1. CPTED & Criminology - A Tool in the Toolbox Timothy D. Crowe

2. Criminology? The study of crime and all things related to it:  Theories of crime  Criminal justice system  Crime prevention

3. Theories of Crime Legal Social Psychological Biological Political

4. Criminal Justice Crime prevention Detection Suppression Investigation Apprehension Prosecution Adjudication Corrections Community Control If it ain’t apprehension, what is it?

5. Crime Prevention “The anticipation, recognition and appraisal of a crime risk, and the initiation of some action to remove or reduce it” * *British Crime Prevention Center - 1950 *NCPI - 1971 Lesson: If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it is unacceptable?

6. Crime Prevention Typologies Academic Punitive Mechanical Corrective Operational Primary Secondary tertiary

7. CPTED Theory the proper design and effective use of the built environment can lead to a reduction in the incidence and fear of crime, and an improvement in the quality of life *Westinghouse CPTED consortium, USA Dept. of Justice, 1973

8. CPTED Emphasis Physical environment Behavior of people Productive use of space Crime/loss prevention SRO-Crowe-CPTED- 3

9. Behavioral Objectives It is not enough to name the purpose of a space! What do you want to occur? What do you not want to occur?

10. Approaches to Security Organized Mechanical Natural

11. Evolution of CPTED Concepts Surveillance, access control &territoriality Surveillance, territoriality, image & milieu Physical, social, management & law enforcement Access control, surveillance, activity support & motivation reinforcement Natural surveillance, natural access control, territoriality, maintenance & management Natural surveillance, natural access control & territoriality

12. Territoriality ownership of space proprietary concern - “sweat equity” activity support motivation reinforcement maintenance - “Clean, Well Lighted Places” ( Hemingway )

13. Models - Competing or Overlapping? Defensible Space CPTED - natural Environmental Security Security by Design Comprehensive Crime Prevention Design Out Crime Situational Crime Prevention Safe Cities Natural Crime Prevention Place Specific Crime Prevention 2 nd Generation CPTED Community CPTED VOB Veilig Ontwerp en Beheer – Safe/Secure Design & Maintenance

14. Perspective – CPTED in Criminology? One size fits all? a tool in the toolbox? or

15. Environmental Criminology – attempts to integrate crime control, prevention & CPTED -crime opportunity theory -rational choice theory -diffusion of benefits & displacement -situational crime prevention

16. Environmental Criminology & CPTED “individual criminal events must be understood as confluences of offenders, victims or criminal targets, and laws in specific settings at particular times and places” Brantingham and Brantingham, Environmental Criminology, (1981)

17. Environmental Criminology Targeting offenders Preventing victimization – targeting victims Targeting criminal objects – access, security, exposure or prevalence in a given area Improving laws Exploiting settings

18. Routine Activity and Crime Opportunity Theory Crimes occur most often where: - absence of a capable guardian - suitable crime targets - likely offenders - absence of intimate handlers Cohen and Felson, “Social Change and Crime Rate Trends: A Routine Activity Approach,” American Sociological Review, 1979

19. Situational Crime Prevention Crime opportunity reducing measures that: –Directed at specific crimes –Manipulation or change of environment –To increase efforts and risk, and reduce rewards

20. Situational Crime Prevention Increase the effort Increasing the risks Reducing the rewards

21. Perspective – CPTED in Criminology? One size fits all? a tool in the toolbox? or Lesson: package CPTED with strategies that fit your problem!

22. Development/Demonstration 1961-1972 Jane Jacobs Urban planning Clash with Criminology Federal Involvement - $ Oscar Newman C. Ray Jeffrey

23. Jury Out 1973-1980 Westinghouse - schools, transportation, residential & commercial Richard Gardiner Asylum Hill Project Larry Bell - 1st curriculum British Home Office End of Federal funding!

24. Conflict and Competition 1980 - 1992 Failure of Criminology – criminal justice Practitioners to the rescue 1st training programs - NCPI British Crime Prevention Center Legislation Litigation

25. 1993 - to Present 1st International Conference - 1993 Return of government interest education and training Canada, Japan, Australia, Europe, Singapore New CPTED associations

26. CPTED Applications Schools & campuses Malls & shopping Convenience stores & gas stops Transportation Housing Health care Banks Industry Neighborhoods & streets

27. CPTED in Schools Florida Calgary Virginia Kentucky Montana Texas Associations

28. CPTED in Malls & Department Stores Mall of America Int. Shopping Center Mgrs. Society I.R.E.M.’s - Spotlight on Crime “CPTED & Premises Liability” – N.I.J. Sam’s, Target, Pace, Macy’s, Bloomingdales

29. CPTED in Convenience Stores Florida Virginia O.S.H.A. Litigation International use of concepts

30. CPTED in Transportation Toronto Houston Eugene Sydney Tallahassee Parking - N.I.J.

31. CPTED in Housing H.U.D. Hope Six Japan – 3 generation housing Traditional Neighborhood Development

32. CPTED in Health Care Virginia Commonwealth Astoria Park Planetree Associates

33. CPTED in Banks Bank Administration Institute Litigation

34. CPTED in Industry Westinghouse IBM General Electric Mobil Trinova

35. CPTED in Neighborhoods & Streets Houston Chicago Dayton St. Louis Calgary Edmonton Waverly, AU Peel Region – Miss. & Brampton New Towns Livable Streets

36. Relationship Between Crime Prevention and Planning – legitimate “If one of the most important missions of planning is to protect public health, safety and general welfare, then the definition of safety must include crime, victimization and fear” * Diane Zahm

37. Crime and Criminals ? Offenders try to minimize effort and risk, and maximize reward Offenders tend to commit crimes in places they know well Opportunities for crime are a function of daily activities and routines of the potential victims

38. CPTED & Planning Reactive – uses design and planning methods to reduce existing crime problems Proactive – incorporated into the planning and design of future environments to help reduce physical features that encourage crime

39. CPTED and Planning There is a relationship between crime patterns, offender behavior and the environment Day-to-day planning decisions effect exposure to crime and loss Opportunities to incorporate crime prevention into planning and design

40. Planning Tools & CPTED Comprehensive plans Zoning Subdivision regulation Landscape ordinances/bylaws Design guidelines Deed covenants & restrictions Others – codes & code enforcement

41. Impact on Planning - USA U.S. Conference of Mayors – 1994-96 survey New York Art Commission – 1984-87 & 2002 guidelines American Institute of Architects – 1993 conference & Livability 101 (2005) American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA) A.I.C.P., N.A.H.B. & B.O.M.A. FEMA 426, 427 & 428 Dept. of Homeland Security – new headquarters guidelines for aesthetics and security Major Events

42. Impact on Development Concepts New Edge Cities Shared spaces Co-Housing Live-work zoning Livable streets Transit oriented development (TOD) Traditional Neighborhood Development New Lifestyle Centers

43. Impact on Public Policy Codes Legislation Litigation Education Media Programs Technology Corporate Response

44. CPTED - Beneficiaries of Planning Partnerships  Residents  Merchants  Law Enforcement  Local Governments

45. Beneficiaries - Residents Understanding their own neighborhood and how it fits into the overall community Having a safer community Having an improved quality of life for both adults and children Having an increase in the value of their property and reduced insurance costs

46. Beneficiaries - Merchants Having patrons who feel safe Drawing more patrons with an attractive environment Limiting potential liability and reduced insurance rates Improved profitability

47. Beneficiaries – Law Enforcement Improved relationships and communication with residents and merchants Having citizens keep an eye on the streets and take more responsibility for the community Having environments that do not hinder surveillance or other law enforcement activities

48. Beneficiaries - Government Enjoying a reputation for having safe neighborhoods and clean streets Increased investment confidence Increasing the tax base by filling in vacant lots with new housing and commercial or retail buildings Improved long range planning

49. Criminology and Crime Prevention Toolbox CPTED – one of the tools