1. From the creators of “Simple & Compound Sentences” Von Steuben’s English Department is proud to present COMPLEX SENTENCES

2. Simple Sentences Review A simple sentence is also known as an independent clause; this means it has a clear subject (or noun) and predicate (verb). BTW: A sentence MUST express a complete BTW: A sentence MUST express a complete thought, otherwise it is considered a sentence fragment, a.k.a. an DEPENDENT CLAUSE. thought, otherwise it is considered a sentence fragment, a.k.a. an DEPENDENT CLAUSE. Ex. 1 Zeus was the king of all the gods. Ex. 2 His behavior was sometimes dishonorable.

3. Compound Sentence Review Compound sentences are created using one of three methods to join two independent clauses together: Compound sentences are created using one of three methods to join two independent clauses together: Method 1: a comma + a conjunction (FANBOYS word) Method 1: a comma + a conjunction (FANBOYS word) Method 2: a semi-colon (;),or Method 2: a semi-colon (;),or Method 3: a semi-colon + conjunctive adverb. Method 3: a semi-colon + conjunctive adverb. For example (using Method 3): Zeus was the king of all the gods; however, his behavior was not always honorable.

4. Complex Sentences A dependent clause is also known as a sentence fragment, or a phrase that does not express a complete thought. Therefore, a complex sentence is created using one of two Therefore, a complex sentence is created using one of twomethods Method 1: independent clause + dependent clause. Ex. Orpheus lost Eurydice because he did not obey the gods’ orders. ( independent clause) + (dependent clause– can’t stand alone) ( independent clause) + (dependent clause– can’t stand alone) Method 2: Dependent clause + a comma (,) + independent clause EXAMPLE Because he did not obey the gods’ orders, Orpheus lost Eurydice. (dependent clause, or fragment)(independent clause)

5. Helpful Hints Hint #1: Complex Sentences often show cause-and-effect in your writing. Hint #2: In order to identify a complex sentence, look for the subordinating conjunction!! Hint #3: There is NO COMMA before the subordinating conjunction.

6. Subordinating Conjunctions BeforeWhenIf AfterUnlessSince BecauseWhileThrough AlthoughUntil Think: BABAWUWUIST (Hooray! Another acronym! ) When should you use these terms?

7. Practice: Add either a dependent or an independent clause to these dependent clause make a complex sentence: Add either a dependent or an independent clause to these dependent clause make a complex sentence: 1. The cafeteria food improved when… 2. Because Jimmy & Luis love basketball,… 3. Before …, you should get all the facts.

8. Now You Try! With a neighbor, write a complex sentence about your childhood hero using BOTH methods (2 mins) Method 1: Independent clause + Dependent clause. Ex. Orpheus lost Eurydice because he did not obey the gods’ orders. ( independent clause) + (dependent clause– can’t stand alone) ( independent clause) + (dependent clause– can’t stand alone) Method 2: Dependent clause + a comma (,) + Independent clause EXAMPLE Because he did not obey the gods’ orders, Orpheus lost Eurydice. (dependent clause, or fragment)(independent clause)

9. COMPOUND- COMPLEX SENTENCES …and now for something a little different, allow me to introduce…

10. Review Simple sentences have one main clause and no subordinate clauses Simple sentences have one main clause and no subordinate clauses Compound sentences have two or more main clauses, but no subordinate clauses. Compound sentences have two or more main clauses, but no subordinate clauses. Subordinate Clauses (a.k.a. “sentence fragments” are clauses that are missing either a subject or predicate and therefore cannot stand alone) Subordinate Clauses (a.k.a. “sentence fragments” are clauses that are missing either a subject or predicate and therefore cannot stand alone) HINT: Look for BABAWUISTA words as clues HINT: Look for BABAWUISTA words as clues

11. Complex & Compound-Complex Sentences are Slightly Different A complex sentence has one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses A complex sentence has one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses For Example: Because we had the day off, |and didn’t have (subordinating clause) anything better | to do | in the morning, | (subordinating clause) (infinitive verb phrase) (prepositional phrase we slept-in until the midafternoon (independent clause). Subject Verb(adverb phrase)

12. Compound-Complex Sentences A compound-complex sentence TWO or more main clause and at least one subordinate clause. A compound-complex sentence TWO or more main clause and at least one subordinate clause. For Example: Although it was a Tuesday, we slept-in until midafternoon (subordinating clause) (independent clause) because parent-teacher conferences were scheduled for the day (subordinating clause) and while our parents have to come to school, (subordinating clause) we didn’t have to go to our classes that day. (independent clause)

13. Student Practice In the Writer’s Choice textbook, pages 543-544, Practice 6-8*. In the Writer’s Choice textbook, pages 543-544, Practice 6-8*. Read the directions and complete the tasks for Practice 6 & 7 Read the directions and complete the tasks for Practice 6 & 7 For Practice 8 although the directions ask for a variety of sentences types, you’ll only need to create 1 of each type (four total): For Practice 8 although the directions ask for a variety of sentences types, you’ll only need to create 1 of each type (four total): Simple Simple Compound Compound Complex Complex Compound-Complex Compound-Complex *For your convenience, a PDF version of this activity has been uploaded to BOTH vonsteuben.org & the Student Portal

14. Sentence Review Complete Sentences: You may recall that a sentence is also known as an independent clause because it expresses a complete thought. You may recall that a sentence is also known as an independent clause because it expresses a complete thought. In other words, it means it contains both a clear subject (who or what) and a predicate (an action or condition) In other words, it means it contains both a clear subject (who or what) and a predicate (an action or condition)

15. Incomplete Sentences We learned that fused sentences are also known as run-on sentences because they We learned that fused sentences are also known as run-on sentences because they contains two main clauses illegally run together with no punctuation whatsoever.

16. Sentence Fragments (in a nutshell) Otherwise known as dependent or subordinate clauses, sentence fragments are missing either a subject or predicate (or sometimes both). In other words, they do NOT express a complete thought and therefore CANNOT stand alone.

17. Some Common Fragment Errors Problem 1: A fragment missing a subject: Was tired. Who or what was tired? Who or what was tired? After running the field all day, the center was tired. Problem 2: A fragment missing a predicate or complete verb She tried. What did she try to do? What did she try to do? She tried to protect the goalie.

18. Problem 3: A fragment that is missing an independent clause. Because we were tired. What is the complete thought responsible for the tiredness or the result of the exhaustion? What is the complete thought responsible for the tiredness or the result of the exhaustion? Because we were tired, we fell asleep on the train and missed our stop. Problem 4: The fragment is missing both a subject and predicate). After school. Who or what is completing what action after school? Who or what is completing what action after school? The sports awards ceremony was held after school. SUBJECT– the “who or what” PREDICATE– the action or condition

19. Your Turn! Use all available resources (your notes, your neighbor, etc.) to correct the following sentence fragments: Use all available resources (your notes, your neighbor, etc.) to correct the following sentence fragments: 1. Was often the reason for the tragedy in many of Shakespeare’s plays. What’s this fragment missing? ADD IT!

20. Student Practice 1. Was often the reason for the tragedy in many of Shakespeare’s plays. What’s this fragment missing? ADD IT! 2. Shakespeare is credited. What’s missing in this fragment? ADD IT 3. To the audience. Missing both a subject and a predicate. ADD THEM!