1. PHRASES

2. 3 types 1. Prepositional phrases a. Adjective b. Adverb 2. Appositive phrases 3. Verbal phrases a. Participial b. Gerund c. Infinitive

3. Prepositional phrase– begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or a pronoun. It may act as an adjective: Ex: The door to my bedroom is closed. It may also act as an adverb: Throughout the evening we played games and sang songs.

4. Appositive phrase—a noun or a pronoun, along with any modifiers, which immediately follows another noun or pronoun and renames or identifies it. Ex: The best dessert, cherry pie with Cool Whip on top, always disappears quickly.

5. Verbal-- verb form used as a noun, adjective or adverb Verbal phrase– verbal plus any modifiers or objects

6. 3 types of verbals and verbal phrases: 1. partciples 2. gerunds 3. infinitives

7. Participle– verb form used as an adjective. Though not a verb, a participle can have an object, a complement and modifiers of its own. Together these words form participial phrases that are used to modify nouns or pronouns.

8. Examples: The laughing child caused everyone to smile. Grabbing a sandwich from the tray, Tom hurried to the door.

9. Having been warned about his temper, Laura wasn’t surprised at his actions. Alex, looking very unhappy, was leaning against the fence. The spilled milk dripped off the table and all over the recently mopped floor.

10. Gerund– verb form used as a noun. Though not a verb, a gerund can have an object, a complement and modifiers of its own. Together these words form gerund phrases that are used as subjects and objects.

11. Examples: Sailing on the high seas was the old man’s passion. (subject) My dog enjoys chewing on my shoes. (object of the verb “enjoys”).

12. I found several mistakes just by reading my essay carefully before turning it in. I love baking cookies at Christmas! Cutting off all his facial hair made Dad look much younger.

13. Infinitive– to and a verb. It can be used as a noun, an adjective or an adverb. Though not a verb, an infinitive can have an object, a complement and modifiers of its own. Together these words form infinitive phrases that are used as other parts of speech.

14. Examples: To see my favorite cousin was a pleasant surprise. (noun) The best way to learn grammar is through practice. (adjective) I am finally ready to go to school. (adverb)

15. What is something you would like to do with your house? To paint my house red with orange trim would make all of my neighbors unhappy. It would make them unhappy to say the least!

16. I love going out in the woods in autumn. To camp during the summer months would be too hot. Having camped many times in the past, I can be packed and ready to go in less than an hour.