1. NATIONAL REDD+ SECRETARIAT Zonal Level REDD+ Awareness Creation Workshop MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FOREST Tigray Regional State, MEKELLE Sep 3 and 4 /2015 Contact us @ reddplusethiopia@gmail.com Tigray Regional State REDD+ Coordination Unit

2. Climate change & the Role of Forests to Climate Change What are the signs that climate change is occurring? What causes climate change? What is the role of forests in climate change? reddplusethiopia@gmail.com REDD+ Brief history of REDD+

3. What is Climate Change? What are the signs of Climate Change? reddplusethiopia@gmail.com

4. What is Climate Change? Climate Change = significant change in measures of climate (such as temperature or precipitation) lasting for an extended period of time (typically decades) United Nations Forum Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) defines Climate Change as ‘a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere’ reddplusethiopia@gmail.com

5. Climate Change is happening Four major independent datasets show: 2013 was among the warmest years on record (2 nd to 6 th )

6. Sea level is rising: from ocean expansion and melting glaciers Sea level is rising: from ocean expansion and melting glaciers Since 1993 Global sea level has risen 37 mm (1.46 inches) 60% from expansion as ocean temperatures rise, 40% from melting glaciers Steve Nerem Since 1993 Global sea level has risen 37 mm (1.46 inches) 60% from expansion as ocean temperatures rise, 40% from melting glaciers Steve Nerem

7. GlobalNational Climate Change is happening

8. Greenhouse gases continued to climb: Atmospheric CO2 concentration hit a global average of 395.3 ppm for the year 2013 Climate Change is happening

9. http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/precipitation_changes_trends_over_land_from_1900_to_2000 More rain Less rain Changes in precipitation patterns reddplusethiopia@gmail.com Climate Change is happening

10. http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/trends-in-sea-level-1870-2006 Sea levels are rising due to thermal expansion and melting glaciers and ice caps Average global sea levels have risen 17 cm during 20 th century and may rise 28-58 cm by 2100 Global mean sea level rise from 1870 - 2006 + 3.1 mm per year Rising sea levels reddplusethiopia@gmail.com

11. Global Sea Surface Temperature: base 1901-70 CC

12. Severe droughts and heat waves Heavy rains Stronger storms More extreme weather events reddplusethiopia@gmail.com

13. Examples of potential impacts  Forest fire incidence 2008 There are reports that fire has affected more than 200,000 ha every year in recent decades.

14. Decreasing snow cover http://www.mounteverest.net/news.php?id=1361 Kilimanjaro 1993 Kilimanjaro 2000 Decreasing snow cover and melting glaciers reddplusethiopia@gmail.com

15. Collapse of Wilkins Ice Shelf, Antarctica Warming of poles and loss of sea ice reddplusethiopia@gmail.com

16. Evidence for reality of climate change Glaciers melting 1900 2003 Alpine glacier, Austria 1900 2003 Alpine glacier, Austria 1858 1974 Grindelwald Glacier Switzerland 1858 1974 Grindelwald Glacier Switzerland 1909 Toboggan Glacier Alaska 2000

17. Evidence for reality of climate change Tree line shift both altitudinaly and latitudinally. Traditional change of local communities in their cropping pattern and livestock rearing.

18. What causes climate change and where are greenhouse gas emissions occurring? reddplusethiopia@gmail.com

19. Greenhouse GasIndustrial SourcesLand Use Sources Carbon dioxide (CO 2 )fossil fuel combustion and cement manufacturing Deforestation and burning of forests Methane (CH 4 )Landfills, coal mining, natural gas production Conversion of wetlands Rice paddies Livestock production Nitrous oxide (N 2 O)Fossil fuel combustion Nitric acid production Fertilizer use Burning of biomass Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) Industrial processes Manufacturing --- Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)Industrial processes Manufacturing --- Sulphur hexafluoride (SF 6 ) Electrical transmission and distribution systems ---- What human activities generate GHGs?

20. Which sectors produce greenhouse gases? reddplusethiopia@gmail.com

21. Which Sectors Produce Greenhouse Gasses in Ethiopia? reddplusethiopia@gmail.com

22. Low emissions High emissions Where are greenhouse gases being emitted? reddplusethiopia@gmail.com

23. The sources of emissions differ across developing versus developed countries Greatest source of GHG = fossil fuels Land use change (deforestation) is a major source (second only to fossil fuels) Sources of emissions reddplusethiopia@gmail.com

24. Forests in the global carbon cycle reddplusethiopia@gmail.com

25. Forests Store and Emit Carbon Deforestation & degradation of forests emit 5.87 gigatons of carbon dioxide equivalent Forests & other terrestrial systems - absorb 9.53 gigatons of carbon dioxide equivalent reddplusethiopia@gmail.com

26. Forest area by biome Area forest cover Tropical 16~17 M km2 Temperate 9~10 M km2 Boreal 15~16 M km2 Extent of forests globally 30% of earth’s land surface is forest (4 billion hectares) reddplusethiopia@gmail.com

27. Carbon stock by biome % terrestrial C Tropical~25% Temperate~10% Boreal~5% Forest carbon globally 45% of terrestrial carbon is stored in earth’s forests Forests absorb 2.6 gigatons C (9.5 gT CO2) per year Emissions from tropical deforestation 1.5 gigatons C per year reddplusethiopia@gmail.com

28. Climate change mitigation through forestry reddplusethiopia@gmail.com

29. Options for mitigating climate change Increasing carbon sinks Avoiding reducing sinks Reducing emissions from productive activities Bioenergy and biofuels Ecosystem service: emissions reduction Ecosystem service: carbon sequestration Mitigation Activities reddplusethiopia@gmail.com