1. Unit 1: Psychology’s History and Approaches Unit 7A: Cognition: Memory Unit 7B: Cognition: Thinking, Problem Solving, Creativity, and Language REVIEW TEST/GAME!!

2. 1. Who was a student of William James and the first female president of the American Psychological Association?

3. 1. Who was a student of William James and the first female president of the American Psychological Association? a.
Jean Piaget b.
Francis Bacon c.
Rosalie Rayner d.
Mary Calkins e.
Margaret Washburn

4. 1. Who was a student of William James and the first female president of the American Psychological Association? a. b. c. d.
Mary Calkins e.

5. 2. In its early years, psychology focused on the study of ________, but from the 1920s into the 1960s, American psychologists emphasized the study of ________.

6. 2. In its early years, psychology focused on the study of ________, but from the 1920s into the 1960s, American psychologists emphasized the study of ________.
a. environmental influences; hereditary influences
b. maladaptive behavior; adaptive behavior
c. unconscious motives; conscious thoughts and feelings
d. mental life; observable behavior
e. biology; culture a. b. c. d. e.

7. d. mental life; observable behavior
2. In its early years, psychology focused on the study of ________, but from the 1920s into the 1960s, American psychologists emphasized the study of ________.
d. mental life; observable behavior

8. 3. Which area of psychology might be best suited to investigate the following research question: what happens in our brain when we forget details about stressful life events, and how does this process affect behavior?________.

9. 3. Which area of psychology might be best suited to investigate the following research question: what happens in our brain when we forget details about stressful life events, and how does this process affect behavior?________. d. e.
A. Structuralism
B. Behaviorism
C. Humanistic psychology
D. Functionalist
E. Environmental Psychology

10. 3. Which area of psychology might be best suited to investigate the following research question: what happens in our brain when we forget details about stressful life events, and how does this process affect behavior?________. d. e.
D. Functionalist

11. 4. Which statement best exemplifies contemporary psychology's understanding of the nature and nurture issue?

12. 4. Which statement best exemplifies contemporary psychology's understanding of the nature and nurture issue?
a. Children learn grammar mostly from experience.
b. Sexual behaviors are more “pushed” by inner biology.
c. Depression is a disorder of the brain and of thought.
d. Humans are alike because of our evolutionary history.
e. Intelligence is purely an inborn trait.

13. 4. Which statement best exemplifies contemporary psychology's understanding of the nature and nurture issue?
c. Depression is a disorder of the brain and of thought.

14. 5. Which psychological perspective highlights the manner in which people encode, process, store, and retrieve information?

15. a. cognitive b. psychodynamic c. behavioral d. biological
5. Which psychological perspective highlights the manner in which people encode, process, store, and retrieve information?
a. cognitive
b. psychodynamic
c. behavioral
d. biological
e. evolutionary

16. 5. Which psychological perspective highlights the manner in which people encode, process, store, and retrieve information?
a. cognitive

17. 6. Dr. Caleigh conducts basic research on the relationship between adults' language skills and their capacity to solve mathematical problems. Dr. Caleigh is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist.

18. 6. Dr. Caleigh conducts basic research on the relationship between adults' language skills and their capacity to solve mathematical problems. Dr. Caleigh is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist.
cognitive
b. biological
c. clinical
social
e. industrial-organizational

19. 6. Dr. Caleigh conducts basic research on the relationship between adults' language skills and their capacity to solve mathematical problems. Dr. Caleigh is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist.
cognitive

20. 7. The process of getting information out of memory is called

21. 7. The process of getting information out of memory is called
a. priming.
b. encoding.
c. relearning.
d. retrieval.
e. rehearsal.

22. 7. The process of getting information out of memory is called
d. retrieval.

23. 8. The process of retrieval refers to

24. 8. The process of retrieval refers to
a. the persistence of learning over time.
b. the organization of information into manageable units.
c. getting information out of memory storage.
d. conscious repetition of information to be remembered.
e. the identification of information previously learned.

25. 8. The process of retrieval refers to
c. getting information out of memory storage.

26. 9. A flashbulb memory would typically be stored in ________ memory.

27. 9. A flashbulb memory would typically be stored in ________ memory.
a. iconic
b. implicit
c. echoic
d. long-term
e. short-term

28. 9. A flashbulb memory would typically be stored in ________ memory.
d. long-term

29. 10. During her psychology test, Kelsey could not remember the meaning of the term proactive interference. Surprisingly, however, she accurately remembered that the term appeared on the fourth line of a left-hand page in her textbook. Her memory of this incidental information is best explained in terms of

30. 10. During her psychology test, Kelsey could not remember the meaning of the term proactive interference. Surprisingly, however, she accurately remembered that the term appeared on the fourth line of a left-hand page in her textbook. Her memory of this incidental information is best explained in terms of
a. automatic processing.
b. the serial position effect.
c. the spacing effect.
d. relearning.
e. priming.

31. 10. During her psychology test, Kelsey could not remember the meaning of the term proactive interference. Surprisingly, however, she accurately remembered that the term appeared on the fourth line of a left-hand page in her textbook. Her memory of this incidental information is best explained in terms of
automatic processing.

32. 11. Which of the following is the best example of the testing effect?

33. 11. Which of the following is the best example of the testing effect?
a. The studies that testing researchers conduct are more easily remembered than other studies.
b. Most people cannot recall automatically encoded information under testing situations.
c. Repeated quizzing of information increases the chances it will be recalled.
d. Testing the same information over and over again decreases recall due to interference.
e. Anxiety associated with testing situations increases recall due to mood-congruent memory.

34. 11. Which of the following is the best example of the testing effect?
c. Repeated quizzing of information increases the chances it will be recalled.

35. 12. When Sperling visually displayed three rows of three letters each for only one-twentieth of a second, research participants

36. 12. When Sperling visually displayed three rows of three letters each for only one-twentieth of a second, research participants
a. recalled only half the letters because they did not have enough time to see all of them.
b. recalled only about seven of the letters due to storage limitations.
c. had a momentary photographic memory of all nine letters.
d. formed a sensory memory of no more than a single letter.
e. recognized some of the letters but could not recall any of them.

37. 12. When Sperling visually displayed three rows of three letters each for only one-twentieth of a second, research participants
c. had a momentary photographic memory of all nine letters.

38. 13. “The magical number seven, plus or minus two” refers to the storage capacity of ________ memory.

39. 13. “The magical number seven, plus or minus two” refers to the storage capacity of ________ memory.
a. short-term
b. explicit
c. flashbulb
d. implicit
d. sensory

40. 13. “The magical number seven, plus or minus two” refers to the storage capacity of ________ memory.
short-term

41. 14. As a participant in a memory experiment, Chandler was given a recall test after listening to the series “2, 5, 7, 9, 3, 6, 4, 1,” and “V, F, D, B, P, Z, G, T.” Based on previous research, which series will Chandler remember better?

42. 14. As a participant in a memory experiment, Chandler was given a recall test after listening to the series “2, 5, 7, 9, 3, 6, 4, 1,” and “V, F, D, B, P, Z, G, T.” Based on previous research, which series will Chandler remember better?
a. His recall should be the same because both series are within short-term memory capacity of 7 +/– 2 bits of information.
b. He should remember the numbers better because the letters have similar sounds that may interfere with recall.
c. Because of the spacing effect he will remember the first number or letter, and the last number or letter, in each series.
d. He will remember the letters better because they are more likely to be semantically encoded.
e. Chandler will struggle to recall either series because he has not had adequate time to rehearse the lists.

43. 14. As a participant in a memory experiment, Chandler was given a recall test after listening to the series “2, 5, 7, 9, 3, 6, 4, 1,” and “V, F, D, B, P, Z, G, T.” Based on previous research, which series will Chandler remember better?
b. He should remember the numbers better because the letters have similar sounds that may interfere with recall.

44. 15. The human capacity for storing long-term memories is

45. 15. The human capacity for storing long-term memories is
a. essentially unlimited.
b. roughly equal to seven units of information.
c. typically much greater in young children than in adults.
d. greatly reduced after people reach the age of 65.
e. enhanced through hypnosis.

46. 15. The human capacity for storing long-term memories is
essentially unlimited.

47. 16. A retention of skills and dispositions without conscious recollection is known as ________ memory.

48. 16. A retention of skills and dispositions without conscious recollection is known as ________ memory. a.
state-dependent b.
flashbulb c.
short-term d.
sensory e.
implicit

49. 16. A retention of skills and dispositions without conscious recollection is known as ________ memory. e.
implicit

50. 17. Conscious memory of factual information is called ________ memory.

51. 17. Conscious memory of factual information is called ________ memory.
proactive b.
procedural c.
explicit d.
implicit e.
iconic

52. 17. Conscious memory of factual information is called ________ memory.
Explicit

53. 18. When an eyewitness to an auto accident is asked to describe what happened, which test of memory is

54. 18. When an eyewitness to an auto accident is asked to describe what happened, which test of memory is a.
reconstruction b.
recognition c.
rehearsal d.
recall e.
relearning

55. 18. When an eyewitness to an auto accident is asked to describe what happened, which test of memory is d.
Recall

56. 19. Memories are primed by

57. 19. Memories are primed by a. repression. b. retrieval cues. c.
retroactive interference. d.
the serial position effect. e.
source amnesia.

58. 19. Memories are primed by b.
retrieval cues.

59. 20. The eerie sense of having previously experienced a situation is known as

60. 20. The eerie sense of having previously experienced a situation is known as
implicit memory. b.
the serial position effect. c.
mood-congruent memory. d.
source amnesia. e.
déjà vu.

61. 20. The eerie sense of having previously experienced a situation is known as
déjà vu.

62. 21. When Bryan's girlfriend broke up with him, he felt very down
21. When Bryan's girlfriend broke up with him, he felt very down. As he sat in his bedroom, he thought about all of the other times his heart had been broken. Bryan's experience provides an example of

63. 21. When Bryan's girlfriend broke up with him, he felt very down
21. When Bryan's girlfriend broke up with him, he felt very down. As he sat in his bedroom, he thought about all of the other times his heart had been broken. Bryan's experience provides an example of a.
retroactive interference. b.
implicit memory. c.
mood-congruent memory. d.
iconic memory. e.
long-term potentiation.

64. 21. When Bryan's girlfriend broke up with him, he felt very down
21. When Bryan's girlfriend broke up with him, he felt very down. As he sat in his bedroom, he thought about all of the other times his heart had been broken. Bryan's experience provides an example of c.
mood-congruent memory.

65. 22. Harry Bahrick observed that three years after people completed a Spanish course, they had forgotten much of the vocabulary they had learned. This finding indicates that information is lost while it is

66. 22. Harry Bahrick observed that three years after people completed a Spanish course, they had forgotten much of the vocabulary they had learned. This finding indicates that information is lost while it is a.
encoded. b.
rehearsed. c.
retrieved. d.
in storage. e.
relearned.

67. 22. Harry Bahrick observed that three years after people completed a Spanish course, they had forgotten much of the vocabulary they had learned. This finding indicates that information is lost while it is d.
in storage.

68. 23. Repression most clearly involves a failure in

69. 23. Repression most clearly involves a failure in
encoding. b.
retrieval. c.
storage. d.
iconic memory. e.
long-term potentiation.

70. 23. Repression most clearly involves a failure inb.
retrieval.

71. 24. Many of the experimental participants who were asked how fast two cars in a filmed traffic accident were going when they smashed into each other subsequently recalled seeing broken glass at the scene of the accident. This experiment best illustrated

72. 24. Many of the experimental participants who were asked how fast two cars in a filmed traffic accident were going when they smashed into each other subsequently recalled seeing broken glass at the scene of the accident. This experiment best illustrated a.
proactive interference. b.
the self-reference effect. c.
the spacing effect. d.
the misinformation effect. e.
state-dependent memory.

73. 24. Many of the experimental participants who were asked how fast two cars in a filmed traffic accident were going when they smashed into each other subsequently recalled seeing broken glass at the scene of the accident. This experiment best illustrated d.
the misinformation effect.

74. 25. As a child, Andre dreamed that he was chased and attacked by a ferocious dog. Many years later, he mistakenly recalled that this had actually happened to him. Andre's false recollection best illustrates

75. 25. As a child, Andre dreamed that he was chased and attacked by a ferocious dog. Many years later, he mistakenly recalled that this had actually happened to him. Andre's false recollection best illustrates a.
the self-reference effect. b.
mood-congruent memory. c.
source amnesia. d.
implicit memory. e.
proactive interference.

76. 25. As a child, Andre dreamed that he was chased and attacked by a ferocious dog. Many years later, he mistakenly recalled that this had actually happened to him. Andre's false recollection best illustrates c.
source amnesia.

77. 26. After hearing stories of things they both had and had not actually experienced with “Mr. Science,” preschool children spontaneously recalled him doing things that were only mentioned in the stories. This best illustrates

78. 26. After hearing stories of things they both had and had not actually experienced with “Mr. Science,” preschool children spontaneously recalled him doing things that were only mentioned in the stories. This best illustrates a.
the self-reference effect. b.
source amnesia. c.
proactive interference. d.
implicit memory. e.
mood-congruent memory.

79. 26. After hearing stories of things they both had and had not actually experienced with “Mr. Science,” preschool children spontaneously recalled him doing things that were only mentioned in the stories. This best illustrates b.
source amnesia.

80. 27. Those who are eager to use hypnosis to facilitate eyewitness recollections of the details of a crime should first be warned of the dangers of

81. 27. Those who are eager to use hypnosis to facilitate eyewitness recollections of the details of a crime should first be warned of the dangers of a.
the self-reference effect. b.
the misinformation effect. c.
proactive interference. d.
state-dependent memory. e.
the spacing effect.

82. 27. Those who are eager to use hypnosis to facilitate eyewitness recollections of the details of a crime should first be warned of the dangers of b.
the misinformation effect.

83. 28. When memory researcher Elizabeth Loftus was an adolescent, her uncle incorrectly insisted that as a child she had found her own mother's drowned body. Loftus herself later falsely recollected finding the body. This best illustrates

84. 28. When memory researcher Elizabeth Loftus was an adolescent, her uncle incorrectly insisted that as a child she had found her own mother's drowned body. Loftus herself later falsely recollected finding the body. This best illustrates a.
proactive interference. b.
implicit memory. c.
the self-reference effect. d.
the misinformation effect. e.
mood-congruent memory.

85. 28. When memory researcher Elizabeth Loftus was an adolescent, her uncle incorrectly insisted that as a child she had found her own mother's drowned body. Loftus herself later falsely recollected finding the body. This best illustrates d.
the misinformation effect.

86. 29. Forming many associations between new course material and what you already know is an effective way to build a network of

87. 29. Forming many associations between new course material and what you already know is an effective way to build a network of a.
retrieval cues. b.
sensory memories. c.
state-dependent memories. d.
serial position effects. e.
iconic memories.

88. 29. Forming many associations between new course material and what you already know is an effective way to build a network of a.
retrieval cues.

89. 30. Which of the following are we likely to recognize first as belonging to the category “mammal”?

90. 30. Which of the following are we likely to recognize first as belonging to the category “mammal”?
whales b.
hamsters c.
bats d.
aardvarks e.
humans

91. 30. Which of the following are we likely to recognize first as belonging to the category “mammal”?
humans

92. 31. Eva had difficulty recognizing that a sea horse was a fish because it did not closely resemble her fish

93. 31. Eva had difficulty recognizing that a sea horse was a fish because it did not closely resemble her fish a.
hierarchy. b.
heuristic. c.
algorithm. d.
prototype. e.
fixation.

94. 31. Eva had difficulty recognizing that a sea horse was a fish because it did not closely resemble her fish d.
prototype.

95. 32. After spending two hours trying to solve an engineering problem, Amira finally gave up. As she was trying to fall asleep that night, a solution to the problem popped into her head. Amira's experience best illustrates

96. 32. After spending two hours trying to solve an engineering problem, Amira finally gave up. As she was trying to fall asleep that night, a solution to the problem popped into her head. Amira's experience best illustrates a.
the belief perseverance phenomenon. b.
the availability heuristic. c.
insight. d.
a mental set. e.
the framing effect.

97. 32. After spending two hours trying to solve an engineering problem, Amira finally gave up. As she was trying to fall asleep that night, a solution to the problem popped into her head. Amira's experience best illustrates c.
insight.

98. 33. In one experiment, Wolfgang Köhler watched an ape suddenly solve a problem of reaching bananas hanging from the ceiling by stacking and climbing up a number of crates. Which of the following did Köhler conclude the ape used in problem solving?

99. 33. In one experiment, Wolfgang Köhler watched an ape suddenly solve a problem of reaching bananas hanging from the ceiling by stacking and climbing up a number of crates. Which of the following did Köhler conclude the ape used in problem solving? a.
heuristics b.
trial and error c.
algorithms d.
framing e.
insight

100. 33. In one experiment, Wolfgang Köhler watched an ape suddenly solve a problem of reaching bananas hanging from the ceiling by stacking and climbing up a number of crates. Which of the following did Köhler conclude the ape used in problem solving? e.
insight

101. 34. Jahmal cites his cousin Luana's many car accidents as evidence that women are worse drivers than men. He overlooks the fact that his wife and three daughters have had far fewer car accidents than he and his two sons. Jahmal's prejudicial conclusion about women's driving skills best illustrates the effects of

102. 34. Jahmal cites his cousin Luana's many car accidents as evidence that women are worse drivers than men. He overlooks the fact that his wife and three daughters have had far fewer car accidents than he and his two sons. Jahmal's prejudicial conclusion about women's driving skills best illustrates the effects of a.
functional fixedness. b.
algorithms. c.
confirmation bias. d.
the framing effect. e.
the representativeness heuristic.

103. 34. Jahmal cites his cousin Luana's many car accidents as evidence that women are worse drivers than men. He overlooks the fact that his wife and three daughters have had far fewer car accidents than he and his two sons. Jahmal's prejudicial conclusion about women's driving skills best illustrates the effects of c.
confirmation bias.

104. 35. When asked to indicate whether San Diego or San Antonio has more inhabitants, more German university students answered correctly than did American university students. This best illustrated the adaptive value of a(n)

105. 35. When asked to indicate whether San Diego or San Antonio has more inhabitants, more German university students answered correctly than did American university students. This best illustrated the adaptive value of a(n) a.
fixation. b.
heuristic. c.
algorithm. d.
category hierarchy. e.
mental set.

106. 35. When asked to indicate whether San Diego or San Antonio has more inhabitants, more German university students answered correctly than did American university students. This best illustrated the adaptive value of a(n) b.
heuristic.

107. 36. The smallest distinctive sound unit of language is a

108. 36. The smallest distinctive sound unit of language is a
prototype. b.
phenotype. c.
morpheme. d.
phoneme. e.
babble.

109. 36. The smallest distinctive sound unit of language is a
phoneme.

110. 37. English words are constructed from about ________ different phonemes.

111. 37. English words are constructed from about ________ different phonemes.5 b. 6 c. 26 d. 40 e.
200

112. 37. English words are constructed from about ________ different phonemes.40

113. 38. In the words “helped” and “called,” the “ed” ending is a(n)

114. 38. In the words “helped” and “called,” the “ed” ending is a(n)
prototype. b.
morpheme. c.
heuristic. d.
algorithm. e.
syntax.

115. 38. In the words “helped” and “called,” the “ed” ending is a(n)b.
morpheme.

116. 39. Lavonne was careful to avoid the use of dangling participles and run-on sentences in her essay because she did not want to lose points for faulty)

117. 39. Lavonne was careful to avoid the use of dangling participles and run-on sentences in her essay because she did not want to lose points for faulty) a.
semantics. b.
phonemes. c.
algorithms. d.
morphemes. e.
syntax.

118. 39. Lavonne was careful to avoid the use of dangling participles and run-on sentences in her essay because she did not want to lose points for faulty) e.
syntax.

119. 40. Chomsky's theory of language development suggests that children have an inborn

120. 40. Chomsky's theory of language development suggests that children have an inborn
algorithm. b.
category hierarchy. c.
linguistic prototype. d.
language acquisition device. e.
representativeness heuristic.

121. 40. Chomsky's theory of language development suggests that children have an inborn
language acquisition device.

122. TIE BREAKER

123. During the process of psychotherapy, Elaine recovered some long-forgotten and painful memories from her childhood. This experience led her to conclude that these memories must have been repressed for many years. Discuss the issues involved in determining the validity of Elaine's claim.

124. Students should discuss the difficulties involved in determining whether a memory is accurate or constructed. Students should point out that the vivid nature of the memory or Elaine's feeling that the memory is real are not accurate criteria for determining the accuracy of the memory. Students should point out that leading or suggestive questions by the psychotherapist could increase the chances that Elaine's memory may be constructed. Also, because Elaine was younger than 3 when the repressed events supposedly occurred, it is more likely to be a constructed memory.