1. Deviance, Crime, and Social Control 7 Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

2. LEARNING OUTCOMES 2 SOC4 | CH7 Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 1Differentiate between deviance and crime, and describe the key characteristics of deviance 2Evaluate the two major crime measures, and identify and illustrate the different types of crime 3Describe, illustrate, and evaluate functionalist perspectives on deviance

3. LEARNING OUTCOMES 3 SOC4 | CH7 Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 4Describe, illustrate, and evaluate conflict perspectives on deviance 5Describe, illustrate, and evaluate feminist perspectives on deviance 6Describe, illustrate, and evaluate symbolic interaction perspectives on crime 7Identify social control methods, including those of the criminal justice system

4. 4 SOC4 | CH7 Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Deviance and Crime Violation of social norms Deviance Violation of society’s formal laws Crime

5. 5 SOC4 | CH7 Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Characteristics of Deviance Trait, belief, or behavior Accompanied by social stigmas Social stigma: Devalues a person changing her or his self-concept and social identity Varies across situations and within societies Formal or informal Perceptions change over time

6. 6 SOC4 | CH7 Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Who Decides What is Deviant? Groups who have authority or power Parents and teachers Laws Public attitudes and behavior

7. 7 SOC4 | CH7 Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Types of Deviance Noncriminal Suicide, alcoholism, lying, mental illness, and adult pornography Criminal - Behavior that violates laws Transgressions are visible, publicized by the media, and threaten people’s lives or property

8. 8 SOC4 | CH7 Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Sources of Crime Statistics FBI’s Uniform Crime Report (UCR) Consists of crimes reported to the police and arrests made each year Useful in examining trends over time Excludes various offenses -Corporate crime, kidnapping, and Internet crimes -Assaults, violent crimes and property crimes

9. 9 SOC4 | CH7 Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Sources of Crime Statistics (continued) Victimization survey: Interviews people about being crime victims Known as National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) Offers accurate information on offenses due to the maximum response rate Includes reported and unreported crime

10. 10 Figure SOC4 | CH7 Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 7.1 Decrease in the Incidence of Violent and Property Crimes in the U.S

11. 11 SOC4 | CH7 Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Victimization Differs from male to female Males experience higher rates of homicide, robbery, and aggravated assault Females tend to be to be victims of rape, sexual assault, and intimate partner violence Comstock/Stockbyte/Getty Images

12. 12 SOC4 | CH7 Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Types of Crime Offenses committed by ordinary people in public places Street Use force or the threat of force against others Violent Destruction or theft of property without the use of force or the threat of force Property

13. 13 SOC4 | CH7 Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Types of Crime (continued 1) Hate: Driven by the bias against race, religion, ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender, or disability White-collar: Committed by high-status people in the course of their occupations Criminals use their status and powerful positions to enrich themselves or others Causes significant public harm

14. 14 SOC4 | CH7 Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Types of Crime (continued 2) Corporate: Committed by executives to benefit themselves and their companies Otherwise known as organizational crimes Targeted towards general public, the environment, or a company’s own workers

15. 15 SOC4 | CH7 Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Types of Crime (continued 3) Cybercrime: Illegal activities that are conducted online Organized: Acts of people and groups that supply illegal goods and services for profit Organized retail crime - Involves stealing money in merchandise that is later sold online

16. 16 SOC4 | CH7 Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Types of Crime (continued 4) Victimless: Acts that violate laws Offenders do not consider themselves as victims Otherwise known as public order crimes

17. 17 SOC4 | CH7 Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Functionalist Perspective Shows how social structure reinforces deviance and crime Dysfunctional deviance - Detrimental consequences of behavior Creates tension and insecurity Erodes trust in personal and formal relationships Decreases confidence in institutions Expensive

18. 18 SOC4 | CH7 Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Functionalist Perspective (continued 1) Functional deviance Affirms cultural norms and values Provides temporary safety valves Creates social unity Bolsters the economy Triggers social change Helps understand current and emerging forms of deviance

19. 19 SOC4 | CH7 Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Functionalist Perspective (continued 2) Durkheim’s concept Anomie: People are unsure of how to behave due to absent, conflicting, or confusing social norms Merton’s strain theory: Deviant behavior is exhibited when there is a conflict between goals and means of achieving the goals

20. 20 Table SOC4 | CH7 Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 7.3 Merton’s Strain Theory of Deviance

21. 21 SOC4 | CH7 Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Critical Evaluation of Functionalist Perspective Anomie and strain theory are limited Fails to explain why: Women’s crime rates are lower than men Crime rates have declined despite poverty and unemployment People commit the crimes that have no connection with being successful Focuses on lower-class deviance and crime

22. 22 SOC4 | CH7 Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Functionalism: Application What form of adaptation is it? A young woman uses someone else’s credit card to go on vacation An adult walks off his job and leaves town without his family A man uses his employer’s equipment and supplies when starting his own business

23. 23 SOC4 | CH7 Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Conflict Perspective Capitalism Emphasizes the growth of profits, an acquisition of wealth, and economic self-interest Involves greed and self-interest Encourages corporate crime Creates considerable social inequality Criminal laws serve the interests of the capitalist ruling class

24. 24 SOC4 | CH7 Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Conflict Perspective Powerful groups in society control the law High-status people commit crimes because: White-collar and corporate crimes are not criminalized Opportunities are available Deviance can be hidden easily Few penalties exist

25. 25 SOC4 | CH7 Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Conflict Perspective (continued) Critical evaluation Exaggerates importance of capitalism in explaining white collar and corporate crime Deemphasizes crimes committed by low-income groups Ignores the ways that crime is functional for society

26. 26 SOC4 | CH7 Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Conflict Perspective: Application What kind of crime is it? Amanda overcharges clients and keeps the extra money Ken obtains and uses others’ credit card numbers A manufacturing firm knowingly installs dangerous equipment in order to save money.

27. 27 SOC4 | CH7 Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Feminist Perspective Women as offenders Commit fewer violent, property, and other crimes Reflect their socialization to take less risks and an ethic of care Have fewer opportunities to commit crimes Are highest in places, where there is increased economic oppression and poverty

28. 28 SOC4 | CH7 Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Feminist Perspective (continued 1) Explanations for women’s victimization Patriarchy: Involves cultural, political, and economic structures being controlled by men Cultural effect on gender roles -Internalization of the belief that female victimization is normal Rape culture: Environment in which sexual violence is prevalent, pervasive, and perpetuated by the media and popular culture

29. 29 SOC4 | CH7 Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Feminist Perspective (continued 2) Critical evaluation Fails to explain specifically how patriarchy victimizes women Emphasizes on men’s crimes and vilolence, but not women’s crimes Does not address the simultaneous effects of gender, social class, and ethnicity

30. 30 SOC4 | CH7 Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Symbolic Interaction Perspective Differential associations theory People learn deviance through interaction, specifically with significant others People tend to engage in crime when exposed to deviant values

31. 31 SOC4 | CH7 Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Symbolic Interaction Perspective (continued 1) Labeling theory: Society’s reaction to behavior defines oneself or others as deviant Societal reaction labels people as law-abiding or deviant

32. 32 SOC4 | CH7 Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Symbolic Interaction Perspective (continued 2) Primary deviance: Initial act of breaking a rule Secondary deviance: Rule-breaking behavior adopted in response to other’s reactions Medicalization of deviance: Diagnosing and treating a violation of social norms as a medical disorder

33. 33 SOC4 | CH7 Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Symbolic Interaction Perspective (continued 3) Critical evaluation Fails to explain why: -Impulsive crimes of rage are committed by people from law-abiding families -Children from poor, urban, deprived groups join gangs and/or commit crimes Ignores the possibility that deviant values and behaviors can be unlearned

34. 34 SOC4 | CH7 Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Social Control Techniques and strategies that regulate people’s behavior in society Informal - Learned and internalized during childhood Formal - Regulates social behavior -Exists outside of the individual

35. 35 SOC4 | CH7 Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Control Theory Deviant behavior declines when people have social bonds with others Bonds that fortify self-control depend on: Attachment to other people Commitment to conformity Involvement in legitimate activities Belief in social norms and values

36. 36 SOC4 | CH7 Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Sanctions Rewards or punishments for obeying or violating a norm Positive - Rewards for desirable behavior Negative - Punishments for violating a norm -Range from mild and informal expressions to severe and formal reactions

37. 37 SOC4 | CH7 Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Controlling Deviance and Crime: Application Is the sanction formal or informal, negative or positive? A suspension from school Serving time in jail A smile Employee of the month designation A slap in the face

38. 38 SOC4 | CH7 Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Criminal Justice System Holds the power to enforce laws, judge offenders, and change criminal behavior Strategies used to control crime Prevention and intervention Punishment, and rehabilitation © Andrey Burmakin/Shutterstock.com

39. 39 SOC4 | CH7 Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Criminal Justice System (continued 1) Social service agencies and community outreach programs Composed of law enforcement professionals, social workers, and nonprofit groups Attempt to prevent crime Police Enforce society’s laws Stop crimes by cruising high-risk areas in patrol cars or by having extra officers on foot patrols

40. 40 SOC4 | CH7 Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Criminal Justice System (continued 2) Fail to prevent crimes because they have no control over macro-level factors Punishment Crime control model: Crime rates increase when offenders do not fear punishment Sentencing Imposed by a judge or a jury Includes fine, probation, incarceration, or the death penalty

41. 41 SOC4 | CH7 Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Criminal Justice System (continued 3) Incarceration Rates vary by race or ethnicity and gender Arrest rates have declined due to economic reasons

42. 42 SOC4 | CH7 Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Capital Punishment Reasons for decline in the usage Decrease in homicide rates Waning public support Failure to deter crimes as believed by police chiefs Racial disparities indicated by research Introduction of sentences without parole Viewed as waste of money

43. 43 SOC4 | CH7 Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Rehabilitation Appropriate treatment changing offenders into productive, law-abiding citizens Effective if employment is provided after release

44. 44 SOC4 | CH7 Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Chapter Review What is deviance? What is crime? Describe the functionalist perspective on deviance and crime. Describe the conflict perspective on deviance and crime. Describe the feminist perspective on deviance and crime.

45. 45 SOC4 | CH7 Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Chapter Review (continued) Describe the symbolic interaction perspective on deviance and crime. How do we attempt to control crime?

46. KEY TERMS 46 SOC4 | CH7 Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Deviance Crime Stigma Victimization survey Hate crime White-collar crime Corporate crimes Cybercrime Organized crime Victimless crimes Anomie Strain theory Patriarchy Rape culture Differential association theory Labeling theory Primary deviance Secondary deviance Medicalization of deviance

47. KEY TERMS 47 SOC4 | CH7 Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Social control Control theory Sanctions Criminal justice system Crime control model Rehabilitation

48. SUMMARY 48 SOC4 | CH7 Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Deviance a violation of social norms and crime is a violation of society’s formal laws Types of crime include street, hate, white- collar, corporate, cyber, organized, and victimless crime Sociological explanation of deviance are Functionalists hold that deviance is both functional and dysfunctional and that anomie increases the likelihood of deviance

49. SUMMARY 49 SOC4 | CH7 Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Conflict theorists contend that there’s a strong association between capitalism, social inequality, power, and deviance Feminist theorists argue that there is a gender gap in deviant behavior and women’s deviance reflects their social, economic, and political oppression Symbolic interactionist is socially constructed and people learn deviant behavior from significant others

50. SUMMARY 50 SOC4 | CH7 Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Anomie theory and Merton’s concept are two important theories that analyze the reason people engage in deviant behavior Rehabilitation maintains that appropriate treatment can change offenders into productive, law-abiding citizens

51. SUMMARY 51 SOC4 | CH7 Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Crime is controlled by prevention and intervention, police forces, social service agencies, community outreach programs, punishment, sentencing, incarceration and capital punishment

52. 52 SOC4 | CH7 Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.