1. OVERVIEW OF THE WATER AND SANITATION SITUATION IN NAMIBIA Mr Abraham Nehemia Under Secretary: Department of Water Affairs and Forestry Namibia Water Investment Conference 2012 Safari Conference Centre, Windhoek, Namibia 12-14 September 2012

2. PRESENTATION OUTLINE Background Policies and principles Legal and institutional framework Water resources potential Present and future water demand Infrastructure and investment opportunities Water security WATSAN targets and challenges Conclusion OVERVIEW OF THE WATER AND SANITATION SITUATION IN NAMIBIA

3. BACKGROUND - NAMIBIA GEOGRAPHIC POSITION Southwestern Africa Southern African Development Community (SADC) PHYSICAL FEATURES Namib Desert and Kalahari Semi- Desert Southern African Plateau OVERVIEW OF THE WATER AND SANITATION SITUATION IN NAMIBIA

4. BACKGROUND - NAMIBIA GENERAL INFORMATION Population: 2.1 million (2011 census) Population density: 2.55 people / square kilometer (for 824,000 km 2 ) Population growth: 1.8 % / year Gross Domestic Product (GDP): 12,300 million US$ GDP per capita: 5,850 US$ GDP growth: 3.2 % / year (2006-2011) Life expectancy at birth: 62.1 years Infant mortality rate: 29.3 ‰ Literacy rate: 94.9 % (ages 15-24) HIV prevalence: 13.1 % (ages 15-49) POPULATION CONCENTRATIONS Overall and rural: northern areas Urban:central area (Windhoek) west coast (Walvis Bay, Swakopmund) OVERVIEW OF THE WATER AND SANITATION SITUATION IN NAMIBIA

5. BACKGROUND - NAMIBIA CLIMATIC CONDITIONS Geographical latitude (tropic of Capricorn passes Namibia) -> sub-tropical climate Cold Benguela current creates permanent low pressure zone in front of coast and prevents direct influx of moisture -> dry climate Seasonal movement of Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) creates low pressure in interior that draws in moisture from east and north -> seasonal climate annual cycle of dry and wet seasons (rainy season from October to April) OVERVIEW OF THE WATER AND SANITATION SITUATION IN NAMIBIA

6. BACKGROUND - NAMIBIA SectorEmployment (%)GDP (%) Agriculture15.95.4 Fishing0.43.3 Mining2.715.9 Manufacturing6.312.7 Electricity and water1.62.2 Construction7.04.1 Wholesale and retail trade15.110.4 Hotels and restaurants3.41.7 Transport and communication4.74.6 Finance2.73.9 Real estate & business activities4.57.3 Community, social and personal services3.43.0 Public administration & defense8.4 Education8.67.1 Health4.23.0 Private households10.90.7 ECONOMIC SECTORS (2008 figures) Agriculture sector makes largest contribution to employment Mining sector makes largest contribution to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and to exports ProductsExports (%) Animals, meat & animal products 7.1 % Cops, vegetables, fruits, forestry products 3.2 % Live and canned fish & fishing products 12.9 % Other foods and beverages6.1 % Ores, minerals, processed metals (mining) 47.6 % Other manufactured products 23.1 % OVERVIEW OF THE WATER AND SANITATION SITUATION IN NAMIBIA

7. WATER AND SANITATION VISIONS FOR NAMIBIA The Water Sector Vision is “To have achieved equitable access to sufficient, appropriate, safe, sustainable and affordable water for all Namibian users for improved quality of life.” The Sanitation Sector Vision is “A healthy environment and improved quality of life for 65% of the population having adequate sanitation services with a high level of hygiene by 2015.” OVERVIEW OF THE WATER AND SANITATION SITUATION IN NAMIBIA

8. POLICIES (1) WATER AND SANITATION POLICIES FOR NAMIBIA 2000 National Water Policy (NWP) 2008 (Revised) Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Policy (WASSSP) WATER POLICY PRINCIPLES Equitable access Cost recovery vs. affordability – tariffs and subsidization Water as economic good Community management Sustainable use – future generations Due consideration for environment and aquatic eco-systems Stakeholders involvement – basin management committees “Polluter pays” principle Integrated Water Resources Management – holistic approach Priorities for allocation (WASSSP) 1.Provision of water for domestic needs 2.Provision of water for economic activities OVERVIEW OF THE WATER AND SANITATION SITUATION IN NAMIBIA

9. POLICIES (2) GUIDING PRINCIPLES FOR SANITATION Sanitation services to communities will be provided based on the following principles and guidelines: A Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) approach will be used. Community-based management (CBM) principles will be the preferred method. All households will be provided with improved sanitation facilities using the UN definition of “improved” and including hand washing facilities. Facilities should be affordable for individual households where contributions will be expected from the beneficiaries to ensure ownership and achieve long term operational and maintenance sustainability. The choice of sanitation technology by community members will be guided by the Sector Decision-Making Planning tool for rural sanitation service provision. It is expected that in most cases, dry sanitation technologies will be the likely outcome for rural community members. Collective community decisions will be required where community collection and treatment systems are proposed. OVERVIEW OF THE WATER AND SANITATION SITUATION IN NAMIBIA

10. LEGAL FRAMEWORK WATER LEGISLATION Namibian Constitution, Article 100: Land, water and natural resources below and above the surface of the land … shall belong to the State… Act No 54 of 1956 (sections of South African Water Act made applicable to Namibia) Namibia Water Corporation Act, Act No 12 of 1997 Namibia Water Resources Management Act, Act No 24 of 2004 – never commenced, revised Act 2012 being finalized New institutions: Water Regulator Water Advisory Council Basin Management Committees (BMCs) Water Tribunal Water Point Committees (WPCs) and Local Water Committees (LWCs) OVERVIEW OF THE WATER AND SANITATION SITUATION IN NAMIBIA

11. INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK OF WATER SECTOR IN NAMIBIA STAKEHOLDERS IN WATER SUPPLY stakeholderrole/responsibility/mandate Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry (MAWF) – Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) Overall management of water sector Namibia Water Corporation (NamWater)Development and operation of bulk water supply infrastructure in Namibia Directorate of Water Supply and Sanitation Coordination (DWSSC) - MAWF Development and support for water supply to rural areas Development and expansion of additional bulk water supply infrastructure Division of Agricultural Engineering (DAE) - MAWF Development of potential irrigable land including water supply provision Local authorities (LAs): Grootfontein, Omaruru, Outjo, Tsumeb, Windhoek - MRLGHRD Development and operation of bulk water supply infrastructure in their areas of jurisdiction Mining companies / Chamber of Mining (CoM) Development and operation of bulk water supply infrastructure for their operations Other ministries (MTI, MET, MWT, MHSS, Med etc) Main bulk water supply customers Directorate Resources Management (DRM) - MAWF Monitoring and evaluation of availability and utilization of water resources International issues and initiation of trans-boundary water development OVERVIEW OF THE WATER AND SANITATION SITUATION IN NAMIBIA

12. WATER RESOURCES IN NAMIBIA CLIMATIC DRIVERS Rainfall Seasonal convective thundershowers in rainy season from October to April Low with average range from virtually zero at coast to over 600 mm / year in far northeast Highly variable (and unreliable) within rainy season between rainy seasons (Windhoek from less than 100 to more than 1,000 mm) Evaporation High with average range from less than 2,000 mm / year at coast to over 3,400 mm / year in southeast Potential evapotranspiration exceeds rainfall by far -> arid to semi-arid conditions OVERVIEW OF THE WATER AND SANITATION SITUATION IN NAMIBIA

13. SURFACE WATER RESOURCES IN INTERIOR OF NAMIBIA EPHEMERAL RIVERS IN INTERIOR OF NAMIBIA Flow for short periods (or not) in rainy season as ‘flash floods’ Good runoff only in central strip OVERVIEW OF THE WATER AND SANITATION SITUATION IN NAMIBIA CategoryMean annual flow (million cubic meters / year) Western flowing rivers (occasionally reaching Atlantic Ocean) 280 Fish River and other drainage to Orange River 660 Endoreic (Omatako and Auob/Nossob) drainage 60 Cuvelai oshanas draining towards (into) Etosha Pan 200 Direct contribution to Kavango, Kwando, Zambezi rivers (not significant)

14. SURFACE WATER RESOURCES ON BORDERS OF NAMIBIA PERENNIAL RIVERS ON BORDERS OF NAMIBIA Permanent flows Mainly fed from high rainfall areas in headwaters in neighbouring countries Shared with other riparian countries RiverMean annual flow (million cubic meters / year) Minimum flow (cubic meters per second) Zambezi (at Namibia border) 40,000180 Kwando/Linyanti /Chobe 1,50010 Okavango (including Cuito) 10,00080 Kunene5,500< 10 Orange (including Fish, natural flows) 11,000< 10 OVERVIEW OF THE WATER AND SANITATION SITUATION IN NAMIBIA

15. GROUNDWATER RESOURCES IN NAMIBIA GROUNDWATER ENVIRONMENT MAIN AQUIFERS Karst Otjiwarongo Omaruru Delta (OMDEL) Lower Kuiseb Windhoek Stampriet Koichab Ohangwena II GROUNDWATER QUALITY Generally good Saline/brackish shallow groundwater in densely populated central northern areas ESTIMATED AVERAGE RECHARGE 440 million cubic meters / year ? OVERVIEW OF THE WATER AND SANITATION SITUATION IN NAMIBIA

16. PRESENT WATER DEMAND IN NAMIBIA 2008 FIGURES SectorDemand (million cubic meters / year) Demand (percentage) Urban (including manufacturing and industry) 66.019.7 % Rural domestic 10.33.1 % Livestock86.826.0 % Irrigation135.340.4 % Mining16.14.8 % Tourism19.65.9 % Total334.1(100.0 %) OVERVIEW OF THE WATER AND SANITATION SITUATION IN NAMIBIA

17. FUTURE WATER DEMAND IN NAMIBIA 2030 FORECASTED WATER DEMAND PER SECTOR SectorDemand (million cubic meters / year) Demand (%) Increase over 2008 (%) Urban117.215.2 %+ 77.6 % Rural domestic 11.41.4 %+ 10.7 % Livestock86.811.2 %nil Irrigation497.264.4%+267.5 % Mining60.32.6 %+ 274.5 % Tourism38.95.0 %+ 98.5 % Total811.7(100.0 %)+ 143.0 % OVERVIEW OF THE WATER AND SANITATION SITUATION IN NAMIBIA

18. DEVELOPED AND POTENTIAL SURFACE WATER RESOURCES IN INTERIOR OF NAMIBIA 2012 SITUATION No potential for run-of-river schemes Large storage reservoirs required to bridge dry periods Low efficiency (assured yield typically less than 25 % of mean annual flow) High variability of flows High evaporation (and overflow) losses Estimated 500-1,000 small dams (“farm dams”, “earth dams”) in rural areas – total storage capacity ≈ 50 million cubic meters Combined storage capacity (million cubic meters) Combined assured yield (million cubic meters / year) Present developed750100 Additional potential (max)1,000 (1,500)150 (200) Total1,750 (2,250)250 (300) OVERVIEW OF THE WATER AND SANITATION SITUATION IN NAMIBIA

19. PRESENT AND POTENTIAL USE OF SHARED WATERCOURSES ON BORDERS OF NAMIBIA Drainage basinRiver basin commission countries ZambeziZAMCOM, 20118 OkavangoOKACOM, 19943 KunenePJTC, 1969 (1990)2 Orange-SenquORASECOM, 20004 Main shared river Present use (million cubic meters / year) Fair share (million cubic meters / year) Zambezi54,000 ? Okavango40250 Kunene70180 (agreed) Orange50224 OVERVIEW OF THE WATER AND SANITATION SITUATION IN NAMIBIA

20. DEVELOPED AND POTENTIAL GROUNDWATER RESOURCES IN INTERIOR OF NAMIBIA 2012 SITUATION Groundwater accounts for 50-60 % of water supply in Namibia Geographical distribution covers most parts of country Present use (million cubic meters / year) Installed capacity (million cubic meters / year) Sustainable potential (million cubic meters / year) 95145300 OVERVIEW OF THE WATER AND SANITATION SITUATION IN NAMIBIA

21. MAJOR WATER TRANSFER SCHEMES IN NAMIBIA 2012 SITUATION Kunene-Cuvelai Water Distribution Network Eastern National Water Carrier Central Namib Water Supply System OVERVIEW OF THE WATER AND SANITATION SITUATION IN NAMIBIA

22. UNCONVENTIONAL WATER RESOURCES IN NAMIBIA Desalination of seawater Re-use of semi-purified water (sports grounds, parks) Re-cycling of industrial and mining water Reclamation from wastewater effluent Conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water Artificial recharge of aquifers (AR) – water banking Mixing of potable and brackish water Use and purification of brackish water Rainfall harvesting Fog harvesting Water demand and conservation OVERVIEW OF THE WATER AND SANITATION SITUATION IN NAMIBIA

23. STRATEGIC CONCEPTS FOR EXPANSION OF WATER SUPPLY IN NAMIBIA NATIONAL IWRM PLAN A – additional water along borders to be secured and developed from perennial rivers B – additional water in central northern areas to be developed from Kunene River C – additional water in central area to be secured and developed from Okavango River D – additional water in Fish River to be developed from new dams (Neckartal) E – additional water in rural areas to be developed from groundwater F – additional water at west coast to be developed from seawater desalination OVERVIEW OF THE WATER AND SANITATION SITUATION IN NAMIBIA

24. INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT CHALLENGE 1 FOR NAMIBIA Central northern areas Drivers: Worn out infrastructure Insufficient capacity Vulnerable to flooding Action required: Upgrading/replacement of main water carrier (open canal) by pipeline OVERVIEW OF THE WATER AND SANITATION SITUATION IN NAMIBIA

25. INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT CHALLENGE 2 FOR NAMIBIA Central area Drivers: Worn out infrastructure Insufficient capacity Action required: Upgrading of purification works New pipeline to Windhoek Managed Artificial Recharge (MAR) Windhoek Aquifer Long-term: Link from Kavango River Expansion to east (Omitimire Mine) OVERVIEW OF THE WATER AND SANITATION SITUATION IN NAMIBIA

26. INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT CHALLENGE 3 FOR NAMIBIA South Drivers: Surplus of water in Fish River Need for socio-economic development Food security Action required: Construction of Neckartal Dam storage capacity = 850 million cubic meters Development of irrigation scheme area = 500 hectares OVERVIEW OF THE WATER AND SANITATION SITUATION IN NAMIBIA

27. INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT CHALLENGE 4 FOR NAMIBIA West coast Drivers: Local groundwater sources insufficient Expansion of mining sector and coastal towns Action required: Development of desalination plant Expansion of pipeline network to new uranium mines OVERVIEW OF THE WATER AND SANITATION SITUATION IN NAMIBIA

28. “WATER SECURITY” FINANCING GAP REQUIRED INVESTMENT IN WATER INFRASTRUCTURE FOR FIVE-YEAR PERIOD IS 14 BILLION N$ 1. Scheduled GRN funding +/- 35 % 2. Scheduled by service provider (NamWater) or expected from external funding (customer) +/- 40 % includes +/- 12.5 % from private investor for desalination 3. Funding gap – investment opportunities +/- 25 % +/- N$ 3.25 billion for five-year period +/- N$ 650 million per year OVERVIEW OF THE WATER AND SANITATION SITUATION IN NAMIBIA Financial yearN$FY2012 2,049,846,250 FY2013 3,692,211,520 FY2014 2,961,190,806 FY2015 2,715,893,197 FY2016 2,595,352,339 TOTAL 14,014,494,113

29. SANITATION CHALLENGES FOR NAMIBIA CHALLENGES Need for capacity to meet MDG, Vision 2030 and NDP’s Skill gap and deficit Coordination among stakeholders DWSSC - provide overhaul coordination, regional advisory functions,inspect and monitor functions related to sanitation RWS- provide sanitation services to rural areas Fragmentation of the sanitation function Choice of technologies, codes of practice, user guides and standard designs Situation in informal settlements and rural towns Situation at schools and clinics OVERVIEW OF THE WATER AND SANITATION SITUATION IN NAMIBIA

30. CHALLENGES FOR WATER AND SANITATION (WATSAN) SERVICES IN NAMIBIA Namibia being an arid country with very limited water resources and uneven spatial distributed, faces challenges to ensure sufficient WATSAN services to all end users: Limited water for effective supply to all end users given rainfall pattern and water resources available; Rural –urban migration: high demand of WATSAN services; Income level disparity as related to cost recovery; Sanitation Technology Options not well explored, developed and adapted; Limited Human resources especially in the field of sanitation Lack of data on safe hygiene practices; Population projection vs provision of WATSAN services and facilities; Budget required for the provision of identified infrastructures gap; Lack of the monitoring system to measure WATSAN progress. OVERVIEW OF THE WATER AND SANITATION SITUATION IN NAMIBIA

31. CONCLUSION Namibia is faced with limited water resources and inadequate sanitation services. In order to meet the Millennium Development Goals, Vision 2030 and the National Development Plans, there is a need and opportunity for investment in: human resources development new and adapted technologies innovative ideas in the water and sanitation sectors. OVERVIEW OF THE WATER AND SANITATION SITUATION IN NAMIBIA