1. Structure and properties
Introduction
Molecular structure and properties
Crystalline polymers
Preconditions of crystallization
Crystalline structure
Nucleation
Melting
Properties of crystalline polymers
Structure of amorphous polymers

2. Introduction Flexible chains, structure Typical behavior
Practical importance
Interactions and its modification
Plasticizing
Crystalline polymers
Heterogeneous structures in amorphous polymers

3. Molecular structure and properties
Characteristic temperatures (Tm, Tg)
Glass transition: flexibility of chain
Determinant parameters
Bond types in the chain
Substituents (size, chemical structure)
Intermolecular interactions

4. Molecular structure and properties
The structure of main chain

5. Molecular structure and properties
Size of the substituents

6. Molecular structure and properties
Intermolecular interactions

7. Molecular structure and properties
Plasicizing effect, secondary bonds – glass transition, cold resistance

8. Molecular structure and properties Melting temperature
H-bonds in polyamides
Regularity of structure (yes) – strength of H-bonds (no)

9. Molecular structure and properties Correlation

10. Crystalline polymers - preconditions
Regular chain – chain regularity

11. Crystalline polymers – structural hierarchy
Unit cell
Unit cell
Smallest regular unit
Modification
Lamella
Thickness
Spherulite
Size
Crystallinity
Crystallite
Lamella
Spherulite
Product
Properties of crystalline polymers are determined by the crystalline structure

12. Crystalline polymers – unit cell
PE, PVOH, cellulose
PP, peptides,
helical structure
Polymorphism

13. Crystalline polymers – lamella
Single crystal, fringed micelle or folded lamella

14. Crystalline polymers – spherulites
Spherical superstructure of lamellas, PP (-modification)

15. Crystalline polymers – spherulites
SEM micrograph of lamellas in a spherulite, orientation, thickness and properties

16. Crystalline polymers – cilindrites
Row nuclei, transcrystalline structure, hedrit, sish-kebab structure

17. Crystalline polymers – nucleation, nucleating agents
Homogeneous or heterogeneous nucleation, topology, shape of the nucleating agents

18. Crystalline polymers – crystallization melting, kinetics
Melting point depends on the lamella thickness

19. Crystalline polymers – crystallization melting, kinetics
Wide melting temperature range, supercooling, nucleation

20. Crystalline polymers – crystallization melting, kinetics
Growth
Thermodynamics
Kinetics
Overall rate of crystallization
Avrami equation
Constants (n, k)

21. Crystalline polymers – structure and properties
Modification
Crystallinity
Lamella thickness
Size of the spherulites
Tie molecules

22. Crystalline polymers – structure and properties
The number of tie molecules is proportional to
the thickness of lamella

23. Crystalline polymers - orientation
Large strength and stiffness in the direction of orientation

24. Amorphous polymers – ordered structures
Heterogeneous structure, PVC, block copolymers