1. Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Chapter 1 Introduction to Nursing Research in an Evidence-Based Practice Environment

2. Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins What Is Nursing Research? Research –Systematic inquiry using disciplined methods to solve problems or answer questions Nursing research –Systematic inquiry to develop knowledge about issues of importance to the nursing profession

3. Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Importance of Research to Evidence- Based Nursing Evidence-based practice (EBP)—the use of the best clinical evidence in making patient care decisions Nursing decisions need to be based on evidence. Many recent clinical practice changes reflect the impact of research.

4. Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Roles of Nurses in Research Continuum of participation, from producers of research to skilled consumers of research findings who use research evidence in their practice

5. Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Nursing Research: Past Pioneered by Florence Nightingale, 1850s First journal on research (Nursing Research) emerged, 1950s. Clinical research increasingly important, 1980s National Center for Nursing Research established at NIH, 1986 National Institutes of Nursing Research (NINR) established, 1993 NINR budget exceeds $100 million, 2000s.

6. Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Future Directions for Nursing Research Heightened focus on evidence-based practice Use of multiple confirmatory strategies (e.g., replication and multisite studies Greater stress on systematic reviews Expanded local research in health care settings (e.g., as part of Magnet process) More multidisciplinary collaboration Expanded dissemination of research findings Greater focus on cultural issues and health disparities

7. Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question Is the following statement True or False? Clinical research became increasingly important in the 1960s.

8. Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer False Rationale: It wasn’t until the 1980s that clinical research became increasingly important.

9. Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Sources of Evidence for Nursing Practice Tradition Authority Clinical experience; trial and error; intuition Logical reasoning (inductive and deductive) Assembled information (e.g., quality improvement data) Disciplined research

10. Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Paradigms and Methods for Nursing Research Paradigm: a world view; a general perspective on the complexities of the real world, with certain assumptions about reality Key paradigms for nursing research: –Positivist paradigm –Constructivist paradigm

11. Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins What Is the Nature of Reality? Positivist assumption –Reality exists. –There is a real world driven by natural causes. Constructivist assumption –Reality is multiple and subjective, constructed by individuals.

12. Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question Is the following statement True or False? Application of the positivist paradigm involves viewing reality as being driven by natural causes.

13. Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer True Rationale: The positivist assumption is that reality exists and there is a real world driven by natural causes.

14. Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Paradigms and Methods Research methods: the techniques used to structure a study and to gather, analyze, and interpret information –Quantitative research—most often allied with the positivist tradition –Qualitative research—most often allied with the constructivist tradition

15. Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Quantitative and Qualitative Research QuantitativeQualitative Orderly proceduresDynamic design Prespecified planHolistic Control over contextContext-bound Formal measurementHumans as instruments Quantitative informationQualitative information Seeks generalizationsSeeks patterns

16. Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question Is the following statement True or False? Quantitative research is allied with the constructivist tradition.

17. Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer False Rationale: Qualitative research is associated with constructivist tradition that involves a dynamic design, holism, and is context bound.

18. Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Purposes of Nursing Research Examples of classification systems: – Levels of Explanation –Purposes linked to EBP

19. Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Research to Achieve Varying Levels of Explanation Identification and description Exploration Explanation Prediction and control

20. Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Research Purposes Linked to EBP Therapy, treatment or intervention Diagnosis and assessment Prognosis Etiology and harm Meaning and processes

21. Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Specific Purposes of Nursing Research Quantitative Qualitative Identification X Description X X Exploration X X Prediction and control X Explanation X X

22. Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question Is the following statement True or False? Quantitative research attempts to identify a phenomenon.

23. Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer False Rationale: Qualitative research, not quantitative research, would be used to identify a phenomenon.

24. Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins End of Presentation