to top of pelvic bones Contains digestive organs Retroperitoneal space Area posterior to peritoneum and anterior to muscular body wall Contains pancreas, kidneys, ureters, and parts of the digestive tract 46

47. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 1-9 Body Cavities The Abdominopelvic Cavity Pelvic cavity — inferior portion Within pelvic bones Contains reproductive organs, rectum, and bladder 47