1. 1 Program:ROSA Mission Event:1° ASI-EUM ASI-meeting Date:4-5 February, 2009 ROSA Future developments and possible ASI / EUMETSAT cooperation

2. 2 Program:ROSA Mission Event:1° ASI-EUM ASI-meeting Date:4-5 February, 2009 Present RO Missions Considerations on RO About 4000 RO data “ available” just now!

3. 3 Program:ROSA Mission Event:1° ASI-EUM ASI-meeting Date:4-5 February, 2009 The results achieved by the RO instruments aboard of the above missions have demonstrated that the RO Technique is: Simple Mature Great scientific value Potentially of future social/commercial value Considerations on RO

4. 4 Program:ROSA Mission Event:1° ASI-EUM ASI-meeting Date:4-5 February, 2009 In particular, the FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC Constellation, a Scientific mission based on 6 satellites equipped with only RO Instruments, has demonstrated how useful can be the RO data in the field of: Weather Prediction ( assimilation of the RO data in the NWP) Climatology Space Weather The Last generation of RO Instruments, like GRAS and ROSA, can improve the above applications (for instance: sounding very close to the Earth surface) and add new ones like Geodesy/Gravitation using the POD (Precise Orbit Determination) data. Considerations on RO

5. 5 Program:ROSA Mission Event:1° ASI-EUM ASI-meeting Date:4-5 February, 2009 Type of RO Missions  Scientific Missions:  Missions of Opportunity: Champ,Grace, Metop-A,TerraSAR-X, ROSA etc.  Dedicated RO Constellation: COSMIC, etc  Commercial/Operative Missions  Constellation of Opportunities: IRIDIUM, Globastar etc  Dedicated RO Constellation : CICERO Considerations on RO

6. 6 Program:ROSA Mission Event:1° ASI-EUM ASI-meeting Date:4-5 February, 2009 Planned RO Mission Considerations on RO

7. 7 Program:ROSA Mission Event:1° ASI-EUM ASI-meeting Date:4-5 February, 2009 Why so many RO missions ? Main Applications: Climate Weather Space Weather Geodesy Considerations on RO

8. 8 Program:ROSA Mission Event:1° ASI-EUM ASI-meeting Date:4-5 February, 2009  Climate Applications  Long-term climate trend detection  Seasonal climate forecasting  Climate process&model studies/testing  Long-term measurement stability (< 0.1 K )  Calibration with other Instrument (IR/MW)  Accurate global sampling  12-18 RO Receivers, uniformly distributed and constantly in operation should be sufficient Considerations on RO

9. 9 Program:ROSA Mission Event:1° ASI-EUM ASI-meeting Date:4-5 February, 2009  Weather Applications  Global Forecast Statistics  Severe storm forecasting (evolution, path etc) High sampling density < 1-hour latency How many RO events are necessary? Considerations on RO

10. 10 Program:ROSA Mission Event:1° ASI-EUM ASI-meeting Date:4-5 February, 2009 Assumptions for thumb calculations:  GPS constellation : 28 satellites  LEO satellites orbit: 800 km  Earth R: 6380 km  RO instruments : rising and setting occultation With the above assumptions  1 RO instrument can see : ~500 occ/day and when GLONASS and GALILEO will be available  1 RO instrument can see : ~1500 occ/day Considerations on RO

11. 11 Program:ROSA Mission Event:1° ASI-EUM ASI-meeting Date:4-5 February, 2009 #of LEO’s GNSS Transmitters # of occultationsAverage# of occultations on a surface of 500km by 500km Average Horizontal Spacing (km) 1285000.21140 128+28+2815000.6657 62830001.2464 628+28+2890003.5268 2428120004.6232 2428+28+283600013.9134 173288637733.387 17328+28+2825913110050 Considerations on RO

12. 12 Program:ROSA Mission Event:1° ASI-EUM ASI-meeting Date:4-5 February, 2009 Daily Storm Sampling Density 100 occ / day Hurricane Katrina 28 Aug 2005 Hurricane Katrina 28 Aug 2005 by Thomas P. Yunck GeoOptics LLC Considerations on RO

13. 13 Program:ROSA Mission Event:1° ASI-EUM ASI-meeting Date:4-5 February, 2009 when the 3 major GNSS constellation (GPS,GLONASS and GALILEO) will be operative, a reasonable number of occ/day will be possible starting with only 24 LEO satellites. to have an Horizontal spacing of about 50 km it is necessary a very large number of LEO satellites: only commercial constellations like Iridium and Globastar could meet requirement. the G/S to meet a latency of <1h for so large number of LEO is possible but will not be easy. Considerations on RO

14. 14 Program:ROSA Mission Event:1° ASI-EUM ASI-meeting Date:4-5 February, 2009  Space Weather Applications  High-res mapping of 3D electron density  Maps of ionospheric irregularities  Geomagnetic storm forecasting and early warning High sampling density in a short time High altitude sampling to ~700 km Observations of ionospheric features Short time of latency time  Space Geodesy Applications  Gravity field determination and mapping High sampling density High precise measurements of the Signals Phases Considerations on RO

15. 15 Program:ROSA Mission Event:1° ASI-EUM ASI-meeting Date:4-5 February, 2009 Some considerations: The GLONASS constellation will be fully operative for 2011(?) The GALILEO constellation will be fully operative for 2013(?) The GNSS Chinese Constellation will be operative for 20xx (?) Use not only the Refracted GNSS radiation beams but also the Reflected/Scattered ones A new generation of RO Receiver is necessary. As baseline could be used the following requirements: ITAR free miniaturized SW radio technologies GPS/GLONASS and GALILEO compatibility L1,L2 and L5 frequencies new antenna design as optional the integration with a scatterometer/altimeterc module and/or a FIR Fourier interferometer etc. ASI made the PHASE A of the ROSA II ( Phase A closed in October, now in competition for the next phases): A new generation of RO Retrival processing chain is necessary? Partially or Totally? Considerations on RO

16. 16 Program:ROSA Mission Event:1° ASI-EUM ASI-meeting Date:4-5 February, 2009  Have been the the main objectvies of the RO achieved and how?  For an operational service, like the meteorology a very large number of instruments is required. Only the use of very large constellations (IRIDIUM and or GLOBASTAR) or new ideas can help in this case.  For the Climatology, Space Weather and Solid Earth a small constellation (12-18) can ben sufficient.  NASA /NOAA have in the next future the following plan : A constellation of 6 satellites + to install a RO Receiver on every available LEO mission.  In EUROPE only 2 Institutions (EUMETSAT and ASI) have developed an own receiver for RO : GRAS and ROSA.  In rest of the world there is only the JPL (or some slight variation) receiver. Considerations on RO

17. 17 Program:ROSA Mission Event:1° ASI-EUM ASI-meeting Date:4-5 February, 2009  In the next future EUROPE will have the most powerful civilian GNSS constellation. But …  It is desirable that European institutions can promote or design some worldwide (or only european) initiative on the Radio Occultation ( with or without integration with a GPS network on ground)  ASI and EUMETSAT can do something to this scope? Considerations on RO

18. 18 Program:ROSA Mission Event:1° ASI-EUM ASI-meeting Date:4-5 February, 2009 Short terms ASI/EUMETSAT cooperation Availability of a set of data to be processed by ROSA ROSSA Availability of the ROSA data Periodic meeting ( 1-2 per year) Considerations on RO