1. RIO HONDO: ENG035 EXAM 3 STUDY GUIDE

2. EXAM 3: TUESDAY, NOV. 10 Worth 100 points total 50 points: Dangling modifiers, verbs, nouns & pronouns 25 points: Cause & effect paragraph 25 points: Compare & contrast paragraph

3. CAUSE & EFFECT ESSAYS T: Is your essay about the causes OR the effects of the subject? E: Arranged in logical order (least important to most important) S: Reinforce the thesis T: Use transitions! (in textbook)

4. CAUSES Think: What leads to the topic? What causes obesity?

5. EFFECTS Think: What results occur because of the topic? What are the effects of smoking?

6. COMPARISON/CONTRAST ESSAYS Compare = same Contrast = different Goal: show how the items are similar/different.

7. VENN DIAGRAM Topic A Topic B Both

8. ORGANIZATION Introduction (hook + thesis) Body: Point 1 (for topic A & B) Point 2 (for topic A & B) Point 3 (for topic A & B) Conclusion (restated information + suggestion or opinion)

9. THESIS Thesis = Topic A + Topic B are similar in that they both X, Y, and Z, yet/but (showing contrast) they are different in their T, U, and V. Flying first class and flying coach are similar experiences in that they both require reservations, are public transit, and are subject to cancelled flights; however, they are different in their cost, comfort, and clientele.

10. MODIFIERS Working in his garage, Steve Jobs invented the personal computer. Who was working in his garage? Rejected by Hamlet, Ophelia goes mad and drowns herself. Who was rejected by Hamlet?

11. MODIFIERS Used correctly, -ing and -ed/-en modifiers provide useful information. Used incorrectly, they can be confusing. Two most common problems: Misplaced modifiers Dangling modifiers

12. MISPLACED MODIFIERS Appear to modify the wrong word or word group. Sarah fed the dog wearing her pajamas. Who was wearing the pajamas? According to the placement of this phrase, the dog was wearing Sarah’s pajamas. Wearing her pajamas, Sarah fed the dog. The modifier must go next to the item/person it is modifying. P. 393, practice 27-1

13. DANGLING MODIFIERS The word the modifier modifies does not appear in the sentence. Using my computer, the report was finished in two days. The report was using your computer? This is “dangling” BECAUSE IT DOESN ’ T MAKE SENSE ! Using my computer, I finished the report in two days.

14. VERB USE Verbs express action. He drives too fast. (What is the action?) Verbs express a state of being. That pizza tastes so good! (What is the state of the pizza?) Verbs “link” two objects. She is beautiful. (What are the two things that equal each other?) She = beautiful.

15. VERB USE: PAST TENSE Regular verbs: end with –ed P. 404, practice 28-1 Irregular verbs: ??? These simply must be memorized. P. 405, practice 28-2

16. VERB USE: PRESENT PERFECT Has/have + past participle Regular verbs past participles: end with –ed Irregular verbs past participles: ??? Present perfect implies that an action began in the past and continues to now. I have taught at Rio Hondo for 3 years. Present perfect is used when whether someone has done an action is in question. Have you ever been to Venezuela? Present perfect is used when an action has just occurred. She has just arrived. Practice: P. 416, exercise 29-2

17. VERB USE: PAST PERFECT had + past participle Regular verbs past participles: end with –ed Irregular verbs past participles: ??? Past perfect implies that one action occurred before another past action. By the time her husband arrived at the restaurant, she had already drunk three glasses of wine. Practice: p. 417, exercise 29-3

18. NOUNS Person Common: teacher Proper: Mrs. Durfield Place Common: café Proper: Panera Bread Thing Common: shoes Proper: Nikes Activity: swimming, hiking, reading, walking… Idea/concept: love, freedom, racism, greed…

19. PRONOUNS They always replace/refer to a noun. I like Bob. He is cool. Who does he refer to? Subject pronouns: I, he, she, it, we, they, y’all Object pronouns: Receive the action of the sentence. Give the book to him. (Who received the book?) Possessive pronouns: Show ownership That is my cat (the cat that belongs to me).

20. PRONOUN & ANTECEDENT They always replace/refer to a noun. The person/thing referred to is called the antecedent. Pronouns & antecedents must agree. The leaf turned yellow, but it did not fall. Leaf: singular It: singular The leaves turned yellow, but they did not fall. Leaves: plural They: plural

21. VAGUE/UNNECESSARY PRONOUNS A pronoun should always refer to a specific antecedent. Vague: On the news, they said baseball players would strike. Who does they refer to? Revised: On the news, the sportscaster said baseball players would strike. When a pronoun comes directly after its antecedent, it is unnecessary.  : The librarian, he told me I should check the database. : The librarian told me I should check the database. P. 435, practice 30-9

22. REFLEXIVE/INTENSIVE PRONOUNS Reflexive: indicate that people/things did something to themselves or for themselves Joe and Perla made themselves cold drinks. Intensive: always appear directly after their antecedents; used for emphasis. I myself have some experience as a waitress.