1. SPRITEOttomanQingRussian Empire Social In Ottoman Society there were only two main social groups. They were the ruling class and the subjects. The ruling class was the smallest populated class and they were considered as the slaves of the sultan. They were required to give their all to the sultan. The subjects were a similar group and they organized themselves in a similar fashion. (Menlo’s Sun Server 1) They had a rising population in the nineteenth century. This demanded more land and more resources which they did not have. The Manchu was the ruling class. They would rule over everybody else and then they formed other classes under them. There was a middle class and there was a working class and a class of so called untouchables. They were all lower. (Andrea 576) In the Russian Empire they had distinct social groups. There were the czars, they were the people who were given complete control of Russia in the nineteenth century. Majority of the citizens were serfs. They were almost like slaves and they had no rights whatsoever in the system. There were also the working class people. (Armstrong 231) Political During the eighteenth century the central government of the Ottoman Empire lost power. This weakness allowed the Mamluks to emerge again. In the early nineteenth century Muhammad Ali governed Egypt. During the nineteenth century Janissary corps dissipated and there was the first constitution. This was the start of new developments. (Bulliet 653) The Qing Empire mainly had wars in their political history. In the late eighteenth century going into the early nineteenth century there was the White Lotus Rebellion. Then there were the Opium Wars, The Taiping Rebellion, The Arrow War and the Sack of Beijing. After that started the Reign of Tongzhi. The wars then had aftermaths that affected the countries. (Bulliet 668) In the Russian Empire in the beginning of the nineteenth century was the reign of Alexander I and then in 1812 was the retreat of Napoleon from Moscow. In Russia the czars were people who were high in power and usually ruled. Alexander I actually remained a big influence on the people even after they died. (Bulliet 664) Religious Of course, the Ottoman’s main religion was Islam. Since the Ottomans were in Turkey the religion was Islam. The entire society was based on the social and civil laws that bounded the religion. One important thing about the religion was that they tolerated anybody who was not of Islamic religion but, the people had to pay extra taxes since the society was based on religion. (Server 1) In China they were mainly Buddhist and one of the sects was called the White Lotus Religion. This religion caused the White Lotus Rebellion in the nineteenth century because they were a large group of people heavily populated. People did not like their beliefs so they rebelled. The Qing were hated for this reason being only one of the reasons, they were considered foreign conquers. (White 1) In Russia they had Christianity. Christianity was the dominating religion in all of Europe and Russia took from them religion, Christianity. They also used the Western Church which was taken from Kieven Russia in the earlier periods. The Catholic Church actually did have some sort of power in their social and political systems though. (Spodek 540) Intellectual The Ottomans began to send military cadets to places in Europe such as France and Germany for training. They adapted their military uniforms to resemble those of the French Military. In 1838 they established the first medical school that was used to train army doctors and surgeons. They also made many preparatory schools and they could feed people into the military when they graduated. (Bulliet 656) During this time period there were many novels and other pieces of literature that went on to become famous. They were tried to be kept preserved so that they could be used later. One of the most famous novels in Dream of the Red Chamber and it became very popular for people to read things in novel form. There books and pieces of cultural literature became very popular and very important in their culture to help and understand them. (Qing 1) The Russian Empire was very interesting and different from the other empires and the intellectual aspects are different and variable when compared to the aspects of the Ottomans. The Ottomans developed relationships with Europe during this time while Russia only continued to have relationships and they send their military personnel there as well. They had liberal university ed. (Bulliet 666) Technology The technology most widely known to have occurred in the Ottoman Empire during the mid nineteenth century and that was in the category of transportation technology. They made the steamship and railroads mainly and that was a big help to other societies as well. (Tech. 1) Because of all the wars that they participated in there was an abundance of new weapons. One of these being the first machine gun known as the Maxim Gun. These were used in wars such as the Taiping Rebellion in the mid nineteenth century. (Bulliet 670) Until the late nineteenth century they were not big into industry until the Industrial Revolution. Because of the Industrial Revolution Britain set up textile mills giving cotton and wool a prominent place in the Russian Industries. (Bulliet 664) Economic Unlike many other societies at the time the Ottomans did not have much use for trade. They did not make trade very important so it did not matter to their economy. Instead of that they depended on their army and military to go and win other territories to claim their bounty and make the place theirs. After a while they realized trade was of importance and they developed the spice trade. (Trade 1) There was a greater expansion of base and more agriculture in order to fulfill the population growth in the nineteenth century. But then because of the strain from the population increase they suffered environmental damage and the farmers had to cope with the lowering agriculture. The governmental mishap made many people hated the government thinking they were corrupt. Economic deterioration. (Bulliet 667) In the nineteenth century there were economic changes even though they directly tied in with the social changes. There were reforms made that changed the economic ways of the Russians. Alexander II emancipated serfdom but that did not do much. The middle class which was the working class was the one who was most affected and they began to resent. (Armstrong 231)

2. SPRITESimilarities Social Socially all three of thee societies are quite similar. They all have the same social structure except there are a few differences. The Ottoman Empire has 2 classes that are divided into 4 classes each and their system is slightly different. During the nineteenth century there was not much that changed and their social class system stayed basically the same. It affected things that happened during this time but it itself did not change. The Qing had the typical Asian system of classes. They had the lowest class that was completely separated from all the rest and basically not cared about at all. They had the middle working class that was the one that was most affected by the economy and that affected the economy. Then there was also the ruling class which were the Manchu class and they were a smaller ruling class and inferior to the class that included the Emperor. The Russian was the one that changed. (Server 1)(Andrea 576)(Armstrong 231) Political In all three empires there was a ruling class that ruled over everybody. They all had wars and sometimes these were wars that occurred amongst themselves. There were civil wars and there were other wars that occurred in China. In the other two there were political reforms to try and make their country better for different reasons. The reforms all failed because there was always one group of people that were strong and highly populated that were able to contradict the reform and make it not happen. For example there were the Janissaries that made the reform not happen in the Ottoman Empire. Usually this was bad for the political side of the Empire because it made the government have to work harder to make the empire a better place altogether. In the Russian Empires they had reforms that were proposed as well but the group of people went against it because they were afraid of the consequences. (Bulliet 633)(Bulliet 668)(Bulliet 664) Religious They all had different religions. The Chinese had Buddhism and they had mainly one sect in the Qing Empire. The sect of Buddhism that they had was called White Lotus Religion and that was different from the regular, more popular, Chinese Buddhism because they had slightly different beliefs. The Chinese people hated the Qing and thought of them as foreign enemies who had come to intrude in their country and they were considered bad people. So this started an uneasiness in their connections and their relationships and brought forth the White Lotus Rebellion which was one of their big wars in the nineteenth century. The religion in Russia was Catholic Orthodox and that was influenced by the other European cultures and so that was why they were of that religion. In the Ottoman Empire their main religion was Islam of course since they were centered in Turkey. (Server 1)(White 1)(Spodek 540) Intellectual Intellectually they had breakthroughs that occurred for similar reasons. The Ottomans and the Russians had many things in common. One of them was that they both sent people to military training in the European countries of Germany and France. The Russians had been doing it for a while already but the Ottomans had just now only established relation with the European places. The Qing did not have anything like that but their intellectual breakthroughs did relate to the education of people. They also had novels that came about at that time and that became a huge part of their culture and it was something that had to be preserved because many people wanted to know about the books that everyone in China loved to read at that time. They were a big part of understanding their culture and they had many famous novels that came about at this time. (Bulliet 656)(Qing 1)(Bulliet 666) Technology The technology that was made during this time was mostly related to war and other things that were needed to boost the economy. In the Ottoman Empire they had transportation technology because they were just getting used to trading since it was something that they were not that big into doing in the previous and earlier years of their existence. The Qing was big into war and so their technological developments had to do with weapons that they needed for was such as the first machine gun. Russia on the other hand was very much like the Ottoman Empire and so they also had transportation technology and innovation like the railroad and the steamship. These were things that would help with the economy because in order to trade they needed efficient ways of transportation. The technology in Russia was similar to the Ottoman Empire because they only were into trade after the Industrial Revolution. (Tech. 1)(Bulliet 670)(Bulliet 664) Economic As mentioned before the Ottomans did not have much use for trade because what they did was have their military and navy go in and fight to get possession of other nations and other territories and then they would just take the bounty from them. This was their way of doing it until the late nineteenth century. Then they decided that they should probably have trade and so they tried to form some sort of trade. It did not work so well and so they had to keep on forming new trade routes to follow. In the Qing they had massive population increase but because of this population their economy deteriorated because the population increase damaged the environment and there was a decrease in agricultural production which made their economy soar down. All economies actually declined during this time because of many changes in the environment of the place and the society. (Trade 1)(Bulliet 667)(Armstrong 231) Thesis: The Land Empires of the nineteenth century, The Ottoman, Qing, and Russian Empires were different in many ways in regards to their religion, their technology that was created in this time period from 1800-1870, and their economic situation but they were also quite similar in what caused their innovations and in their political discrepancies that affected the way their empire was to be, in relation to other societies, in the near future.