1. The Rise and Fall of the Caliphates Chapter 8 (p. 202 - 208)

2. Muhammad’s Successors Spread Islam DIn 632, Abu-Bakr became the first caliph (“successor”) CAbu-Bakr & next 3 caliphs (Umar, Uthman & Ali) had known Muhammad DUsed Qur’an & Muhammad’s actions as guide to leadership DKnown as “rightly guided” caliphs DRule known as the caliphate DIn 632, Abu-Bakr became the first caliph (“successor”) CAbu-Bakr & next 3 caliphs (Umar, Uthman & Ali) had known Muhammad DUsed Qur’an & Muhammad’s actions as guide to leadership DKnown as “rightly guided” caliphs DRule known as the caliphate

3. Muhammad’s Successors Spread Islam DAfter Muhammad’s death, some tribes on Arabian peninsula broke away from Islam & refused to pay taxes DAbu-Bark invoked jihad (“striving”) CArmed struggle against non-believers CAbu-Bakr used jihad to expand Islam DAfter Abu-Bakr died (634), Umar expanded Muslim state to include Syria, Lower Egypt & part of Byzantine Empire DBy 750, Muslim Empire stretched from Atlantic Ocean to Indus River DAfter Muhammad’s death, some tribes on Arabian peninsula broke away from Islam & refused to pay taxes DAbu-Bark invoked jihad (“striving”) CArmed struggle against non-believers CAbu-Bakr used jihad to expand Islam DAfter Abu-Bakr died (634), Umar expanded Muslim state to include Syria, Lower Egypt & part of Byzantine Empire DBy 750, Muslim Empire stretched from Atlantic Ocean to Indus River

5. Muhammad’s Successors Spread Islam DMuslims allowed conquered people to worship their own religion CChristians & Jews received special treatment DStill had to pay taxes & subject to various restrictions DCouldn’t spread religion, but could be officials, scholars, bureaucrats, etc. DMuslims allowed conquered people to worship their own religion CChristians & Jews received special treatment DStill had to pay taxes & subject to various restrictions DCouldn’t spread religion, but could be officials, scholars, bureaucrats, etc.

6. Internal Conflict Creates a Crisis D656, Uthman murdered & Ali (Muhammad’s cousin & son-in-law) was chosen as natural successor DAli’s rule was challenged by Muawiya (governor of Syria) D661, Ali assassinated DUmayyad (led by Muawiya’s son) come to power & move capital to Damascus CArabs upset that capital was so far away CBegan to live a life of luxury D656, Uthman murdered & Ali (Muhammad’s cousin & son-in-law) was chosen as natural successor DAli’s rule was challenged by Muawiya (governor of Syria) D661, Ali assassinated DUmayyad (led by Muawiya’s son) come to power & move capital to Damascus CArabs upset that capital was so far away CBegan to live a life of luxury

8. Internal Conflict Creates a Crisis DMajority of Muslims accepted Umayyad rule (to maintain peace) CShi’a (party of Ali) resisted Umayyad rule DBelieved caliph needed to be descendent of Muhammad DViewed position of caliph as secular, not religious DKnown as Shi’ites CSunni (followers of Muhammad’s example) did not outwardly resist Umayyad rule DDidn’t look to a single authority to define true belief CSufi rejected luxurious life of Umayyad and vowed to live a life of poverty DRebel groups overthrew Umayyad in 750 CAbbasids (most powerful of rebels) took control DMajority of Muslims accepted Umayyad rule (to maintain peace) CShi’a (party of Ali) resisted Umayyad rule DBelieved caliph needed to be descendent of Muhammad DViewed position of caliph as secular, not religious DKnown as Shi’ites CSunni (followers of Muhammad’s example) did not outwardly resist Umayyad rule DDidn’t look to a single authority to define true belief CSufi rejected luxurious life of Umayyad and vowed to live a life of poverty DRebel groups overthrew Umayyad in 750 CAbbasids (most powerful of rebels) took control

9. Control Extends Over Three Continents DAbbasids murdered remaining Umayyad family CPrince Abd al-Rahman escaped to Spain & set up Spanish Umayyad caliphate DMuslims in Spain known as Berbers DMuslim state in Spain called al-Andalus DAbbasids move capital to Baghdad (central Iraq) to consolidate power CExperienced “Golden Age” in which main currents of theology & law were founded (based on Greek philosophies by Aristotle) DAbbasids murdered remaining Umayyad family CPrince Abd al-Rahman escaped to Spain & set up Spanish Umayyad caliphate DMuslims in Spain known as Berbers DMuslim state in Spain called al-Andalus DAbbasids move capital to Baghdad (central Iraq) to consolidate power CExperienced “Golden Age” in which main currents of theology & law were founded (based on Greek philosophies by Aristotle)

11. Control Extends Over Three Continents DAbbasid caliphate lasted from 750 - 1258 CAbbasids increased power but failed to keep complete political power over empire DAs Islam conversion accelerated, the empire became difficult to control CIndependent Muslim states sprang up DDecreased the prosperity of Baghdad CAbbasids hired mamluks (Turkish slaves) to protect themselves from their own distrusted generals & troops in outlying areas DCouldn’t afford to pay them, so mamluks overran Abbasid empire from 835 - 892 & moved capital to Samarra DFatimid = caliphate formed by Shi’ites who claimed to be descendents ot Muhammad’s daughter Fatima CGoverned out of Cairo CPolitical fragmentation led to strained food resources CInternal quarrels occurred during the Crusades CFinally, Mongol invasions destroyed Baghdad ending the Abbasid caliphate in 1258 DAbbasid caliphate lasted from 750 - 1258 CAbbasids increased power but failed to keep complete political power over empire DAs Islam conversion accelerated, the empire became difficult to control CIndependent Muslim states sprang up DDecreased the prosperity of Baghdad CAbbasids hired mamluks (Turkish slaves) to protect themselves from their own distrusted generals & troops in outlying areas DCouldn’t afford to pay them, so mamluks overran Abbasid empire from 835 - 892 & moved capital to Samarra DFatimid = caliphate formed by Shi’ites who claimed to be descendents ot Muhammad’s daughter Fatima CGoverned out of Cairo CPolitical fragmentation led to strained food resources CInternal quarrels occurred during the Crusades CFinally, Mongol invasions destroyed Baghdad ending the Abbasid caliphate in 1258