1. RECONSTRUCTION (1865-1877) Cleaning up after the Civil War

2. Remember the Death Tolls Northern Death Toll 364,000 deaths (38,000 were African Americans) Southern Death Toll 260,000 deaths 1/5 th of all adult white males were dead 1 out of 3 males were killed or wounded

3. 1. Reconstruction was…. The federal government’s controversial effort with 2 parts:

4. Reconstruction was…. The federal government’s controversial effort with 2 parts: 1. repair the damage to the South and

5. Reconstruction was…. The federal government’s controversial effort with 2 parts: 1. repair the damage to the South and 2. reunite the Southern states

6. Timing of Reconstruction Lasted from 1865-1877 (although plans began earlier) That would be 12 years and involved four presidents !

7. 2. Physical Damage Farmland, machinery, work animals, livestock, and buildings destroyed 9,000 miles of railroads 2/3 of all shipping inoperable

9. Physical Damage, cont. Roadways, bridges, tunnels (infrastructure) Miscellaneous buildings and factories

11. Ruined building in the burned district – Richmond, VA

12. Ruins of a papermill and machinery – Richmond, VA

13. Ruins of Gallego Flour Mill - Richmond, VA

14. Ruins of a paper mill w/ waterwheel - Richmond, VA

15. Charleston, SC April 1865

16. Charleston, SC April 1865

17. Charleston, SC April 1865

18. Atlanta, GA April 1865

19. Vicinity of Atlanta, GA - 1864

20. Civil War Aftermath Hardships affected three groups a. Black Southerners (Freedmen) b. Plantation owners c. Poor white southerners

21. Think About This... Who are the workers in the new post-war economy?

22. 3. Southern Hardships Blacks New life in poor economic area Homeless Hungry Unemployed

23. Stay or Go? Do they really have any choice?

24. Southern Hardships, cont. Plantation Owners Loss of slave labor Land was often seized by the government

25. Southern Hardships, cont. Poor White Southerners Competing against former slaves (freedmen) for jobs Many migrated to Mississippi and Texas for jobs

26. 4. Plantation Life Changes Freedman now have choice – to stay or to leave Plantation owners now have to pay salaries for labor

27. Reintegrating the South Problem #1 Determine the role of the freedmen

28. Problem #2 Define the role and acceptable power of former Confederates within their states and within the nation

29. Problem #3 Determine which branch of government would be responsible for overseeing reconstruction

30. 3 Plans for Reconstruction Lincoln’s Plan (10%) Johnson’s Plan Congress’ Plan (Congressional Reconstruction or Radical Reconstruction)

31. Lincoln’s Plan for Reconstruction Also called the “10% Plan” because it required 10% of Southern white men to swear allegiance (loyalty) to the Constitution and the Union. Considered too kind!

32. Lincoln’s Plan Never Implemented Lincoln is assassinated in April 1865 13 th amendment officially ended slavery in all of the United States

33. Andrew Johnson, (Southern Democrat, former slave owner) becomes President and administered his own new policy

34. 5. Andrew Johnson’s Plan 1. Granted amnesty (forgiveness) to former Confederates who signed a loyalty oath; 2. Restored all property, except slaves and confiscated lands; and

35. Johnson’s Plan, cont. 3. Cancelled war debts

36. Johnson’s Plan - PROBLEMS Even MORE generous to the South than Lincoln’s Plan! 1. Amnesty awarded to “certain” southerners 2. Flawed election process (blacks excluded from voting)

37. Johnson’s Presidency He lacked Mandate to govern Support of Congress Also was anti- civil rights Would not support 13 th Amendment

38. 10. Radical Reconstruction - Congress bypasses President Johnson - Reconstruction Act of 1867 -passed by radical republicans -state governments declared illegal -south divided into 5 military districts except Tenn.

39. Radical Reconstruction cont… To rejoin the Union: 1. Adopt a constitution guaranteeing all male citizens the right to vote 2. Elect a new government 3. Ratify the 14 th amendment (no white southern who served as conf. soldier/official could vote on new constitution)

40. Radical Reconstruction cont… Radical Republicans passed two laws to reduce Presidential Power (i.e.: Johnson’s power!) 1. The Command of the Army Act (limits power over the army) 2. The Tenure of Office Act (removes power to fire without Senate approval)

41. Gives former slaves an opportunity to serve in government positions Blanche K. Bruce is one such those who served

42. Radical Reconstruction, cont… -Pres. Johnson fired Sec. of War -The House voted to “impeach” Johnson (to accuse of wrongdoing and bring to trial) -President escaped removal by 1 vote

44. 7. Freedom The joys of freedom… Freedom of movement, land ownership, education, etc. The realities of life… Food, Clothing and Shelter?

45. 8. Freedmen’s Bureau Developed to help former slaves Unpopular with many white southerners Vetoed by Johnson

47. Southerners were angry at being forced to submit to the acts of Reconstruction leads to defiance Fear of loss of power leads to…

48. BLACK CODES set limits on the rights and opportunities of African Americans helped planters find workers to replace freed slaves barred freedmen from any job but farm work and unskilled labor Set curfews Punishments for vagrancy (not working) Radical Republicans in Congress see the codes as a way for white southerners to get around the efforts of Congress so…

49. Here is an edited example of one of the Black Codes: The Black Codes Now that the slaves have become emancipated, it is necessary to pass regulations that preserve public order. These regulations must also preserve the comfort and correct behavior of the former slaves. Therefore, the following rules have been adopted with the approval of the United States military authorities who have commanded this area. 1) Every Negro is required to be in the regular service of some white person or former owner, who shall be held responsible for the conduct of that Negro. 2) No public meetings or congregations of Negroes shall be allowed after sunset. Such public meetings may be held during the day with the permission of the local captain in charge of the area. 3) No Negro shall be permitted to preach or otherwise speak out to congregations of colored people without special permission in writing from the government. 4) Negroes may legally marry, own property and sue and be sued in a court of law. 5) Negroes may not serve on juries. 6) A Negro may not testify against a white person in a Court of Law. 7) It shall be illegal for a Negro or a person of Negro descent to marry a white person. 8) No Negro shall be permitted outside in public after sundown without permission in writing from the government. A Negro conducting business for a white person may do so but only under the direct supervision of his employer. 9) No Negro shall sell, trade, or exchange merchandise within this area without the special written permission of his employer. 10) No Negro who is not in the military service shall be allowed to carry firearms or any kind or weapons of any type without the special written permission of his employers. Black Code Sample

50. Rise of KKK – violent response to Radical Reconstruction

51. Ku Klux Klan Started in 1866 by 6 former Confederate soldiers Members wore robes and masks to look like the ghosts of dead Confederate soldiers who returned for revenge against enemies of the South.

52. The goal of denying African- Americans their rights and keep them in the role of submissive laborers

53. A cartoon threatening that the KKK would lynch carpetbaggers, Tuscaloosa, AL, Independent Monitor (1868)

55. Sharecropping a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crop produced on the land (e.g., 50 percent of the crop). Tools, seed, mules and other equipment had to be paid for with the remainder of the crop (to the landowner) Who gets the money?

56. Tenant Farming Only slightly better…these farmers have managed to purchase their own equipment and only rent the land.

57. Carpetbaggers Northern Republicans who moved south. Seen as greedy men seeking power and a quick dollar. Most were honest and educated.

58. Scalawags a Southern white who joined the Republican Party in the ex- Confederate South during Reconstruction

59. The End of Reconstruction Why did Reconstruction efforts finally end? Heavy taxes Corruption Lack of northern support for racial equality The Solid South – Southern Democrats reversed many of the reforms

60. The Compromise of 1877 Samuel Tilden wins popular vote; a dispute over electoral votes The Democrats agree to give Rutherford B. Hayes the presidency in return for the removal of all federal troops from the Southern States Hayes’ removal of troops from the south is regarded as the end of reconstruction!

61. How successful was Reconstruction?