2. 0 Nick Yen FORMOSAT-3 Program Director A Remarkable Radio Occultation Constellation Program – The Most Accurate and Stable Space-Borne Thermometers 23 January 2008 The 12th Conference on Integrated Observing and Assimilation Systems for Atmosphere, Oceans, and Land Surface (IOAS-AOLS), COSMIC Special Session at the 88th AMS Annual Meeting 20-24 January 2008 in New Orleans, LA.

3. Nick Yen, FORMOSAT-3 Program Director, longine@nspo.org.twlongine@nspo.org.tw Vicky Chu, FORMOSAT-3 Operation Director, vicky@nspo.org.twvicky@nspo.org.tw Chen-Joe Fong, FORMOSAT-3 System Manager, cjfong@nspo.org.twcjfong@nspo.org.tw Tie-Yue Liu, Science Program Scientist, tie@nspo.org.twtie@nspo.org.tw Shiao-Shing Chen, NSPO Deputy Director, sschen@nspo.org.twsschen@nspo.org.tw National Space Organization (NSPO) http://www.nspo.org.tw/ F8, No. 9, Prosperity 1st Road, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan Co-Authors Yuei-An Liou, NCU CSRSR Director, yueian@csrsr.ncu.edu.twyueian@csrsr.ncu.edu.tw Center for Space and Remote Research, National Central University, Chung-Li, Taiwan; Bill Kuo, UCAR COSMIC Director, kuo@ucar.edukuo@ucar.edu University Corporation for Atmospheric Research Boulder, Colorado, USA

4. 2 FORMOSAT-3 / COSMIC - Minotaur Launch FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC Constellation was launch at 01:40 UTC, April 14, 2006 (Taiwan Time: April 15 2006) at Vandenberg Air Force Base, CA. Initial orbit altitude ~515 km; inclination ~72° Will be maneuvered into six different orbital planes for optimal global coverage (at ~800 km altitude) All satellites are in good health and providing initial data

5. 3 Outline In-orbit System Performance Overview Current Satellite Constellation Status Program Accomplishment Overview and Outlook Conclusion

6. 4 Multi-Mission Center (MMC), Taiwan Fiducial Network L1&L2 GPS TT&C, Taiwan Injection Orbit Users TBB signal Command & telemetry NMC/USN CDAAC/UCAR Boulder, CO GPS Payload science data L1&L2 Remote Terminal Stations (RTS) Fairbanks, US and Kiruna, Sweden TACC/CWB Taipei Users Current Ground Operation System Architecture Mission Orbit TBB chains

7. 5 Man-Power Man-power (hr/day) engineer operator Full StaffReduced StaffNormal Staff (L+1 wk ~ L+6 wk) (L~ L+1 wk) (L+6 wk ~ now)

8. 6 TT&C Stations Supportability (First One Year) KirunaFairbanksHawaiiAustraliaChung-LiTainanSubtotal Success (TM&TC) 2306 (97%) 2442 (97%) 864430 4836 (96%) Partial (TM only) 27 2391179 Fail58502174122

9. 7 ECR NOParameterCPUFM1FM2FM3FM4FM5FM6DATE 61EHSACEVVVVVV2006/05/12 75MOIACEV2006/09/14 79MOIACEVV2006/10/05 80MOIACEVV2006/10/19 83TIPACEVVVVVV2007/01/26 85OPABCRVVVVVV2007/01/29 86MOIACEV2007/02/07 87RnoiseSunACEV2007/02/07 88Deploy FlagBCRVVVVVV2007/02/09 89Beacon FlagFCVVVVVV2007/02/09 91MOIACEV2007/05/18 92TIPACEV2007/05/18 93TrickleLockTimeBCRV2007/06/07 95AlbSunCurrentACEV2007/06/26 96ARSACEVVVVV2007/08/28 97Power ThresholdBCRVV2007/08/28 98ARSACEV2007/08/31 99Power ThresholdBCRV2007/08/31 102MOI, SADACEV2008/01/11 Last Version NumberACE6.2.06.2.16.2.26.2.36.2.16.2.2 BCR6.2.06.2.36.2.16.2.0 FC6.2.0 SC CSD and FSW Configuration

10. 8 Satellite TT&C Status FM1FM2FM3FM4FM5FM6 STx Average Voltage (V) 2007-180-360 2007-001-180 Launch – 2006-365 2.63 2.62 2.65 2.64 2.63 2.65 2.64 STx Ave. RF Power (dBm) 2007-180-360 2007-001-180 Launch – 2006-365 37.04 37.5237.52 37.38 37.59 37.58 37.35 37.50 SRx Average Voltage (V) 2007-180-360 2007-001-180 Launch – 2006-365 2.80 2.79 2.72 2.78 2.77 2.73 STx Monitor Voltage => 2.0 ~ 3.4 Volt. SRx Monitor Voltage => 2.0 ~ 3.4 Volt. RF Power => above 36.9 dBm

11. 9 ACS Performance Trending Summary - Bus GPS receiver tracking status

12. 10 ACS Performance Trending Summary - ARS performance summary Red: roll Green: pitch Blue: yaw

13. 11 Tank Pressure and Temperature (1~1.5Year) Loss Signal

14. 12 Remaining Propellant Mass (1~1.5 Year) Loss Signal PT Failed

15. 13 FM1~FM6 Maximum Input Solar Array Power

16. 14 FM1~FM6 Average Battery Pressure Difference

17. 15 PL Status and Firmware Configuration GOX BGOX ATBBTIP FM1OFF Firmware 4.3 ON Firmware 4.4 ON FM2ON Firmware 4.4 OFF Firmware 4.0 OFF FM3OFF Firmware 4.3 ON Firmware 4.4 OFF FM4ON Firmware 4.3 OFF Firmware 4.0 ON FM5ON Firmware 4.3 OFF Firmware 4.4 ON FM6ON Firmware 4.4 OFF Firmware 4.3 ON 2008.01.08 July 2005 Dec. 2005 Feb. 2006 May. 2006 Dec. 2006June 2007 Dec. 2007 Build 003 Build 004 Build 004.1 Build 004.2 Build 004.3 Build 004.4 Build 004.5

18. 16 - GOX CA & P2 SNR - PAYLOAD Performance Trending - GOX CA & P2 SNR -

19. 17 FM6 FM5 FM4 GOX Antenna SNR FM1 FM3 FM2

20. 18 AR (Anomaly Report) Status 2006/04/15~2008/01/15

21. 19 Geographic Distribution of SEE Events  67 out of 77 events are computer resets/reboots as-of-1-3-2007  Most of the Single Event Effects (SEEs) occurred in the SAA and polar regions  All spacecraft recovered automatically following system level Failure Detection and Correction (FDC) strategies.  New Finding should include FPGA in FC/ACE/BCR/MIU and GOX in the Future

22. 20 Computers Resets/Reboots Statistics By Computer Types (as-is-of1/3/2008) 9 24 7 10 11 8 69

23. 21 Computers Resets/Reboots Statistics By Geographical Locations (as-is-of1/3/2008) 9 24 7 10 11 8 69

24. 22 FORMOSAT-3 Thrust Burn History - FM1 completed orbit transfer on 11/20/2007 -

25. 23 Spacecraft Thrust Burn Performance Statistics 0 20 40 60 80 100 FM5FM2FM6FM4FM1 Total Burn DaysTotal Burn NumberSuccessful Rate %Total Fuel Used %

26. 24 Current FORMSAT-3 / COSMIC Constellation

27. 25 Spacecraft State of Health (as is of 1/15/2008) SC State Operationa l Mode ACS Mode EPS Mode C&DH Mode GOXTIPTBB FM1Normal Fixed- Yaw Normal High Rate Operating Plan VIII FM2 Power Shortage Normal Fixed- Yaw Variable Power High Rate Reduced Operating Off FM3 Solar Array Anomaly Normal @711 km Fixed- Yaw Variable Power High Rate Reduced Operating Off FM4Normal Fixed- Yaw Normal High Rate Operating Plan VIII FM5Normal Fixed- Yaw Normal High Rate Operating Plan VIII FM6Normal Fixed- Yaw Normal High Rate Operating Plan VIII

28. 26 FORMOSAT-3 Constellation Oscar Winner (1 / 4)  Least SEU Satellites: FM 1, FM3, & FM6 FM 2 (24 times) FM 1 ( > 85% ) FM 2 ( 49.8%)  Least Thrusting performance:  Best Thrusting Performance:  Most Frequent SEU Satellite:

29. 27 FORMOSAT-3 Constellation Oscar Winner (2 / 4)  Best GOX Duty Cycle: FM 5 (99.4 %)/FM4 (98.8%) FM 2 ( 60.2 % ) 03/04/2007 07/15/2007 285 Radio Occultation Events  Worst Day of the Science Data: 2415 Radio Occultation Events  Best Day of the Science Data:  Least GOX Duty Cycle:

30. 28 FORMOSAT-3 Constellation Oscar Winner (3 / 4)  Best Performing Subsystem: TT&C ACS Highest Accumulated NCR Number:  Highest Accumulated AR Number: Lowest Accumulated NCR Number:  Lowest Accumulated AR Number:  Most Difficult Performing Subsystem: FM 3 & FM5 (41) FM 1 (48) / FM 6 (51) FM 2 (76) FM 2 (271)

31. 29 FORMOSAT-3 NCR During Integration and Test NCR Sum  NCR Sum  by Flight # by Flight #  FM 2 by NCR Categories by NCR Categories

32. 30  Best Days of the Mission Ops: FORMOSAT-3 Constellation Oscar Winner (4 / 4) 12/24/2006 ~ 01/01/2007 All FM’s were in straight good attitudes mode 03/08/2007 5 Spacecrafts (except FM 5) were in bad attitudes FM 4  Best Performing Team:  Best Performing Satellite:  Worst Day of the Mission Ops.: World-Class NSPO MO Team

33. 31 FORMOSAT-3 / COSMIC Atmospheric Occultation Data 1.5 Year since Launch

34. 32 FORMOSAT-3 / COSMIC Ionosphere Profiles of Electron Density 1.5 Year since Launch

35. 33 Over 1 Million Profiles 4/21/06 - 12/31/07 Neutral Atmosphere Ionosphere

36. 34 Potential NOAA Ground Networks for 3-5-year FORMOSAT-3 / COSMIC Ops and the Follow-On Mission USN-FBK NOAA-FCDAS NOAA -Svalbard NOAA-Tromso USN-KIR USN-Hawaii USN-Australia Taiwan NOAA-WCDAS NSF-McMurdo

37. 35 Global FORMOSAT-3 / COSMIC Data Users 660+ users 42 Countries

38. FORMOSAT-3 Program Achievements have appeared on many important science articles

39. 37 Leading Weather Center Newsletters

40. 38 Access to FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC Data  http://tacc.cwb.gov.tw/ Taiwan http://tacc.cwb.gov.tw/  http://www.cosmic.ucar.edu/ United States http://www.cosmic.ucar.edu/

41. 39 Workshop on the Redesign and Optimization of the Spacebased Global Observing System WMO Headquarters, Geneva, 21-22 June 2007 FINAL REPORT by Dr. D. E. Hinsman, Director of the WMO Space Programme  Radio Occultation Sounding (Page 4/12) Radio Occultation Sounding brings an essential complement to passive radiometric sounding since it provides accurate temperature information for the high troposphere and the lower stratosphere domains, where radiometric sounding is less accurate, and useful humidity information for the lower troposphere. Radio Occultation sounding would provide best benefit with a high number of satellites (e.g. 24). It is clearly recommended to aim at a constellation of one or several clusters of small satellites. In the case of several clusters implemented by different operators, there is scope for sharing some ground reference facilities. < An operational follow-on to the COSMIC constellation should be a first step.>

42. 40 Global Warming has become an International Attention United States Ex-Vice President Gore has only raised the international attention on the global warming issue and won the prestigious Nobel Peace Prize. FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC Constellation, the most accurate thermometer in space, has actually contribute a crucial platform to provide accurate climate and weather data to monitor and assess the global warming issue. The current mission provided ~ 2,000 RO data daily has attracted near 700 global users in 42 countries. It is anticipated to have thousands of users from over 100 countries when the cooperative US-Taiwan FORMOSAT-3 / COSMIC Follow-On mission is launched in the near future.

43. 41 GPS Radio Occultation Missions ProgramLaunch Mission Life RO # / DayNote GPS-MET04/1995 ~2~ 125Proof of Concept CHAMP11/2000 ~5~ 250Improved receiver, tracking SAC-C11/2000 ~3~ 300Improved receiver, open loop tracking test GRACE05/2002 ~5~ 500RO data publicly not available FORMOSAT-3 /COSMIC 04/2006 ~5~ 2500World Only Real Time Operational Constellation MetOp-A10/2006 ~5~ 500Real Time - Ops TerraSAR-X06/2007 ~5~ 400COSMIC RX & Antennas OCEANSAT-2Early 2008 ~5~ 500ROSA RX TanDEM-XEarly 2008 ~5~ 400COSMIC RX EQUARS2009 On Hold~3~ 400COSMIC RX & CHAMP Ant KOMPSAT-52009 ~5~ 350COSMIC RX & Antennas FORMOSAT-3 Follow-On 2012? ~55000~20,000?Real Time-Ops Ionosphere

44. 42 4 th Asian Space Conference Taipei, TAIWAN icw FORMOSAT-3 / COSMIC Users’ Workshop October 1 ~ 3, 2008